Muslims protesting against the construction of the church in Prijedor, Bosnia
BOSNIA: SARAJEVO: CATHOLIC CHURCH BLASTED BY EXPLOSIVE DEVICE
Eng/Serbo-Croat/Nat
A Catholic church in Sarajevo was blasted by an explosive device early Tuesday morning.
Nobody was injured - however there was substantial damage to church doors, windows and several cars which were parked outside.
Some church officials in Sarajevo believe the attack is connected to a forthcoming visit by Pope John Paul 2.
The explosion at the church in downtown Sarajevo rang out just after midnight G-M-T.
Police believe St Joseph's Catholic Church in the city's Marijin Dvor neighbourhood was the subject of a grenade attack.
But who is responsible is unknown.
The blast damaged the doors and windows of St Joseph's as well as several cars parked on the street outside.
Windows in two residential buildings nearby were also shattered.
Bosnian police arrived soon after the explosion - grenade shrapnel has been recovered.
Police are looking for possible clues as to who is behind the attack.
SOUNDBITE: (Serbo-Croat)
'We can confirm this attack on the Catholic church and we want to strongly condemn it. We will do our best to find the perpetrators.
SUPER-CAPTION: Jozo Leutar, Bosnian Deputy Minister of police.
This is the worst in a series of attacks aimed at the Catholic church which have taken place in Sarajevo during the past month.
Some church officials in Sarajevo believe the attacks are connected to a forthcoming visit by Pope John Paul 2.
The United Nations confirmed the details of the attack.
SOUNDBITE: (English)
Well in the early hours of Tuesday morning, shortly after midnight, we had an explosion, we are not sure what type of explosion but the device was planted close to the rear door of the Catholic church. Damage was done to the door, to several windows and also to several adjacent cars.
SUPER-CAPTION: Liam McDowall, United Nations.
The U-N says it's concerned by the timing of the attack - just over a month from the Pope's scheduled visit.
SOUNDBITE:
I think that this is a matter of some concern because it comes just before the Pope is due to visit Bosnia. At the moment we do not have evidence to suggest that this is directly an attack against the Catholic church. We together with the federal police are investigating the incident in some detail.
SUPER-CAPTION: Liam McDowall, United Nations.
Police are boosting their presence around Catholic institutions on orders from Bosnia's Muslim president, Alija Izetbegovic.
This follows a recent anonymous telephone threat that the pontiff will be assassinated if he dares to come to Sarajevo as planned on April 12-13.
Despite the possible security risks - the Vatican says the Pope will go ahead with his visit.
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HISTORICAL PLACES OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA IN GOOGLE EARTH PART THREE ( 3/3 )
1. BANJA,LAKTASI 44°54'13.94N 17°18'3.37E
2. MUSLIM MEMORIAL OF WAR 1992-1993, SARAJEVO 43°52'10.42N 18°24'41.26E
3. ALEKSA SANTIC MONUMENT,MOSTAR 43°20'8.85N 17°48'58.84E
4. PYRAMID,VISOKO 43°58'35.62N 18°10'36.65E
5. CITY HALL,BRCKO 44°52'41.18N 18°48'34.96E
6. TABHANSKA MOSQUE,VISOKO 43°59'12.48N 18°10'53.32E
7. OLD BRIDGE,MOSTAR 43°20'13.36N 17°48'53.44E
8. BRUSA BEZISTAN,SARAJEVO 43°51'31.81N 18°25'49.92E
9. MOSQUE,PLANA 42°57'41.64N 18°24'12.93E
10. FERHADIJA DZAMIJA MOSQUE,SARAJEVO 43°51'32.22N 18°25'37.76E
11. CHURCH OF ST. PETER&PAUL,MOSTAR 43°20'15.98N 17°48'31.48E
12. MONUMENT,PURACIC 44°32'31.51N 18°28'34.44E
13. CLOCK TOWER,POCITELJ 43° 8'1.73N 17°43'52.50E
14. DZAMIJA BISTRIK MOSQUE,SARAJEVO 43°51'11.88N 18°25'52.04E
15. SABORNA CRKVA PREOBRAZENJA GOSPODNJEG,TREBINJE 42°42'33.48N 18°20'43.55E
16. OLD CHURCH,SARAJEVO 43°51'37.14N 18°25'48.17E
17. CATHOLIC CHURCH,BRCKO 44°52'21.48N 18°48'37.13E
18. CHURCH OF ST. ANTHONY OF PADUA,SARAJEVO 43°51'21.55N 18°25'53.01E
19. KAMENI MOST,TREBINJE 42°42'42.38N 18°20'53.12E
20. CRKVA SVETE TROJICE,BANJA LUKA 44°46'27.71N 17°11'46.40E
21. SPOMENIK BITKA NA SUTJESCI ,TJENTIŠTE 43°20'46.20N 18°41'13.22E
SARAJEVO 2017 Capital of Bosnia & Herzegovina
Sarajevo (Cyrillic: Сарајево, pronounced [sǎrajeʋo]; see names in other languages) is the capital and largest city of Bosnia and Herzegovina, with a population of 275,524 in its current administrative limits. The Sarajevo metropolitan area, including Sarajevo Canton and East Sarajevo as well as some neighboring municipalities is home to 555,210 inhabitants.[7][clarification needed] Nestled within the greater Sarajevo valley of Bosnia, it is surrounded by the Dinaric Alps and situated along the Miljacka River in the heart of Southeastern Europe and the Balkans.
Sarajevo is the leading political, social and cultural center of Bosnia and Herzegovina, a prominent center of culture in the Balkans, with its region-wide influence in entertainment, media, fashion, and the arts.
Due to its long and rich history of religious and cultural diversity, Sarajevo was sometimes called the Jerusalem of Europe or Jerusalem of the Balkans. It is the only major European city to have a mosque, Catholic church, Orthodox church and synagogue within the same neighborhood. A regional center in education, the city is also home to the Balkans' first institution of tertiary education in the form of an Islamic polytechnic called the Saraybosna Osmanlı Medrese, today part of the University of Sarajevo.
Although settlement in the area stretches back to prehistoric times, the modern city arose as an Ottoman stronghold in the 15th century. Sarajevo has attracted international attention several times throughout its history. In 1885, Sarajevo was the first city in Europe and the second city in the world to have a full-time electric tram network running through the city, following San Francisco.In 1914, it was the site of the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, which sparked World War I, after which the city experienced a period of stagnation as part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. The establishment of the Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina within the Second Yugoslavia led to a massive expansion of Sarajevo, the constituent republic's capital, which hosted the 1984 Winter Olympics. For 1,425 days, from April 1992 to February 1996, the city suffered the longest siege of a capital city in the history of modern warfare, during the Bosnian War and the breakup of Yugoslavia.
Sarajevo has been undergoing post-war reconstruction, and is the fastest growing city in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The travel guide series, Lonely Planet, has named Sarajevo as the 43rd best city in the world, and in December 2009 listed Sarajevo as one of the top ten cities to visit in 2010.] In 2011, Sarajevo was nominated to be the European Capital of Culture in 2014 and will be hosting the European Youth Olympic Festival in 2019
Minor With Cricket by Audionautix is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (
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Bosnian Serbs celebrate 'national holiday' angering Muslims
Bosnian Serbs begin celebrations of the national holiday of their entity, Republika Srpska, defying a 2016 legal ban and angering Bosnian Muslims who view it as a provocation. Muslims in Bosnia oppose the event as it marks the creation of a Serb republic in Bosnia on January 9, 1992, three months ahead of an ethnic war that claimed 100,000 lives and displaced more than two million people. IMAGES
HISTORICAL PLACES OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA IN GOOGLE EARTH PART TWO ( 2/3 )
1. ZID OKO STAROG GRADA,TREBINJE 42°42'38.41N 18°20'49.80E
2. CATHEDRAL OF JESUS HEART,SARAJEVO 43°51'33.77N 18°25'31.73E
3. MONUMENT TO THE SOLDIERS,LAKTASI 44°54'17.40N 17°17'58.62E
4. PLOCA & SIROKAC GATE,SARAJEVO 43°51'45.89N 18°26'13.12E
5. SKY OLYMPIC JUMPS,IGMAN 43°46'6.22N 18°14'45.69E
6. CITY HALL & LIBRARY,SARAJEVO 43°51'33.16N 18°26'0.08E
7. OLD PEDESTRIAN BRIDGE,ZVORNIK 44°23'8.70N 19° 6'21.10E
8. SEBIL,SARAJEVO 43°51'34.84N 18°25'52.48E
9. CHURCH,LUKAVAC 44°32'5.84N 18°32'4.57E
10. ORTHODOX CHURCH,GRADISKA 45° 8'47.16N 17°15'17.67E
11. ST. JOHN THE BAPTIST CHURCH,ZVORNIK 44°23'10.33N 19° 6'1.88E
12. MONASTERY,TREBINJE 42°42'38.64N 18°21'35.89E
13. ISTIKLAL DZAMIJA,SARAJEVO 43°50'46.41N 18°21'38.47E
14. DORMITION OF THE VIRGIN, BRCKO 44°52'35.28N 18°48'54.82E
15. MOSQUE,SARAJEVO 43°51'32.92N 18°25'45.20E
16. MOSQUE,ZUPA 42°42'12.57N 18°31'12.21E
17. CHURCH OF HOLY TRANSFIGURATION ,SARAJEVO 43°51'11.86N 18°23'27.31E
18. CATHEDRAL TOWER,MOSTAR 43°20'22.29N 17°47'53.20E
19. ALIPASINA DZAMIJA MOSQUE,SARAJEVO 43°51'28.66N 18°24'45.96E
20. ESGLESIA DE CRIST SALVADOR,BANJA LUKA 44°46'20.05N 17°11'30.16E
21. ARCHEOLOGICAL FOUNDATION ZIDINE,LAKTASI 44°54'29.79N 17°17'55.82E
BOSNIA: SARAJEVO: SITUATION UPDATE
Various Nat
Germany's Foreign Minister Klaus Kinkel says Bosnia can rely on his country as it tries to recover from war.
He's been speaking after flying into Sarajevo for talks with the Bosnian government.
He arrived as the civilian in charge of implementing the peace deal, High Representative, Carl Bildt, attended an Orthodox Christmas mass in the city.
Gloomy weather greeted the German Foreign Minister, who nonetheless was carrying good news for the Bosnian people.
He headed straight for the presidency building to meet with Prime Minister Haris Silajdzic and President Alija Izetbegovic.
But before entering he found time to greet some friendly locals.
Along with discussing Germany's role in implementing the Dayton peace accord, Kinkel is in Sarajevo to see what progress has been made in restoring electricity to the city.
The German government has allocated 13 (m) million Deutschmarks for this purpose.
Kinkel is in Bosnia to urge the country's leadership to prevent a new wave of Serb refugees fleeing the Sarajevo suburbs.
He also reiterated Germany's commitment to helping the Bosnians get their country back on its feet after nearly four years of bloodshed and destruction.
SOUNDBITE:(German)
The military and civil implementation process has started and I would like to say in my position as German Foreign Minister that this city and this state can rely on Germany.
SUPER CAPTION: Klaus Kinkel, German Foreign Minister
Elsewhere in the Bosnian capital, the mood of peace and reconciliation was evident at the city's oldest Serb Orthodox church.
More than one hundred Bosnian Serbs who had remained in Sarajevo throughout the war gathered here to worship.
The head of the Orthodox Church in Bosnia-Herzegovina, Metropolitan Nikolaj presided over a Christmas mass, attended by High Representative Carl Bildt.
Also present were Roman Catholic Cardinal Vinko Puljic and Prime Minister Haris Silajdzic along with other members of the Bosnian government.
In his speech Metropolitan Nikolaj expressed his gratitude to the Sarajevo Serbs for their contribution in establishing peace and a multi cultural society.
The Serb Orthodox church was a staunch supporter of Serb nationalism throughout the war, but has shown signs of changing its stance since the signing of the peace accord.
Carl Bildt was delighted at the Metropolitan's message of reconciliation.
SOUNDBITE:(English)
He gave a message of peace and understanding and love, as it should be at Christmas.
SUPER CAPTION: Carl Bildt, High Representative
Speaking for the Muslim community, Prime Minister Silajdzic was eager to point out his people's wishes for peaceful coexistence.
SOUNDBITE:(Serbo-Croat)
As you can see we have close co-operation with Orthodox church representatives in Sarajevo. This church in which you held the mass today, and which is not damaged, can tell us a lot about us and about Muslims. We not only believe that we can live together. Our opinion is that we must live together because the home land for all of us is Bosnia and Herzegovina.
SUPER CAPTION: Haris Silajdzic, Bosnian Prime Minister.
Both Prime Minister Silajdzic and Metropolitan Nikolaj set an example to their followers, showing they can happily work together.
SUPER CAPTION: Haris Silajdzic, Bosnian Prime Minister.
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Bosnia - Experts Examine Mass Grave
T/I: 10:28:56
Forensic experts from The Hague and local officials from the north-west Bosnian town of Sanski Most on Thursday (9/5) began digging up bones from what is believed to be a mass grave in Vrhpolje. Men and machines have begun the delicate task of digging trenches around the site and picking up fragments of bones, boots and other various remains. The bodies are belived to have been buried in the mass graves in 1992, at the start of the Bosnian war.
SHOWS
VRHPOLJE, BOSNIA 8 MAY, 1996
Destroyed bridge, tilt to mass graves site
Security standing by vehicle
Demolished bridge
Forensic expert taking photographs
Locals looking
Helicopter overhead
Marker in rock
IFOR troops on bridge
Wide of troops
Area cordoned off
Zoom into bone in ground
Men sketching area
Another bone in soil
Forensic experts standing
Men digging trench
Close-up trench
Cordoned off area, zoom into marker
Forensic experts walking
Human chain moving water in bucket
2.46
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[UN] Security Council discusses situation in Bosnia and Herzegovina (8 May 2019)
The Bosnia List - a lecture by Kenan Trebincevic
May 6, 2015
Kenan Trebincevic's family barely escaped the ethnic cleansing of Muslims that went on from 1992 to 1995 in the former Yugoslavia. The Bosnia List is his memoir of the early days of the war, his family's survival and escape, and their eventual settlement in the US. But it is also a travel memoir, a story of returning to their hometown to see what they've lost and confront those who persecuted them.
Bosnian Muslims and Serbs react to prelim results
SHOTLIST
1. Wide exterior of BHT 1 (Bosnian state-run television station) studio
2. Satellite truck outside studio
3. Split screen showing newsreader and reporter on BHT 1 morning news programme
4. Various interiors of BHT 1 studio
5. SOUNDBITE (English) Amir Zukic, Head of News, BHT 1:
I am very satisfied by the reaction, feedback from our public not only in Bosnia, also from the Bosnians abroad because BHT 1 is the one television, public television from Bosnia that you can see everywhere in the world.
6. Various interiors of BHT 1
7. Street scene
8. People buying newspapers
9. Various of newspapers with election-related headlines
10. SOUNDBITE (Bosnian): Vox pop:
We are happy with the results. I think this will bring changes to our country.
11. Man reading newspaper
12. Wide shot of street
13. Wide of busy street in Banja Luka
14. Wide of pedestrianised street
15. People walking down street
16. Man picking up newspaper at stall
17. Close-up of newspaper headline reading Victory of Democracy
18. Close-up of newspaper headline reading SNSD Victory (Union of Independent Social Democrats)
19.SOUNDBITE (Serbian): Vox pop, male resident, no name given:
I am expecting the normalisation of the current situation in our state, and prosperity in the future.
20. SOUNDBITE (Serbian): Vox pop, female resident, no name given:
I hope it will get better, it looks like the people have come together in their wish to move forwards.
21. SOUNDBITE (Serbian): Vox pop, male resident, no name given:
I hope that the best candidate won, and that we finally have high profile politicians to lead us.
22. Wide of men playing on giant chess board in street
23. Wide of people crossing street
STORYLINE
Bosnians appear to be sharply split in key elections on the country's future, with Muslim Bosniaks and Catholic Croats supporting politicians who want to unify the Balkan nation, but Serbs backing a candidate whose party advocates continued ethnic division.
With up to 50 per cent of the vote counted in Sunday's complex elections, officials said it appeared that Nebojsa Radmanovic, whose party chief recently proposed a referendum that would allow Serb territories to secede, will represent Orthodox Christian Serbs in Bosnia's three-member presidency.
They said his counterpart would be Haris Silajdzic, a strong advocate of a united Bosnia.
The race for the Croat seat was neck-to-neck with Sunday's incomplete results showing that Ivo Miro Jovic of the Croat Democratic Union was leading with a narrow margin, with 11.84 per cent over Social Democrat candidate, Zeljko Komsic's 11.41 percent.
Further results were to be announced on Monday evening, the election commission said.
The runner-up for the Croat seat, Zeljko Komsic of the multiethnic party of the Social Democrats, said nothing is yet decided since not all votes were yet counted.
Jovic led by a narrow margin, with 11.84 per cent over Komsic's 11.41 per cent.
One of the biggest Bosnian cities, Tuzla, which traditionally supports the Social Democrats, has not submitted its count yet.
According to the state-run television station, BHT 1, viewers have responded positively to the incomplete election results.
I am very satisfied by the reaction, feedback from our public not only in Bosnia, also from the Bosnians abroad because BHT 1 is the one television, public television from Bosnia that you can see everywhere in the world, said BHT 1's head of news, Amir Zukic.
Sunday's elections were the battle-scarred country's attempt to decide who should lead Bosnia as it tries to free itself from the ethnic divisions that remain from its 1992-95 war and move toward possible European Union membership.
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Mission 360˚ TV - Passionate Service
The Adventist Church in Albania is the youngest church in all of Europe. Work only began here really in 1992 when the opportunity opened up so we only have a handful of pastors, small groups of believers but the church is growing. And right here in Albasan is the longest running Global Mission project as church members put into practice Christ's method of ministry, connecting with the community, showing His love.
Tuzla
Tuzla is a city in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is the seat of the Tuzla Canton and is the economic, scientific, cultural, educational, health and tourist centre of northeast Bosnia. After Sarajevo and Banja Luka, Tuzla is the third largest city in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Preliminary results from the 2013 Census indicate that the municipality has a population of 120,441.
Tuzla is an educational center and is home to two universities. It is also the main industrial machine and one of the leading economic strongholds of Bosnia with a wide and varied industrial sector including an expanding service sector thanks to its salt lake tourism. The city of Tuzla is home to Europe's only salt lake as part of its central park and has more than 100,000 people visiting its shores every year. The history of the city goes back to the 9th century; modern Tuzla dates back to 1510 when it became an important garrison town in the Ottoman Empire.
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Bosnia and Herzegovina | Wikipedia audio article
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Bosnia and Herzegovina
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SUMMARY
=======
Bosnia and Herzegovina ( ( listen) or ; abbreviated B&H; Bosnian and Serbian: Bosna i Hercegovina (BiH) / Боснa и Херцеговина (БиХ), Croatian: Bosna i Hercegovina (BiH), pronounced [bôsna i xěrtseɡoʋina]), sometimes called Bosnia–Herzegovina, and often known informally as Bosnia, is a country in Southeastern Europe in the Balkan Peninsula. Sarajevo is the capital and largest city.
Bosnia and Herzegovina is an almost landlocked country – it has a narrow coast at the Adriatic Sea, about 20 kilometres (12 miles) long surrounding the town of Neum. It is bordered by Croatia to the north, west and south, Serbia to the east, and Montenegro to the southeast. In the central and eastern interior of the country the geography is mountainous, in the northwest it is moderately hilly, and the northeast is predominantly flatland. The inland, Bosnia, is a geographically larger region and has a moderate continental climate, with hot summers and cold and snowy winters. The southern tip, Herzegovina, has a Mediterranean climate and plain topography.
Bosnia and Herzegovina traces permanent human settlement back to the Neolithic age, during and after which it was populated by several Illyrian and Celtic civilizations. Culturally, politically, and socially, the country has a rich history, having been first settled by the Slavic peoples that populate the area today from the 6th through to the 9th centuries. In the 12th century the Banate of Bosnia was established, which evolved into the Kingdom of Bosnia in the 14th century, after which it was annexed into the Ottoman Empire, under whose rule it remained from the mid-15th to the late 19th centuries. The Ottomans brought Islam to the region, and altered much of the cultural and social outlook of the country. This was followed by annexation into the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, which lasted up until World War I. In the interwar period, Bosnia and Herzegovina was part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and after World War II, it was granted full republic status in the newly formed Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Following the dissolution of Yugoslavia, the republic proclaimed independence in 1992, which was followed by the Bosnian War, lasting until late 1995.
The country is one of the most frequently visited countries in the region, projected to have the third highest tourism growth rate in the world until 2020. Bosnia and Herzegovina is regionally and internationally renowned for its natural environment and cultural heritage inherited from six historical civilizations, its cuisine, winter sports, its eclectic and unique music, architecture and its festivals, some of which are the largest and most prominent of their kind in Southeastern Europe. The country is home to three main ethnic groups or, officially, constituent peoples, as specified in the constitution. Bosniaks are the largest group of the three, with Serbs second and Croats third. A native of Bosnia and Herzegovina, regardless of ethnicity, is usually identified in English as a Bosnian. Minorities, defined under the constitutional nomenclature Others, include Jews, Roma, Poles, Ukrainians and Turks. Bosnia and Herzegovina has a bicameral legislature and a three-member Presidency composed of a member of each major ethnic group. However, the central government's power is highly limited, as the country is largely decentralized and comprises two autonomous entities: the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Republika Srpska, with a third region, the Brčko District, governed under local government. The Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina is complex and consists of 10 cantons.
Bosnia and Herzegovina ranks highly in terms of human development, and has an economy dominated by the industry and agriculture sectors, followed by the tourism and service sectors. The country has a social security and universal healthcare system, and primary- and secondary-level education is tuition-free. It is a member of the UN, OSCE ...
Bosniaks | Wikipedia audio article
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Bosniaks
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Bosniaks (Bosnian: Bošnjaci, pronounced [boʃɲǎːtsi]; singular masculine: Bošnjak, feminine: Bošnjakinja) are a South Slavic nation and ethnic group inhabiting mainly the area of Bosnia and Herzegovina. A native minority of Bosniaks live in other countries in the Balkans; especially in the Sandžak region of Serbia and Montenegro (where Bosniaks form a regional majority), and in Croatia and Kosovo. Bosniaks are typically characterized by their historic tie to the Bosnian historical region, traditional majority adherence to Islam since the 15th and 16th centuries, common culture and Bosnian language. As of 2017 Bosniaks are also recognised as a national minority in Albania.English speakers frequently refer to Bosniaks as Bosnian Muslims or simply as Bosnians, though the latter term can also denote all inhabitants of Bosnia and Herzegovina (regardless of ethnic identity) or apply to citizenship in the country.
Over two million Bosniaks live in the Balkans, with an estimated additional million settled and living around the world. Ethnic cleansing and genocide during the Bosnian War (1991–95) have had an effect on the territorial distribution of the population. Partly due to this, a significant Bosniak diaspora exists in a number of countries, including Austria, Germany, Turkey, Australia, Sweden, Canada and the United States.
Chetniks | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:04:42 1 Etymology
00:05:42 2 Background
00:05:52 2.1 Chetnik guerrilla (1903–18)
00:09:06 2.2 Interwar period
00:14:32 3 World War II
00:14:42 3.1 Formation and ideology
00:21:24 3.2 Early activities
00:27:23 3.3 Axis offensives
00:29:44 3.4 Composition
00:36:12 3.5 Axis collaboration
00:38:06 3.5.1 Collaboration with the Italians
00:45:41 3.5.2 Collaboration with the Independent State of Croatia
00:49:43 3.5.3 Case White
00:51:02 3.5.4 Collaboration with the Germans
00:58:00 3.5.5 Collaboration with the Government of National Salvation
01:02:20 3.5.6 Contacts with Hungary
01:04:43 3.6 Terror tactics and cleansing actions
01:17:10 3.7 Loss of Allied support
01:21:39 3.8 Cooperation with the Soviets
01:26:06 3.9 Retreat and dissolution
01:27:23 4 Aftermath
01:27:33 4.1 SFR Yugoslavia
01:31:10 5 Legacy
01:31:19 5.1 Yugoslav Wars
01:41:55 5.2 Serbian historiography
01:42:47 6 Contemporary period
01:42:58 6.1 Serbia
01:48:35 6.2 Montenegro
01:51:04 6.3 Bosnia and Herzegovina
01:55:22 6.4 Croatia
01:55:47 6.5 United States
01:56:14 6.6 Ukraine
01:57:14 7 See also
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Speaking Rate: 0.8706087525482147
Voice name: en-GB-Wavenet-C
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Chetnik Detachments of the Yugoslav Army, commonly known as the Chetniks (Serbo-Croatian: Четници / Četnici, pronounced [tʃɛ̂tniːtsi]; Slovene: Četniki) and as the Yugoslav Army in the Homeland and The Ravna Gora Movement, was a Yugoslav royalist and Serbian nationalist movement in occupied Yugoslavia led by Draža Mihailović, which was anti-Axis in its long-term goals, and engaged in marginal resistance activities for limited periods. They also engaged in tactical or selective collaboration with the occupying forces for almost all of the war. The Mihailović Chetniks were not a homogeneous movement. The Chetnik movement adopted a policy of collaboration with regard to the Axis, and engaged in cooperation to one degree or another by establishing modus vivendi or operating as legalised auxiliary forces under Axis control. Over a period of time, and in different parts of the country, the Chetnik movement was progressively drawn into collaboration agreements: first with the Nedić forces in the Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia, then with the Italians in occupied Dalmatia and Montenegro, with some of the Ustaše forces in northern Bosnia, and, after the Italian capitulation, with the Germans directly.The Chetniks were active in uprising against the Axis occupiers throughout 1941. Following the success of the Battle of Loznica, Mihailović's Chetniks were the first to liberate a European city from Axis control. Following this, German occupiers enacted Adolf Hitler's formula for suppressing anti-Nazi resistance in Eastern Europe, a ratio of 100 hostages executed for every German soldier killed and 50 hostages executed for every soldier wounded. In October 1941, German soldiers conducted two mass murder campaigns against Serbian civilians in Kraljevo and Kragujevac, with a combined death toll reaching over 4,500 civilians, convincing Chetnik leader Draža Mihailović that killing German troops would only result in further unnecessary deaths of tens of thousands of Serbs. As a result, he decided to scale back Chetnik guerrilla attacks and wait for an Allied landing in the Balkans. While Chetnik collaboration reached extensive and systematic proportions, the Chetniks themselves referred to their policy of collaboration as using the enemy. Professor Sabrina Ramet, a historian, has observed, Both the Chetniks' political program and the extent of their collaboration have been amply, even voluminously, documented; it is more than a bit disappointing, thus, that people can still be found who believe that the Chetniks were doing anything besides attempting to realize a vision of an ethnically homo ...
Samsun | Wikipedia audio article
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Samsun
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Samsun (Pontic Greek: Σαμψούντα, Ottoman Turkish: صامسون) is a city on the north coast of Turkey with a population over half a million people. It is the provincial capital of Samsun Province and a major Black Sea port. The growing city has two universities, several hospitals, shopping malls, a lot of light manufacturing industry, sports facilities and an opera.
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk began the Turkish War of Independence here in 1919.
Samsun | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:00:35 1 Name
00:01:54 2 History
00:02:03 2.1 Ancient history
00:05:40 2.2 Early Christianity
00:09:15 2.3 Medieval and modern history
00:12:43 3 Demographics
00:13:14 4 Government
00:13:37 5 Geography
00:14:21 5.1 Rivers
00:14:51 5.2 Climate
00:16:04 6 Architecture
00:16:14 6.1 Mosques
00:16:49 7 Transport
00:18:28 8 Economy
00:18:42 8.1 Ports and shipbuilding
00:19:46 8.1.1 Coal imports from Donbass
00:20:11 8.2 Manufacturing and food processing
00:20:48 8.3 Local government and services
00:21:13 8.4 Shopping
00:21:32 9 Culture
00:21:41 9.1 The Atatürk Culture Center
00:22:45 9.2 Museums
00:23:26 9.3 Folk dancing
00:23:39 10 Education
00:24:04 11 Parks, nature reserves and other greenspace
00:25:07 12 Sports
00:26:10 13 International relations
00:26:20 13.1 Twin towns—Sister cities
00:27:19 14 Notable people
00:28:46 15 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
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Speaking Rate: 0.9061502017097278
Voice name: en-GB-Wavenet-C
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Samsun (Pontic Greek: Σαμψούντα : Sampsúnta, Ottoman Turkish: صامسون : Ṣāmsūn) is a city on the north coast of Turkey with a population over half a million people. It is the provincial capital of Samsun Province and a major Black Sea port. The growing city has two universities, several hospitals, shopping malls, a lot of light manufacturing industry, sports facilities and an opera.
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk began the Turkish War of Independence here in 1919.