ONLY ON AP Wine producer on how some Israelis are boycotting products from settlements
Wine could be a new weapon for Israelis who want to protest against the slow pace of peace talks - applying economic pressure by boycotting wineries from settlements in the West Bank.
These days, when Yaakov Berg tries to sell his award-winning line of Psagot boutique wines he encounters obstacles from every direction.
As a Jewish vintner in a West Bank settlement, his product is increasingly considered off-limits.
We found big problems to sell our wine to restaurants also in Tel Aviv not just overseas, Berg told the Associated Press on Sunday.
It's almost impossible to sell in those restaurants, he continued.
Berg said he expected the peace process to have the opposite effect on people's attitudes.
I was sure the opposite, when the peace process comes alive again, people need to be positive they need to believe in something they need to think that maybe now, will come days that we'll live together, that everything will be good, he said.
With Israel mired in a struggle to combat growing calls from Europe for a boycott against the Jewish state over its settlement policies, a quieter, subtler and more informal campaign is taking place at home among Israelis themselves.
Those who once considered the West Bank inseparable from the rest of the country, or at least shrugged off the settlements as insignificant, are beginning to ask why the government continues to devote large government budgets promoting West Bank construction instead of solving a dire housing crisis and addressing other social ills plaguing the rest of the country.
More than half a (m) million Israelis live in the West Bank and East Jerusalem - areas captured in the 1967 war - amid roughly 2-point-5 (m) million Palestinians.
The Palestinians complain that the growing settler population makes it ever more difficult to partition the land and the issue is taking centre stage in the ongoing US-mediated peace talks.
Inklings of an internal boycott have sprung up.
Some academics have refrained from cooperating with their settler colleagues, a trickle of actors have refused to perform in theatres in the settlements and, in some cases, reserve soldiers have even refused to report for guard duty in settlements.
In parliament, dovish lawmakers have recently been pushing for more transparency in funding for the settlements.
Zehava Galon, head of the opposition Meretz Party, said that while she opposes international boycott efforts against Israel, she too refrains from consuming settler products.
Galon said a flourishing economy in the settlements was an attempt to create a sense of normalisation.
It is unacceptable. Whoever thought they could deceive the entire world succeeded for a few years, but it's over, she said.
The movement is still small-scale and mostly limited to the fringe left-wing.
But even among mainstream Israelis, a de facto sidelining of the settlements is starting to take shape in the marketplace and the settlers themselves are taking notice.
We need to show that there are people here that disagree with the settlements said Tel Aviv resident Chai Hazen.
Not everybody thinks this is OK. If a boycott is the way to do it, then we will show them (the settlers) and the government and that's what we will do she added.
But given the backdrop of an international boycott campaign, that some in Israel have accused of being anti-Semitic, the domestic economic sanctions have been the most sensitive and drawn the most attention.
I think that it doesn't show the world a good side of us said Tel Aviv resident Tali Biton.
Along with other West Bank wineries, Yaakv Berg's Psagot Wineries recently went public with news that dozens of Tel Aviv restaurants were boycotting their wines in hope of shaming them into reversing the boycott.
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What Arabs in Hebron Really Think About Israeli Sovereignty in Judea and Samaria
Ashraf Jabari, an Arab Muslim resident of Hebron talks about relations with the Jewish community, spokesperson Noam Arnon, Israeli sovereignty in Judea and Samaria, and what local Arabs think about the Palestinian Authority.
This speech was part of a panel discussion at the 4th annual Sovereignty Conference held in Jerusalem. Also on the panel were Noam Arnon of Hebron, Sheikh Abu Halil El-Tamimi, Abu Naim al Tarifi of Ramallah, Anett Haskia of Akko, journalist Shalom Yerushalmi of Ma'ariv news, and Jonathan Elkhoury of Lebanon.
Speeches were held in Arabic and Hebrew with translation into English.
Israel Announces Building Plans for Judea and Samaria
Israel Announces Building Plans for Judea and Samaria
Amir Tsarfati: Why Should Christians Support Israel
In Romans 3:3, the apostle Paul wrote the following about Israel: For what if some did not believe? Will their unbelief make the faithfulness of God without effect?
The early church understood the importance of caring for God's covenant people. Today, the majority of Christians in the world are passive regarding God's everlasting covenant with Israel, or worse, willfully rejecting it. Join Amir as he makes the case biblically as to why Christians should support Israel.
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Israeli Airbnb accomodation location row
(19 Jan 2016) MEA AIRBNB
SOURCE: AP HORIZONS, LIFESTYLE, HEALTH AND TECHNOLOGY
RESTRICTIONS: HORIZONS CLIENTS AND AP LIFESTYLE, HEALTH AND TECHNOLOGY CLIENTS ONLY
LENGTH: 2.38
AP Television
Nofei Prat, West Bank, 17 January 2016
1. Close up on phone showing Airbnb-listed property in West Bank settlement
2. Wide of Moshe Gordon, who runs Airbnb-listed property
3. Mid of detail inside home, sign reading Home is where the heart is
4. Goron inside rental property
5. SOUNDBITE: (English) Moshe Gordon, Airbnb host
It is Israel. How is it not Israel? I just don't really understand. I don't really understand the controversy, that's the truth, is that the same, it's Israel the same way that Jerusalem is Israel.
6. Wide of view from property
AP Television
Jerusalem, 19 January 2016
7. Screen recording of Airbnb listings marked under Judea and Samaria, biblical name for West Bank
AP Television
Ramallah, West Bank, 18 January 2016
8. SOUNDBITE: (English) Husam Zomlot, Palestinian Ambassador at-large
The one that keeps these settlements growingthe one thing, is not the Israeli government security and political protection but the economic profiting from our own resources. We need to stop that. And any international company like Airbnb that profits from the occupation, and from our blood, must be held accountable and brought to justice.
AP Television
Ancient Shiloh, West Bank, 17 January 2016
9. Zoom out from Palestinian village to biblical ruins
10. Tour group visiting site
11. Wide of gift shop
12. Close up on sign showing how land was divided during Jewish rule over ancient Israel
13. Miri Maoz-Ovadia, spokeswoman for Yesha settlers' council, pouring glass of wine
AP Television
Esh Kodesh, West Bank, 17 January 2016
14. SOUNDBITE: (English) Miri Maoz-Ovadia, spokeswoman for Yesha settlers' council
International platforms such as Airbnb are very positive. They give an open window to this area for millions and millions of people that are interested to come and visit and explore, and that's why I think that any of these platforms should be allowed to give, to publish and to show also places that are here in the heartland of Israel.
15. Wide of Cabin in the Vineyard bed and breakfast, not listed on Airbnb but planning on doing so to attract visitors from abroad
16. Wide of Palestinian village seen from cabin
17. Wide of bedroom
18. Close up on room detail, folded towels
19. SOUNDBITE: (Hebrew) Inbal Zeev, settler planning to list her log cabin on Airbnb
We were exposed to this idea of maybe not just working with the local population and to open it up to tourists from around the world and everyone is invited.
20. Zeev tidying up cabin
21. Palestinian village seen through crack in drapes at cabin
LEADIN:
A row has been sparked over Airbnb accommodation located in the occupied lands as being listed in Israel.
Settlements stretching the entire length of the West Bank play host to Airbnb properties.
But critics say that by contributing to the economy of area, Airbnb is perpetuating the expansion of Israel's settlement enterprise.
STORYLINE:
For Moshe Gordon, the Airbnb online home-sharing service helps attract international tourists to his short-term apartment rental, where visitors can enjoy a backyard bonfire overlooking sweeping vistas of the West Bank and explore nature sites nearby.
But Palestinians say the online travel site's listings in the occupied lands are incorrect and that the occupied lands should not be listed as Israel.
The criticism puts the travel site in the crosshairs of a burgeoning boycott movement and highlights the intricacies of the sharing economy in a legal anomaly such as the settl ements, where residents are Israeli citizens but the land is occupied.
====
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Palestine (region) | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Palestine (region)
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written
language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through
audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio
while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using
a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
In case you don't find one that you were looking for, put a comment.
This video uses Google TTS en-US-Standard-D voice.
SUMMARY
=======
Palestine (Arabic: فلسطين Filasṭīn, Falasṭīn, Filisṭīn; Greek: Παλαιστίνη, Palaistinē; Latin: Palaestina; Hebrew: פלשתינה Palestina) is a geographic region in Western Asia usually considered to include Israel, the West Bank, the Gaza Strip, and in some definitions, some parts of western Jordan.
The name was used by ancient Greek writers, and it was later used for the Roman province Syria Palaestina, the Byzantine Palaestina Prima, and the Islamic provincial district of Jund Filastin. The region comprises most of the territory claimed for the biblical regions known as the Land of Israel (Hebrew: ארץ־ישראל Eretz-Yisra'el), the Holy Land or Promised Land. Historically, it has been known as the southern portion of wider regional designations such as Canaan, Syria, ash-Sham, and the Levant.
Situated at a strategic location between Egypt, Syria and Arabia, and the birthplace of Judaism and Christianity, the region has a long and tumultuous history as a crossroads for religion, culture, commerce, and politics. The region has been controlled by numerous peoples, including Ancient Egyptians, Canaanites, Israelites and Judeans, Assyrians, Babylonians, Achaemenids, ancient Greeks, the Jewish Hasmonean Kingdom, Romans, Parthians, Sasanians, Byzantines, the Arab Rashidun, Umayyad, Abbasid and Fatimid caliphates, Crusaders, Ayyubids, Mamluks, Mongols, Ottomans, the British, and modern Israelis, Jordanians, Egyptians and Palestinians.
The boundaries of the region have changed throughout history. Today, the region comprises the State of Israel and the Palestinian territories in which the State of Palestine was declared.
Why Support Judea and Samaria? - Interview with Eleazer Ee
Why Support Judea and Samaria? - Interview with Eleazer Ee ➡️ ???????? ORDER ISRAEL PRODUCT and SUPPORT ISRAEL ???? [Click on Show More]
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Nati Rom created Lev HaOlam as a way to fight back against the BDS movement. Through our Package Project, we place large orders for products produced in the areas targeted by BDS and international anti-Israel institutions and send those products to our subscribers worldwide.
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Through our Package Project, we place large orders for products produced in the areas targeted by BDS and international anti-Israel institutions and send those products to our subscribers worldwide.
Interested in supporting the families and small businesses of Judea and Samaria? Consider subscribing to Lev Haolam’s Surprise Package Project. ORDER HERE
Today, we are proud to say that due to the support of our subscribers - supporters from dozens of countries including Sweden, the Netherlands, Norway, Germany, Singapore, Australia, and the United States - we are currently the largest buyer of products produced in Judea and Samaria.
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Archaeologists Found These Ancient Relics In Israel – And They’ve Reshaped How We See The Romans
Archaeologists Found These Ancient Relics In Israel – And They’ve Reshaped How We See The Romans
When workers began restoring a 20th century railway line across Israel, they discovered something incredible hiding beneath the surface. Beneath the mountains of northern Israel, workers are recreating a great railway. This legendary transport system once ran from the Mediterranean all the way to the Sea of Galilee. But during construction, they stumble across something…
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Amazing things are happening in Samaria...Israel!
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Jerusalem Dateline: 03/10/17 The Real Story Behind History’s Oldest Land Dispute
This week on Jerusalem Dateline: Jewish people and Palestinian Arabs both claim ownership of the land of Israel, but whose land is it? We take a look at the Jewish claims to the land of Israel -- the real story behind history’s oldest land dispute.
How to travel in Judea and Samaria?
Archaeology shock: How ‘unexcavated tomb’ was discovered in Jerusalem after ground scan - News 247
Thanks for watching my video.
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Videos can use content-based copyright law contains reasonable use Fair Use (
For any copyright, please send me a message. In November 1990, archaeologists found a burial cave in Peace Forest, Jerusalem, containing 12 bone boxes, two of which featured the inscription “Caiaphas” – the name given to the Jewish high priest who was behind the crucifixion of Jesus, according to the Gospels of the New Testament. The breakthrough made international headlines after two Roman nails were also found inside the tomb, leading many to believe they may have been used following the Sanhedrin trial of Jesus. However, what many failed to report was that another tomb was also hiding just metres away completely untouched. In 2004, investigator Simcha Jacobovici took a team to the site, armed with a Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) as part of Amazon Prime’s “Decoding The Ancients” series. The narrator explained: “Reports indicate the tomb was not destroyed in 1990 by the people building the park. “In the original report, there is a mention of a second tomb found near the Caiaphas tomb, but the ceiling was collapsed and it was deemed unsafe. “Ground-penetrating radar should reveal if the tomb is the collapsed one and which is the Caiphas tomb. So Simcha has brought in GPR specialists to help determine whether what lies below the pipe may actually be the Caiaphas tomb. “First, they go to the tomb that is farthest from the playground.” Mr Jacobovici added: “It might be quite exciting because we may have an excavated and an unexcavated tomb.” The narrator then explained how they uncovered the unexcavated tomb. He added: “Ground-penetrating radar can be used to determine whether areas below the surface hold ancient archaeological sites. “It works by bouncing sound waves through rock and getting feedback revealing different densities and open spaces. “The radar shows that the first location seems to correspond to the information pertaining to the collapsed tomb, not the Caiaphas tomb.” The woman using the GPR said: “See there? We have something,” before Mr Jacobovici added: “That’s great, we’ve got a tomb.” Trending Unfortunately, the team could not break through the ground to confirm their discovery due to laws protecting ancient sites. Caiaphas is generally accepted, even by otherwise sceptical scholars, as a historical figure and the ossuary discovery was an important confirmation of the New Testament account and facilitates understanding of the historical Jesus. Since the original discovery, though, the identification with Caiaphas has been challenged by some scholars. They argue on various grounds – including the spelling of the inscription, the lack of any mention of Caiaphas's status as High Priest and the plainness of the tomb.
Price tag policy
Price tag policy (Hebrew: מדיניות תג מחיר), also known as 'Mutual Responsibility (Arvut Hadadit), also referred to as a 'tactic', 'strategy', 'doctrine', 'campaign,' or 'principle', is the name originally given to acts of random violence aimed at the Palestinian population, and Israeli security forces by fundamentalist Israeli settler youths who, according to the New York Times, exact a price from local Palestinians or from the Israeli security forces for any action taken against their settlement enterprise. Price tag attacks now extend to acts of vandalism, and especially to acts of anti-Arab vandalism, suspected to be the work of lone individuals, against the Israeli army and security services, as well as against Christian and Muslim places of worship, and also against leftist institutions. In May 2014, Shin Bet said the price-tag hate crimes were the handiwork of about 100 individuals mainly hailing from the Yitzhar settlement and hilltop outposts, and were inspired by the ideas of rabbi Yitzchak Ginsburg.
The price-tag campaign includes attacks on Palestinian villages and property by Israeli settlers as retaliation for attacks on Israeli targets and for government demolition of structures at West Bank settlements and the removal of outposts which are variously described as being either unauthorised or illegal, and in recent years (2012-2013), dozens of such attacks have targeted Christian sites and the Christian community in Jerusalem. They generally follow actions by Israeli authorities that are perceived as harming the settlement enterprise, or follow Palestinian violence against settlers.
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The National for Thursday August 24th: Macdonald Legacy Challenged, Racist Attack, Royal Sheep
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The Jesus Film - Audio Arabic, Libyan + Subtitles
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Peace and blessings for all! Maximiliano Tello.
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Barack Obama - Audio version of the Wikipedia article
Spoken word version of the Wikipedia article about Barack Obama
Judaism | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Judaism
00:03:52 1 Defining characteristics and principles of faith
00:04:04 1.1 Defining characteristics
00:07:35 1.2 Core tenets
00:10:53 2 Jewish religious texts
00:12:26 2.1 Jewish legal literature
00:15:33 2.2 Jewish philosophy
00:16:30 2.3 Rabbinic hermeneutics
00:20:34 3 Jewish identity
00:20:43 3.1 Origin of the term Judaism
00:22:57 3.2 Distinction between Jews as a people and Judaism
00:24:43 3.3 Who is a Jew?
00:28:40 3.4 Jewish demographics
00:29:37 4 Jewish religious movements
00:29:47 4.1 Rabbinic Judaism
00:33:30 4.1.1 Sephardi and Mizrahi Judaism
00:34:39 4.1.2 Jewish movements in Israel
00:37:01 4.2 Karaites and Samaritans
00:38:01 4.3 Haymanot (Ethiopian Judaism)
00:38:50 5 Jewish observances
00:39:00 5.1 Jewish ethics
00:39:41 5.2 Prayers
00:41:51 5.3 Religious clothing
00:43:53 5.4 Jewish holidays
00:44:15 5.4.1 Shabbat
00:45:27 5.4.2 Three pilgrimage festivals
00:48:07 5.4.3 High Holy Days
00:49:55 5.4.4 Purim
00:50:44 5.4.5 Hanukkah
00:52:03 5.4.6 Fast days
00:52:38 5.4.7 Israeli holidays
00:53:10 5.5 Torah readings
00:53:34 5.6 Synagogues and religious buildings
00:54:55 5.7 Dietary laws: ikashrut/i
00:58:30 5.8 Laws of ritual purity
00:59:24 5.8.1 Family purity
01:00:54 5.9 Life-cycle events
01:02:38 6 Community leadership
01:02:48 6.1 Classical priesthood
01:04:05 6.2 Prayer leaders
01:07:49 6.3 Specialized religious roles
01:09:20 7 History
01:09:28 7.1 Origins
01:13:04 7.2 Antiquity
01:15:32 7.3 Historical Jewish groupings (to 1700)
01:17:39 7.4 Persecutions
01:18:32 7.5 Hasidism
01:20:38 7.6 The Enlightenment and new religious movements
01:22:48 7.7 Spectrum of observance
01:24:19 8 Judaism and other religions
01:24:29 8.1 Christianity and Judaism
01:29:05 8.2 Islam and Judaism
01:31:31 8.3 Syncretic movements incorporating Judaism
01:32:55 9 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Judaism (originally from Hebrew יהודה, Yehudah, Judah; via Latin and Greek) is the religion of the Jewish people. It is an ancient, monotheistic, Abrahamic religion with the Torah as its foundational text. It encompasses the religion, philosophy, and culture of the Jewish people. Judaism is considered by religious Jews to be the expression of the covenant that God established with the Children of Israel. Judaism encompasses a wide corpus of texts, practices, theological positions, and forms of organization. The Torah is part of the larger text known as the Tanakh or the Hebrew Bible, and supplemental oral tradition represented by later texts such as the Midrash and the Talmud. With between 14.5 and 17.4 million adherents worldwide, Judaism is the tenth largest religion in the world.
Within Judaism there are a variety of movements, most of which emerged from Rabbinic Judaism, which holds that God revealed his laws and commandments to Moses on Mount Sinai in the form of both the Written and Oral Torah. Historically, this assertion was challenged by various groups such as the Sadducees and Hellenistic Judaism during the Second Temple period; the Karaites and Sabbateans during the early and later medieval period; and among segments of the modern non-Orthodox denominations. Modern branches of Judaism such as Humanistic Judaism may be nontheistic. Today, the largest Jewish religious movements are Orthodox Judaism (Haredi Judaism and Modern Orthodox Judaism), Conservative Judaism, and Reform Judaism. Major sources of difference between these groups are their approaches to Jewish law, the authority of the Rabbinic tradition, and the significance of the State of Israel. Orthodox Judaism maintains that the Torah and Jewish law are divine in origin, eternal and unalterable, and that they should be strictly followed. Conservative and Reform Judaism are more liberal, with Conservative Judaism generally promoting a more traditionalist interpretation of Judaism's requirements than Reform Judaism. A typical Reform position is that Jewish law should be viewed as a set of general guidelines rather than a ...
Judaism | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Judaism
00:03:52 1 Defining characteristics and principles of faith
00:04:04 1.1 Defining characteristics
00:07:35 1.2 Core tenets
00:10:53 2 Jewish religious texts
00:12:26 2.1 Jewish legal literature
00:15:33 2.2 Jewish philosophy
00:16:30 2.3 Rabbinic hermeneutics
00:20:34 3 Jewish identity
00:20:43 3.1 Origin of the term Judaism
00:22:57 3.2 Distinction between Jews as a people and Judaism
00:24:43 3.3 Who is a Jew?
00:28:40 3.4 Jewish demographics
00:29:37 4 Jewish religious movements
00:29:47 4.1 Rabbinic Judaism
00:33:30 4.1.1 Sephardi and Mizrahi Judaism
00:34:39 4.1.2 Jewish movements in Israel
00:37:01 4.2 Karaites and Samaritans
00:38:01 4.3 Haymanot (Ethiopian Judaism)
00:38:50 5 Jewish observances
00:39:00 5.1 Jewish ethics
00:39:41 5.2 Prayers
00:41:51 5.3 Religious clothing
00:43:53 5.4 Jewish holidays
00:44:15 5.4.1 Shabbat
00:45:27 5.4.2 Three pilgrimage festivals
00:48:07 5.4.3 High Holy Days
00:49:55 5.4.4 Purim
00:50:44 5.4.5 Hanukkah
00:52:03 5.4.6 Fast days
00:52:38 5.4.7 Israeli holidays
00:53:10 5.5 Torah readings
00:53:34 5.6 Synagogues and religious buildings
00:54:55 5.7 Dietary laws: ikashrut/i
00:58:30 5.8 Laws of ritual purity
00:59:24 5.8.1 Family purity
01:00:54 5.9 Life-cycle events
01:02:38 6 Community leadership
01:02:48 6.1 Classical priesthood
01:04:05 6.2 Prayer leaders
01:07:49 6.3 Specialized religious roles
01:09:20 7 History
01:09:28 7.1 Origins
01:13:04 7.2 Antiquity
01:15:32 7.3 Historical Jewish groupings (to 1700)
01:17:39 7.4 Persecutions
01:18:32 7.5 Hasidism
01:20:38 7.6 The Enlightenment and new religious movements
01:22:48 7.7 Spectrum of observance
01:24:19 8 Judaism and other religions
01:24:29 8.1 Christianity and Judaism
01:29:05 8.2 Islam and Judaism
01:31:31 8.3 Syncretic movements incorporating Judaism
01:32:55 9 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Judaism (originally from Hebrew יהודה, Yehudah, Judah; via Latin and Greek) is the religion of the Jewish people. It is an ancient, monotheistic, Abrahamic religion with the Torah as its foundational text. It encompasses the religion, philosophy, and culture of the Jewish people. Judaism is considered by religious Jews to be the expression of the covenant that God established with the Children of Israel. Judaism encompasses a wide corpus of texts, practices, theological positions, and forms of organization. The Torah is part of the larger text known as the Tanakh or the Hebrew Bible, and supplemental oral tradition represented by later texts such as the Midrash and the Talmud. With between 14.5 and 17.4 million adherents worldwide, Judaism is the tenth largest religion in the world.
Within Judaism there are a variety of movements, most of which emerged from Rabbinic Judaism, which holds that God revealed his laws and commandments to Moses on Mount Sinai in the form of both the Written and Oral Torah. Historically, this assertion was challenged by various groups such as the Sadducees and Hellenistic Judaism during the Second Temple period; the Karaites and Sabbateans during the early and later medieval period; and among segments of the modern non-Orthodox denominations. Modern branches of Judaism such as Humanistic Judaism may be nontheistic. Today, the largest Jewish religious movements are Orthodox Judaism (Haredi Judaism and Modern Orthodox Judaism), Conservative Judaism, and Reform Judaism. Major sources of difference between these groups are their approaches to Jewish law, the authority of the Rabbinic tradition, and the significance of the State of Israel. Orthodox Judaism maintains that the Torah and Jewish law are divine in origin, eternal and unalterable, and that they should be strictly followed. Conservative and Reform Judaism are more liberal, with Conservative Judaism generally promoting a more traditionalist interpretation of Judaism's requirements than Reform Judaism. A typical Reform position is that Jewish law should be viewed as a set of general guidelines rather than a ...
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