Former British Consulate at Takao (打狗英國領事館) in Taiwan
The British Consulate at Takao (Chinese: 打狗英國領事館) is a former British consulate built in 1865 in Gushan District, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. It has been designated as a 2nd Class Historic Site by the Ministry of the Interior.
Located in Gushan District, it lies at the peak of Shaochuantou (哨船頭) and overlooks Xiziwan Bay and Port of Kaohsiung. It currently serves as a cafe and tourist attraction.
The Consulate was designed by a British architect and built by the Tien-li Company (天利洋行; also known as McPhail & Co.) in 1865 using Chinese architects. The materials were shipped over from the city of Amoy (now Xiamen) on Mainland China. The architecture is that of the late Renaissance, providing a technical and stylistic basis for later Western buildings in Taiwan, and makes use of many arches. There are two floors.
History: In 1860 the Treaty of Peking forced the Qing government of Taiwan (then Formosa) to open up the ports of Takao (now known as Kaohsiung), An-Ping (Anping, Tainan), Tamsui (Tamsui, New Taipei) and Keelung to foreign trade. As the largest empire of the time Britain was one of the first western countries to establish a consulate, appointing Robert Swinhoe as the first British vice-consul in 1861, although he was unable to physically obtain the post until 1862. Initially the consulate was centered in Tamsui, but in 1864 the office was moved to Takao.
The building itself was built in 1879 by the Tien-li Company (also known as McPhail & Co.) overlooking Takao Harbor and the materials were brought over from the city of Amoy (now Xiamen) on Mainland China. It was rented by the British Government in 1867. In the same year Swinhoe was appointed as the first Consul General in Formosa a post he would hold until his retirement from government service in 1873.
Following the First Sino-Japanese War in 1894-95 the Treaty of Shimonoseki ceded the island of Formosa (as well as the Pescadores) from China to Japan. Although the Treaty prompted the Triple Intervention by Russia, Germany, and France it appears to have had little effect on Britain, and thus no major events took place at the consulate at this time. In 1909, however, the Japanese government of Taiwan claimed the right to all foreign consulates in Taiwan and the British consulate was closed the next year. In 1931 the building was converted into an Ocean Observatory by the Japanese viceroy.
Although the walls of the consulate were painted with white cement in 1944 to avoid U.S. bombing attacks, the building saw very little action during the Second World War and does not appear to have been used for any important purpose. It was converted again to a Weather Bureau Observatory in 1945, shortly before the Empire of Japan relinquished all claims to the island and Taiwan was returned to the Republic of China; it remained in this state for the next forty-one years.
In 1986 the Kaohsiung municipal government commissioned Professor Li Chien Lang to restore the former consulate as a museum in which to store historic documents and cultural products; it was declared to be a Second Class Historic Site the next year. In 2003 the building was placed under the responsibility of the newly created Cultural Bureau of Kaohsiung, which appointed the Kingship Continental Hotel Group to finish the restoration and manage the building. An opening ceremony was held in September.
In 2005 the former consulate was the first-place recipient of the prestigious Yuan-Yeh Award and recorded over 400 000 visitors. In 2006 it was the site of over one hundred artistic and cultural activities, including the National Oil Painting Competition and National Photography Competition. In 2007 it was visited by the United Nations Observatory Group as well as leaders and representatives of members of the Democratic Pacific Union and the restoration of 312 oil paintings in the former consulate and surrounding area was completed.
The Chinese language plaque near end of video says:
英國領事吉必勳與清朝官員曾憲德的交涉
1858年天津條約簽訂後，臺灣開港，西方商人及傳教士來到臺灣。臺灣民眾對於西方強勢的商業作為，以及從未知曉的宗教，帶有許多反感及恐懼，導致雙方爭執不斷。
1868年7月1日上任的駐打狗的英國署理領事吉必勳（John Gibson），對許多教堂遭焚毀，甚至有教徒死亡的鳳山教案及英商私運樟腦被扣的事件大為不滿，英方也調動軍艦來臺。為解決此爭議，清廷派遣興泉永道道尹曾憲德來臺處理。雙方於1868年11月17日在打狗英國領事館（當時仍位於旗後）見面交涉，但未獲共識，之後演成安平砲擊事件。此為打狗英國領事館中英雙方交涉最重要事件之一。
Thumbnail Image: Former British Consulate at Takao by clsung (@flickr)
구 시모노세키 영국대사관 [1일째]
여기는 구 시모노세키 영국대사관입니다. 피터 래빗을 찾으러 가볼까요?
I could see a peter rabbit in a Shimonoseki Former British Consulate
BGM : Kenichiro Nishihara - Waltz For Debby (ft. Maia Hirasawa)
ii Tomodachi - University of The Ryukyus - Japan
ii Tomodachi - University of The Ryukyus - Japan
Shishi-Mai (Japanese Lion Dance) and Dokon Daiko (Japanese Drum)
1. Dokon Daiko presents Japanese Lion Dance.
Japanese Consulate in Toronto provided the costume.
2. Taiko (Japanese Drum) performance by Dokon Daiko Group, Burlington, Canada.
IOGKF Miyagi Chojun Festival 2013. Niagara Falls, Ontario. May 05, 2013
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Kimono photo_Japanese garden
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1927 NANKING INCIDENT (NANJING )- CHINESE ATTACKS 蒋介石の襲撃
You may not know Chinese army attacked foreigners a lot by 1945.
March 24 1927 Jiang Jieshi army 's 2nd and 6th unit went into Nanking castle and occupied.
The area had foreign consulates and residents.
The attack in the area was started by the Chinese army.
The Jiang Jisehi' s chinese army went into the safe area and started to rob, vandalize
one Japanese sailor was staying at hotel , three British and One American and One Italian and One French and One Dane were killed and other two people missing.
Japanese at that time was banned to use weapons, so they were nothing against this Chinese attack.
Nishihara was guarding at the gate and Chinese was yelling Beat him Beat him.
and sticked Nishinara using bayonets . His face and head were beaten by those Chinese.
Some of Chinese tried to open safe box and could not do it then upset about
sticked Kimura and Nemoto ( Japanese ) using bayonets.
Goto was guarding a ship , was shot to death by those Chinese.
By the way , this incident was using Jiang Jieshi army against foreigners and finally ousts Jiang Jieshi the plan made by Communist Chinese group to be seen by some people.
Behind the plan , the soviet union was meeting with 李富春 2nd and 林祖涵 6th unit of jian Jieshi army the two men manipulated the plan.
March 25 1937,15:40 American army and British army both started to shoot against the Nanking after Jiang Sieshi army went into the area, the War ships in the cost area Shimonoseki 下関.
In an hour 200 bullets were shot by both sailors and many chinese Jiang Sieshi's soldiers died.
Japanese army did not join to the shooting.
However other 90 soldiers to let them stay near the castles in case.
Inside of castle area's people include consulates people were evacuated before American and British shooting.
March 29 1927, Jiang Jieshi escaped into Shanghai through 九江市 he stated to make it safe and punish soldiers who robbed and vandalized.
Five countries British, America, France , Italy and Japan demanded him to punish those soldiers and apology by Jiang Jieshi's letter, also promise of foreigners' life and properties also compensations against damages.
However 陳友仁( Chinese ) stated Unfair deal and rejected.
April 6 1927 張作霖(Chinese ) arrested 74 people include 23 russians.
One letter was showing The robbing and killing and vandalism are ordered due to let foreigners confuse, and let Japanese imperial army stay away from there because they are able to to reach the place soon. Do not attack Japanese a lot. Officially states Anti-British.
April 9 1927 Soviet Union officially cut the communication with China.
4.12 coup d'etat was held by Jiang Jieshi.
90 people were all killed as communist members.
May 26 British cut the connection with Soviet Union.
A new government was formed in Nanking area and
April 1928 USA
August 1928 British
October France and Italy
April 1929 Japan
all made a treaty to have peace again and Nanjing incident was finished.
고종황제와 의사 안중근(1959) / King Gojong and martyr An Jung-Geun (Gojonghwangje-wa uisa An Junggeun)
영화의 자세한 정보를 보려면 아래의 웹주소를 방문하세요.
For detailed information on this film, visit :
(한국어)
(English)
감독(Director) : 전창근(Jeon Chang-Keun)
출연 : 김승호,전창근,최남현
줄거리 : 망국의 기운이 감도는 구한말. 이토오 히로부미(최남현)와 친일 대신의 압력에 의해 을사조약이 체결된 지 얼마 후, 헤이그 밀사 사건을 빌미로 일제는 고종황제(김승호)의 퇴위를 강요한다. 삼흥학교에서 인재양성을 하던 안중근은 안창호의 연설을 듣고 의병운동에 참가할 것을 결심하고 연해주로 간다. 그는 한국의병 참모중장, 만주원정군 사령관으로서 동지들과 함께 일본군에 대항해 독립운동을 벌인다. 안중근과 동지들은 이토오 히로부미가 북만주를 시찰할 것이란 소식을 듣고 하얼빈역에서의 저격을 계획한다. 거사는 성공하지만 안중근과 동지들은 투옥된다. 그는 법정에서도 조선의 독립운동의 정당성을 주장하며 일제에 항거하다 사형당한다.
Casts : Kim Seung-Ho, Jeon Chang-Keun, Choi Nam-Hyeon
SYNOPSIS : At the end of the Joseon Dynasty, shortly after the Eulsa Treaty has been forced to be concluded by Ito Hirobumi(Choe Nam-hyeon) and the pro-Japanese courtiers, Japan pressures King Gojong(Kim Seung-ho) to step down from the throne. Meanwhile, An Jung-geun, who is cultivating men of ability at Samheung school, is deeply impressed by a speech made by An Chang-ho, and heads for Russia to volunteer the army fighting for independence of the country. As both a lieutenant general of the Korean militia and a commander of the Korean expeditionary force in Manchuria, he carries on the independence movement in defiance of Japanese coercion. When he and his comrades are tipped that Ito Hirobumi is going to make a tour of inspection to northern Manchuria, they plan to shoot at Ito Hirobumi, the Japanese ruler. Their attempt succeeds, but they are arrested and sent to jail. At court, An Jung-geun holds fast to his views about the cause of independence against Japan, but he is finally executed in prison.
Fortified Eluanbi Lighthouse & Park / 鵝鑾鼻燈塔
Eluanbi Lighthouse / 鵝鑾鼻燈塔 was completed in 1883, following requests from the American and Japanese governments to the Chinese government after several shipwrecks occurred in the 1860s (including the Rover incident). Chinese troops had to be sent to protect the lighthouse during construction from attacks by local tribesmen, and the lighthouse was surrounded by a fort with cannons and a ditch for protection. It is one of the rare examples in the world of a fortified lighthouse.
The lighthouse itself is 21.4 metres (70 ft) high and its light is 56.4 metres (185 ft) above the tidal high water. The light flashes every 10 seconds and its range is 27.2 nautical miles (50.4 km). Eluanbi Lighthouse is also known as The Light of East Asia because its light is the most intense of those on Taiwan.
Qing Empire
Shipwrecks were common around Cape Eluanbi in the early modern era owing to the nearby Qixingyan reefs and strong currents. The hostile native reactions to these accidents rose to the level of international incidents in the case of the Rover and a Ryukyu convoy, which prompted invasions from the United States and Japan in 1867 and 1874. In the latter case, the Qing Dynasty explicitly disavowed responsibility for native-held areas on Taiwan Island, creating a power vacuum that threatened Japanese or European colonization of the region. Following the advice of Charles Le Gendre, the American consul at Xiamen (then known as Amoy), the Viceroy of Liangjiang, Shen Baozhen, began constructing coastal defenses to improve the situation.
Construction of the Eluanbi Lighthouse fell under the purview of the British diplomat Robert Hart, inspector general of the Imperial Maritime Customs Service. He sent agents to purchase the southern cape from the leaders of the Kuie Chia Chiao in 1875.
Construction began in 1881. Although Shen largely favored French officers like Prosper Giquel, Hart placed construction of the Eluanbi works under the English engineer John Ropinald and architect W. F. Spindey. Wang Fulu oversaw the project and the 500 soldiers sent to protect it. Native opposition from the Paiwan and other local aboriginal tribes was severe and sustained.[6] The structure was the only armed lighthouse on the island, surrounded by a 6 m (20 ft) fosse provided with caponiers and barbed-wire fencing. It was riddled with gunports to allow its garrison to repel assaults. Work was finished in early 1883 and the tower began operation on 1 April. The total cost was 71,248 Mexican dollars, more than 200,000 silver taels. £5,881 were used for the tower and fort; £3,223 for the light and its housing. A great deal of the rest was used for dynamiting the coral around a nearby creek and constructing a 52 m (170 ft) concrete jetty for landing personnel and supplies; the jetty had proved necessary because of the difficult landing at Eluanbi's beaches owing to their heavy swells.
George Taylor assisted with construction after its first year[8] and served as its first lightkeeper until 1889. He maintained close relations with the Paiwan and even became proficient in their language, but was also protected by 16 Chinese soldiers under a German officer. Their arsenal included two 18-pounder cannons, two Gatling guns, and a Cohon mortar; and they maintained food and water provisions capable of lasting a three-month siege. The station also kept a team of laborers and kitchen staff on site.
The first tower was 15 m (50 ft) high and cast iron. It was 6 m (19.5 ft) in diameter at the base and 4 m (12.66 ft) at the top.[7] The lantern included revolving steel shutters to protect the glass from attack, and its gallery included gunports for rifles and one of the fort's Gatling guns. The foreign staff had spacious brick bungalows whose rooms were connected by bulletproof corridors to the 4 m2 (40 sq ft) fort; they stayed in quarters inside the tower during assaults. The Chinese staff lived in the fort at all times and maintained its kitchen, armory, storerooms, and underground cisterns. The garrison was later reduced to eight men.
Imperial Japan
During the First Sino-Japanese War, the lighthouse was severely damaged by attack and then from sabotage by its retreating Qing garrison. After the Treaty of Shimonoseki gave Japan control of the island, colonial officials first repaired the lighthouse in 1898 and then installed a stronger light in 1910.
During World War II, the lighthouse was again seriously damaged by American bombing.
Republic of China
The lighthouse was rebuilt by the Republic of China in 1947. It was refurbished with a powerful Fresnel lens in 1962. The surrounding Eluanbi Park opened to the public on 25 December 1982 and the lighthouse itself welcomed regular visitors ten years later.
On the memorial to Eluanbi Lighthouse as one of the 8 Views of Taiwan, the Chinese Eluanbi is sculpted into the surface in Wang Xizhi's calligraphic style.
Bakumatsu
Bakumatsu refers to the final years of the Edo period when the Tokugawa shogunate ended. Between 1853 and 1867 Japan ended its isolationist foreign policy known as sakoku and changed from a feudal Tokugawa shogunate to the Meiji government. The major ideological-political divide during this period was between the pro-imperial nationalists called ishin shishi and the shogunate forces, which included the elite shinsengumi swordsmen.
Although these two groups were the most visible powers, many other factions attempted to use the chaos of Bakumatsu to seize personal power. Furthermore, there were two other main driving forces for dissent: first, growing resentment on the part of the tozama daimyo, and second, growing anti-western sentiment following the arrival of Matthew C. Perry. The first related to those lords who had fought against Tokugawa forces at the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600 and had from that point on been excluded permanently from all powerful positions within the shogunate. The second was to be expressed in the phrase sonnō jōi, or revere the Emperor, expel the barbarians. The turning point of the Bakumatsu was during the Boshin War and the Battle of Toba-Fushimi when pro-shogunate forces were defeated.
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The Qing's Last Military and Institutional Reforms (1900-1911) | History of China
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We have seen China suffer devastating rebellions such as the Taiping rebellion. The country suffered a humiliating defeat after the Sino-Japanese war and the Boxer Rebellion saw China suffer massive losses at the hands of eight different nations. But yet.... The Qing dynasty was still standing after all that had happened. The Qing embarked on a period of institutional and social reforms.. These reforms, however, were an exemplary case of too little, too late and the once mighty Qing dynasty would survive for just little under a decade...
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The content of this video covers events, people or concepts via a lecture-style presentation that is educational and historical in nature. Every video is original content by House of History. The events relating to conflict in this video are portrayed in their historical context without either value judgment or an ideological message attached to it. There is no intent to shock, upset or disgust. The goal of my channel is to make interesting lecture-style videos, no more, no less.
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Time Codes:
0:44 Japanese Example
3:29 Abolishing the Exam System
6:13 Institutional and Military Reform
9:21 Economic and Social Changes
10:29 Preparing a Constitution
13:42 The Railway Controversy
Sources:
Baum, R. (2010). The Fall and Rise of China. The Great Courses: Modern History.
Fairbank, J. K., & Reischauer, E. O. (1989). China: tradition & transformation (Vol. 57). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.
Horst, D. (1977). Geschiedenis van China. Het Spectrum.
Spence, J. D. (1990). The search for modern China. WW Norton & Company.
Photos, paintings and imagery: Public Domain, Wikicommons
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News December 20, 2018 (For English learners)
00:00 Elon Musk Shows Off High-Speed, Underground Tunnel
05:47 Vietnam to Increase Electricity Production with Natural Gas Imports
11:29 Climate Change Leading to Strange Poisonous Fish
15:11 US Included on List of Deadliest Countries for Journalists
20:32 Israeli Company Claims Invention of First ‘Lab Grown’ Steak
Emperor
An emperor (through Old French empereor from Latin imperator) is a (male) monarch, usually the sovereign ruler of an empire or another type of imperial realm. Empress, the female equivalent, may indicate an emperor's wife (empress consort), mother (empress dowager), or a woman who rules in her own right (empress regnant). Emperors are generally recognized to be of a higher honor and rank than kings.
The Emperor of Japan is the only currently reigning monarch whose title is translated into English as Emperor.
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International relations of the Great Powers (1814–1919) | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:03:15 1 1814–1830: Restoration and reaction
00:05:07 1.1 Congress of Vienna: 1814–1815
00:08:15 1.2 British policies
00:09:11 1.3 Slave trade
00:10:02 1.4 Spain loses its colonies
00:12:06 1.5 Greek independence: 1821–1833
00:14:13 2 Travel, trade and communications
00:14:43 2.1 Travel
00:15:59 2.2 Transportation
00:17:56 2.3 Communications
00:18:29 3 1830–1850s
00:19:40 3.1 British policies
00:20:40 3.2 Belgian Revolution
00:21:27 3.3 Ottoman Empire
00:22:41 3.3.1 Serbian independence
00:23:39 3.3.2 Crimean War
00:26:29 3.3.3 Moldavia and Wallachia
00:27:59 4 1860–1871: Nationalism and unification
00:28:45 4.1 Great Britain
00:29:26 4.2 France
00:31:53 4.3 Italian unification
00:32:37 4.4 United States of America
00:35:06 4.5 Germany
00:35:47 4.5.1 Schleswig and Holstein
00:36:41 4.5.2 Unification
00:37:58 5 1871: the year of transition
00:38:09 5.1 Maintaining the peace
00:40:13 5.2 Major powers
00:42:02 5.3 Conscription
00:44:05 6 Imperialism
00:46:34 6.1 French Empire in Asia and Africa
00:46:44 6.1.1 France seizes Mexico
00:48:52 6.2 Takeover of Egypt, 1882
00:51:26 6.3 Great Game in Central Asia
00:52:42 6.4 Scramble for Africa
00:54:52 6.4.1 Kenya
00:58:00 6.5 Portugal
00:59:46 6.6 Italy
01:01:16 6.7 Japan becomes a power
01:02:25 6.7.1 Okinawa
01:02:50 6.7.2 War with China
01:04:09 6.7.3 Taiwan
01:06:02 6.7.4 Japan defeats Russia, 1904-1905
01:07:44 6.7.5 Korea
01:08:38 6.8 Dividing up China
01:09:20 6.9 British policies
01:09:28 6.9.1 Free trade imperialism
01:10:05 6.9.2 Splendid isolation
01:11:11 6.9.3 Policy toward Germany
01:11:53 6.9.4 Liberal Party splits on imperialism
01:12:55 7 The Eastern Question
01:13:31 7.1 Long-term goals
01:13:48 7.1.1 Ottoman Empire (Turkey)
01:14:42 7.1.2 Austro-Hungarian Empire
01:17:30 7.1.3 Russia
01:18:05 7.1.4 Serbia
01:20:00 7.1.5 Germany
01:20:23 7.2 Great Eastern Crisis of 1875-78 Turkey at war with Serbia and Russia
01:22:28 7.3 Minority rights
01:23:23 7.4 British policies
01:25:25 7.5 German policy, 1872–1890
01:27:02 7.5.1 War in Sight crisis of 1875
01:28:47 7.6 The alliance between Russia and France, 1894–1914
01:31:19 8 Balkan crises: 1908-1913
01:31:31 8.1 Bosnian crisis of 1908–09
01:32:56 8.2 Balkan Wars
01:35:12 9 Coming of World War
01:37:16 9.1 France
01:40:03 9.1.1 Franco-Russian Alliance
01:43:05 9.1.2 Anglo-German relations deteriorate: 1880-1904
01:44:58 9.1.3 Two crises in Morocco
01:48:15 9.2 British-German naval race
01:49:54 10 The Great War
01:51:55 11 Paris Peace Conference and Versailles Treaty 1919
01:53:15 12 See also
01:54:21 13 Notes
01:54:30 14 Further reading
01:54:39 14.1 Surveys
02:00:27 14.2 Maps
02:01:19 14.3 Coming of World War I
02:03:56 14.3.1 Primary sources on coming of the war
02:06:44 14.4 Wartime diplomacy
02:07:29 14.5 Imperialism
02:09:38 14.6 Britain
02:14:11 14.6.1 Primary sources for Britain
02:14:54 14.7 France
02:16:31 14.8 Germany and Austria
02:21:31 14.9 Russia and Balkans
02:23:46 14.10 United States
02:25:55 14.11 Japan and China
02:28:02 14.12 Others
02:28:36 15 Primary sources
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SUMMARY
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This article covers worldwide diplomacy and, more generally, the international relations of the major powers from 1814 to 1919. The international relations of minor countries are covered in their own history articles. This era covers the period from the end of the Napoleonic Wars and the Congress of Vienna (1814–15), to the end of the First World War and the Paris Peace Conference. For the previous era see International relations, 1648–1814. For the 1920s and 1930s see International relations (1919–1939).
Important themes include the rapid industrialization and growing power of Britain, France and Prussia/Germany, and, later in the period, the United States and Japan. This led to i ...
One-China policy
The One-China policy refers to the policy or view that there is only one state called China, despite the existence of two governments that claim to be China.
As a policy, this means that countries seeking diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China must break official relations with the Republic of China and vice versa. Hence, all the countries recognizing the ROC recognize it as the sole legitimate representative of all of China and not just the island of Taiwan and other islands which it controls. Similarly, all states that recognize the PRC either recognise the PRC as the legitimate representative of Taiwan or acknowledge the PRC's views on the matter.
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Lao NEWS on LNTV: Deputy Prime Minister Somsavat Lengsavad visits Vietnam.22/10/2015
VO Deputy Prime Minister Somsavat Lengsavad visits Vietnam
INTRO: Politburo member and Deputy Prime Minister Somsavat Lengsavad was in Hanoi Vietnam for his official worksing visit, during his stay, he paid his courtesy call on Party General Secretary Nguyen Phu Trong on 19 October
STORY: Party General Secretary Nguyen Phu Trong received the visit a Lao delegation led by Politburo member and Deputy Prime Minister Somsavat Lengsavad in Hanoi on 19 October.
At the meetings, the Vietnamese leader congratulated Laos on its great recent achievements and expressed their pleasure with the special relationship between the two nations in all realms. Saying the Lao Party, State and people for their valuable support for and assistance to Vietnam during the past struggle for national liberation as well as for the ongoing national construction and development.
Vietnamese leader affirmed that Vietnam will join Laos efforts to preserve and foster the two countries special solidarity in a deep, practical and effective manner, contributing to peace, stability, cooperation and development in the region and in the world at large.
The Vietnamese leader also urged close coordination between the two sides to effectively implement agreements reached by high-ranking leaders of the two Parties and States as well as careful preparation for the upcoming 38th meeting of the Vietnam-Laos Inter-Government Committee.
For his part, Deputy Prime Minister Somsavat Lengsavad expressed his belief that under the leadership of the Communist Party of Vietnam, the Vietnamese people would continue to reap successes in their reform process and at Vietnams 12th National Party Congress scheduled for early 2016.
He asserted that Laos will work together with Vietnam to further develop their traditional friendship, special solidarity and comprehensive cooperation
Timeline of United States military operations | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Timeline of United States military operations
00:00:33 1 Extraterritorial and major domestic deployments
00:00:52 1.1 1775–1799
00:03:29 1.2 1800–1809
00:04:53 1.3 1810–1819
00:09:13 1.4 1820–1829
00:10:43 1.5 1830–1839
00:13:10 1.6 1840–1849
00:15:56 1.7 1850–1859
00:21:11 1.8 1860–1869
00:24:21 1.9 1870–1879
00:26:21 1.10 1880–1889
00:27:54 1.11 1890–1899
00:32:44 1.12 1900–1909
00:36:24 1.13 1910–1919
00:44:36 1.14 1920–1929
00:48:10 1.15 1930–1939
00:49:03 1.16 1940–1944
00:50:41 1.17 1945–1949
00:53:01 1.18 1950–1959
00:56:15 1.19 1960–1969
00:58:50 1.20 1970–1979
01:02:00 1.21 1980–1989
01:12:01 1.22 1990–1999
01:22:28 1.23 2000–2009
01:27:43 1.24 2010–present
01:34:18 2 Battles with the Native Americans
01:34:36 3 Relocation
01:35:09 4 Armed insurrections and slave revolts
01:37:14 5 Range wars
01:38:06 6 Bloody local feuds
01:38:25 7 Bloodless boundary disputes
01:39:13 8 Terrorist, paramilitary groups and guerrilla warfare
01:39:25 8.1 18th and 19th century
01:40:12 9 Labor–management disputes
01:40:47 10 State and national secession attempts
01:41:25 11 Riots and public disorder
01:41:48 12 Miscellaneous
01:43:01 12.1 Latter-day Saints
01:43:16 12.2 Republic of Texas
01:43:33 13 See also
01:43:42 14 Notes
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
This timeline of United States government military operations is based on the Committee on International Relations (now known as the U.S. House Committee on Foreign Affairs). Dates show the years in which U.S. government military units participated. Items in bold are the U.S. government wars most often considered to be major conflicts by historians and the general public. Note that instances where the U.S. government gave aid alone, with no military personnel involvement, are excluded, as are Central Intelligence Agency operations.
Empire of Japan | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Empire of Japan
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Empire of Japan (大日本帝國, Dai Nippon Teikoku, literally meaning Empire of Great Japan) was the historical nation-state and great power that existed from the Meiji Restoration in 1868 to the enactment of the 1947 constitution of modern Japan.Japan's rapid industrialization and militarization under the slogan Fukoku Kyōhei (富國強兵, Enrich the Country, Strengthen the Armed Forces) led to its emergence as a world power and the establishment of a colonial empire following the First Sino-Japanese War, the Boxer Rebellion, the Russo-Japanese War, and World War I. Economic and political turmoil in the 1920s led to the rise of militarism, eventually culminating in Japan's membership in the Axis alliance and the conquest of a large part of the Asia-Pacific in World War II.Japan's armed forces initially achieved large-scale military successes during the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945) and the Pacific War. However, after many Allied victories and following the Soviet Union's declaration of war against Japan and invasion of Manchuria, and the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the Empire surrendered to the Allies on August 15, 1945. A period of occupation by the Allies followed the surrender, and a new constitution was created with American involvement in 1947, officially bringing the Empire of Japan to an end. Occupation and reconstruction continued well into the 1950s, eventually forming the current nation-state whose full title is the State of Japan in Japanese (simply rendered Japan in English).
The Emperors during this time, which spanned the entire Meiji and Taishō, and the lesser part of the Shōwa era, are now known in Japan by their posthumous names, which coincide with those era names: Emperor Meiji (Mutsuhito), Emperor Taishō (Yoshihito), and Emperor Shōwa (Hirohito).
Shenyang | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:02:01 1 History
00:02:32 1.1 Ancient era
00:04:10 1.2 Manchu capital
00:06:03 1.3 Russian and Japanese influence
00:07:46 1.4 Warlord Era and Japanese occupation
00:10:29 1.5 Post-World War II
00:12:05 2 Old City
00:17:33 3 Geography
00:19:51 3.1 Environment
00:21:43 3.2 Climate
00:23:02 4 Administrative divisions
00:24:10 4.1 Districts
00:24:19 4.1.1 Shenhe District
00:26:54 4.1.2 Heping District
00:28:53 4.1.3 Dadong District
00:29:50 4.1.4 Huanggu District
00:30:45 4.1.5 Tiexi District
00:32:48 4.1.6 Hunnan District
00:35:12 4.1.7 Sujiatun District
00:36:06 4.1.8 Shenbei New District
00:36:57 4.1.9 Yuhong District
00:38:19 4.1.10 Liaozhong District
00:39:31 4.2 Satellite city
00:39:40 4.2.1 Xinmin City
00:41:06 4.3 Rural counties
00:41:15 4.3.1 Faku County
00:42:24 4.3.2 Kangping County
00:43:31 5 Demographics
00:44:40 6 Economy
00:47:55 7 Transportation
00:48:29 7.1 Rail
00:53:42 7.2 Road
00:58:43 7.3 Airport
00:59:40 7.4 Public transport
01:01:41 8 Healthcare
01:03:06 9 Military
01:04:23 10 Culture
01:04:32 10.1 Shenyang dialect
01:05:16 10.2 Art
01:06:07 10.3 Museums
01:07:20 10.4 Sports
01:08:28 10.5 Religion
01:10:59 10.6 Cuisine
01:11:56 11 Notable people
01:13:33 12 Tourism
01:13:42 12.1 Attractions
01:16:12 12.2 Shopping areas
01:18:00 13 Research and education
01:18:28 13.1 Research institutes
01:19:40 13.2 High schools
01:20:25 13.3 International schools
01:21:33 13.4 Universities
01:23:22 13.5 Defunct universities
01:24:25 14 International relations
01:24:35 14.1 Foreign consulates
01:24:57 14.2 Twin towns – Sister cities
01:25:31 15 In media
01:25:51 16 See also
01:26:11 17 Notes
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
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Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
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Speaking Rate: 0.9833092095585021
Voice name: en-GB-Wavenet-D
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Shenyang ([ʂə̀n.jǎŋ]; Chinese: 沈阳), formerly known by its Manchu name Mukden or Fengtian (Chinese: 奉天; pinyin: Fèngtiān), is the provincial capital and the largest city of Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China, as well as the largest city in Northeast China by urban population. According to the 2010 census, the city's urban area has 6.3 million inhabitants, while the total population of the Shenyang municipality, which holds the administrative status of a sub-provincial city, is up to 8.1 million. Shenyang is also the center city of one of the major metropolitan areas in China, the Greater Shenyang Metro Area, with a total population over 23 million. The city’s region includes the ten metropolitan districts of Shenyang proper, the county-level city of Xinmin, and two counties of Kangping and Faku.
In the 17th century, Shenyang was conquered by the Manchu people and briefly used as the capital of the Qing dynasty. The Battle of Mukden took place in 1905 as part of the Russo-Japanese War. Japan's subsequent victory allowed them to increase their influence on Shenyang; the Mukden Incident led the Japanese to further invade and occupy the rest of Northeast China, creating the puppet state of Manchukuo. Shenyang remained a Kuomintang stronghold after Japan's defeat, but was captured by the communists in 1948.
Along with its nearby cities, Shenyang is an important industrial center in China, and serves as the transportation and commercial hub of China's northeast—particularly with Japan, Russia and Korea. A center of heavy industry in China since the 1930s, and the spearhead of the Chinese central government's Northeast Area Revitalization Plan, the city has been diversifying its industry, including expanding into the service sector. Growing industries include software, automotive and electronics.
Kuomintang | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:03:22 1 History
00:03:30 1.1 Founding and Sun Yat-sen era
00:08:52 1.2 Under Chiang Kai-shek in Mainland China
00:22:08 1.3 In Taiwan since 1945
00:34:50 1.4 Current issues and challenges
00:34:59 1.4.1 Party assets
00:38:10 1.4.2 Cross-strait relations
00:42:52 2 Supporter base
00:45:07 3 Organization
00:45:16 3.1 Leadership
00:45:51 3.1.1 Chairman and Vice Chairmen
00:46:14 3.1.2 Secretary-General and Vice Secretaries-General
00:46:38 3.1.3 Legislative Yuan leader (Caucus leader)
00:47:48 3.2 Party organization and structure
00:49:41 4 Ideology in mainland China
00:49:51 4.1 Chinese nationalism
00:53:07 4.2 New Guangxi Clique
00:54:07 4.3 Socialism and anti-capitalist agitation
01:00:12 4.4 Confucianism and religion in its ideology
01:01:42 4.4.1 Education
01:02:21 4.5 Soviet-style military
01:03:15 5 Parties affiliated with the Kuomintang
01:03:25 5.1 Malaysian Chinese Association
01:03:56 5.2 Tibet Improvement Party
01:05:40 5.3 Vietnamese Nationalist Party
01:09:37 5.4 Ryukyu Guomindang
01:10:04 5.5 Pro-Kuomintang camp
01:10:34 6 Organizations sponsored by the Kuomintang
01:11:57 7 Policy on ethnic minorities
01:16:07 8 Stance on separatism
01:19:10 9 Election results
01:19:20 9.1 Presidential elections
01:19:29 9.2 Legislative elections
01:19:38 9.3 Local elections
01:19:47 9.4 National Assembly elections
01:19:56 10 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.8246739934485379
Voice name: en-AU-Wavenet-C
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Kuomintang of China (, KMT), also spelled as Guomindang and often alternatively translated as the Nationalist Party of China (NPC) or the Chinese Nationalist Party (CNP), is a major political party in the Republic of China based in Taipei that was founded in 1911. The KMT is currently an opposition political party in the Legislative Yuan.
The predecessor of the Kuomintang, the Revolutionary Alliance (Tongmenghui), was one of the major advocates of the overthrow of the Qing Dynasty and the subsequent declaration of independence in 1911 that resulted in the establishment of the Republic of China. The KMT was founded by Song Jiaoren and Sun Yat-sen shortly after the Xinhai Revolution of 1911. Sun was the provisional President, but he later ceded the presidency to Yuan Shikai. Later led by Chiang Kai-shek, the KMT formed the National Revolutionary Army and succeeded in its Northern Expedition to unify much of mainland China in 1928, ending the chaos of the Warlord Era. It was the ruling party in mainland China until 1949, when it lost the Chinese Civil War to the rival Communist Party of China. The KMT fled to Taiwan where it continued to govern as an authoritarian single-party state. This government retained China's United Nations seat (with considerable Western support) until 1971.
Taiwan ceased to be a single-party state in 1986 and political reforms beginning in the 1990s loosened the KMT's grip on power. Nevertheless, the KMT remains one of Taiwan's main political parties, with Ma Ying-jeou, elected in 2008 and re-elected in 2012, being the seventh KMT member to hold the office of the presidency. In the 2016 general and presidential election, the KMT was defeated in both elections and the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) gained control of both the Legislative Yuan and the presidency, Tsai Ing-wen being elected President.
The party's guiding ideology is the Three Principles of the People, advocated by Sun Yat-sen. The KMT is a member of the International Democrat Union. Together with the People First Party and New Party, the KMT forms what is known as the Taiwanese Pan-Blue Coalition which supports eventual unification with the mainland. However, the KMT has been forced to moderate its stance by advocating the political and legal status quo of modern Taiwan as political realities make the reunification of China unlikely. The KMT holds to t ...