Novgorod Republic | Wikipedia audio article
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Novgorod Republic
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Novgorod Republic or Novgorodian Rus' (Russian: Новгоро́дская респу́блика, tr. Novgorodskaya respublika, IPA: [nəvgɐˈrotskəjə rʲɪsˈpublʲɪkə]; Новгородскаѧ землѧ / Novgorodskaję zemlę, Novgorod land) was a medieval East Slavic state from the 12th to 15th centuries, stretching from the Baltic Sea to the northern Ural Mountains, including the city of Novgorod and the Lake Ladoga regions of modern Russia. Citizens referred to their city-state as His Majesty (or Sovereign) Lord Novgorod the Great (Gosudař Gospodin Velikij Novgorod), or more often as Lord Novgorod the Great (Gospodin Velikij Novgorod). The Republic prospered as the easternmost port of the Hanseatic League.
Tumulus | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:01:18 1 Tumulus burial accounts
00:02:46 2 Types of barrows
00:04:43 3 Modern barrows
00:05:42 4 Sites
00:05:51 4.1 Central Asia
00:06:46 4.2 Horn of Africa
00:07:23 4.3 Eastern Europe
00:07:31 4.3.1 Albania
00:07:56 4.3.2 Bosnia and Herzegovina
00:08:27 4.3.3 Bulgaria
00:09:01 4.3.4 Croatia
00:09:52 4.3.5 Hungary
00:10:16 4.3.6 Serbia
00:10:40 4.4 Western and Central Europe
00:10:49 4.4.1 Austria
00:11:37 4.4.2 Belgium
00:13:04 4.4.3 United Kingdom
00:15:23 4.4.4 Czech Republic
00:18:06 4.4.5 France
00:20:20 4.4.6 Germany
00:20:53 4.4.7 Ireland
00:21:42 4.4.8 Italy
00:22:54 4.4.9 Netherlands
00:23:56 4.4.10 Portugal
00:24:49 4.5 Scandinavia
00:26:56 4.5.1 Sweden
00:28:03 4.5.2 Norway
00:30:29 4.5.3 Denmark
00:31:56 4.6 South Asia
00:32:04 4.6.1 India
00:32:29 4.6.2 Pakistan
00:32:45 4.7 Αegean and Near East
00:32:55 4.7.1 Greece
00:34:28 4.7.2 Turkey
00:39:03 4.7.3 Israel
00:41:11 4.8 East Asia
00:41:20 4.8.1 China
00:41:45 4.8.2 Japan
00:42:20 4.8.3 Korea
00:43:41 4.9 North America
00:43:50 4.9.1 Canada
00:44:48 4.9.2 United States
00:46:06 5 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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Speaking Rate: 0.9429538434582363
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-D
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
A tumulus (plural tumuli) is a mound of earth and stones raised over a grave or graves. Tumuli are also known as barrows, burial mounds or kurgans, and may be found throughout much of the world. A cairn, which is a mound of stones built for various purposes, may also originally have been a tumulus.
Tumuli are often categorised according to their external apparent shape. In this respect, a long barrow is a long tumulus, usually constructed on top of several burials, such as passage graves. A round barrow is a round tumulus, also commonly constructed on top of burials. The internal structure and architecture of both long and round barrows has a broad range; the categorization only refers to the external apparent shape.
The method of inhumation may involve a dolmen, a cist, a mortuary enclosure, a mortuary house, or a chamber tomb. Examples of barrows include Duggleby Howe and Maeshowe.
The word tumulus is Latin for 'mound' or 'small hill', which is derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *teuh2- with extended zero grade *tum-, 'to bulge, swell' also found in tomb, tumor, tumescent, thumb, thigh, and thousand.
Slavery in medieval Europe | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Slavery in medieval Europe
00:01:06 1 Early Middle Ages
00:02:46 2 Slave trade
00:03:53 2.1 Italian merchants
00:06:04 2.2 Jewish merchants
00:08:15 2.3 Iberia
00:10:06 2.4 Vikings
00:12:05 2.5 Mongols
00:12:57 2.6 British Isles
00:13:21 2.7 Christians holding Muslim slaves
00:14:30 2.8 Slave trade at the close of the Middle Ages
00:15:23 3 Slavery in law
00:15:32 3.1 Secular law
00:16:44 3.2 Canon law
00:17:38 4 Slavery in the Byzantine Empire
00:17:48 5 Slavery in the Crusader states
00:19:58 6 Slavery in Muslim Iberia
00:20:46 7 Slavery in Christian Iberia
00:28:16 8 Slavery in Moldavia and Wallachia
00:30:24 9 Slavery in the Medieval Near East
00:36:24 10 Slavery in the Ottoman Empire
00:38:24 11 Slavery in Poland
00:38:41 12 Slavery in Russia
00:41:00 13 Slavery in Scandinavia
00:42:00 14 Slavery in the British Isles
00:42:48 15 Serfdom versus slavery
00:47:30 16 Justifications for slavery
00:51:12 17 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
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- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Slavery had mostly died out in western Europe about the year 1000, replaced by serfdom. It lingered longer in England and in peripheral areas linked to the Muslim world, where slavery continued to flourish. Slavery became more widespread in Ireland throughout the 11th century, as Dublin became the biggest slave market in Western Europe. Church rules suppressed slavery of Christians. Most historians argue the transition was quite abrupt around 1000, but some see a gradual transition from about 300 to 1000.In the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire , slaves became quite rare by the first half of 7th century A shift in the view of slavery is noticed, which by the 10th century transformed gradually a slave-object into a slave-subject. From 11th century, semi-feudal relations largely replaced slavery, seen as an evil contrary to natury, created by man's selfishness, although slavery was permitted by the law.The major European languages, including English, used variations of the word slave, in references to Slavic laborers of Byzantium.
Tumulus | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Tumulus
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
A tumulus (plural tumuli) is a mound of earth and stones raised over a grave or graves. Tumuli are also known as barrows, burial mounds or kurgans, and may be found throughout much of the world. A cairn, which is a mound of stones built for various purposes, may also originally have been a tumulus.
Tumuli are often categorised according to their external apparent shape. In this respect, a long barrow is a long tumulus, usually constructed on top of several burials, such as passage graves. A round barrow is a round tumulus, also commonly constructed on top of burials. The internal structure and architecture of both long and round barrows has a broad range, the categorization only refers to the external apparent shape.
The method of inhumation may involve a dolmen, a cist, a mortuary enclosure, a mortuary house, or a chamber tomb. Examples of barrows include Duggleby Howe and Maeshowe.
The word tumulus is Latin for 'mound' or 'small hill', which is derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *teuh2- with extended zero grade *tum-, 'to bulge, swell' also found in tumor, thumb, thigh, and thousand.