Angalan
Fernsehbericht über das Angalan-Projekt (Philippines) der Privatschule St. Maximin,Trier - Germany-
Places to see in ( Trier - Germany ) St Paulin Kirche
Places to see in ( Trier - Germany ) St Paulin Kirche
Like St. Maximin`s, the former Collegiate Church of St. Paulin in the northern part of the city was erected in a Roman cemetery. The most remarkable features of the church are the ceiling paintings and the sculptures in the interior - instead of individual spatial impressions, a single unified whole awaits the visitor.
At the end of the 4th century, Bishop Felix had a church erected, 400 ft/120m long. Around AD 400, the remains of Paulinus, considered a martyr and saint, were brought to Trier. Paulinus had originally been a Bishop of Trier and had lived in exile in Phrygia (Asia Minor), where he died in AD 358. After a fire in 1093, a new structure was consecrated in 1148 by Pope Eugene III; it was then blown up in 1674.
The Archbishop-Elector himself paid for a new church construction. The interior furnishings and decoration clearly bear the stamp of Balthasar Newmann. His concept allows for the deft blending of different spaces into a unified whole.
Impressive for the observer are the numerous details, such as the high altar, the pulpit from the Cistercian monastery of Himmerod, the stucco work, the ceiling paintings and the other paintings. The ceiling painting above the organ depicts the slaughter of the martyrs to the faith, to whom the glory of heaven is opened in the central painting. The ceiling paintings in the choir are dedicated to Paulinus. The sarcophagus altar, other relics, and the burial monument to Paulinus in the crypt are the richly decorated work of Ferdinand Tietz.
( Trier - Germany ) is well know as a tourist destination because of the variety of places you can enjoy while you are visiting Trier . Through a series of videos we will try to show you recommended places to visit in Trier - Germany
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Maximin of Trier
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Saint Maximin was the fifth bishop of Trier, according to the list provided by the diocese's website, taking his seat in 341/342.Maximin was an opponent of Arianism, and was supported by the courts of Constantine II and Constans, who harboured as an honored guest Athanasius twice during his exile from Alexandria, in 336-37, before he was bishop, and again in 343.In the Arian controversy he had begun in the party of Paul I of Constantinople; however, he took part in the synod of Sardica convoked by Pope Julius I , and when four Arian bishops consequently came from Antioch to Trier with the purpose of winning Emperor Constans to their side, Maximinus refused to receive them and induced the emperor to reject their proposals.
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St. Maximin
historische Kämpfe vor der Kathedrale von St. Maximin (in der Kathedrale befindet sich der Sarkopharg von Maria Magdalena)
Cathedral of Saint Peter in Trier (Trierer Dom) - Germany
The Cathedral of Saint Peter (German: Trierer Dom) is a church in Trier, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It is the oldest cathedral in the country. The edifice is notable for its extremely long life span under multiple different eras each contributing some elements to its design, including the center of the main chapel being made of Roman brick laid under the direction of Saint Helen, resulting in a cathedral added on to gradually rather than rebuilt in different eras. Its dimensions, 112.5 by 41 m, make it the largest church structure in Trier. Since 1986 it has been on the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites.
The structure is raised upon the foundations of Roman buildings of Augusta Treverorum. Following the conversion of the Emperor Constantine the Bishop Maximin of Trier (329-346) coordinated the construction of the grandest ensemble of ecclesiastical structures in the West outside Rome: on a groundplan four times the area of the present cathedral no less than four basilicas, a baptistery and outbuildings were constructed; the four piers of the crossing formed the nucleus of the present structure.
The fourth century structure was left in ruins by the Franks and rebuilt. Normans destroyed the structure again in 882. Under Bishop Egbert the Dom was restored once more.
Trier City Tour, Stadtrundfahrt Trier, Trèves , Treviri, Tréier,
Trier (französisch Trèves, luxemburgisch Tréier) ist als kreisfreie Stadt im Westen des Landes Rheinland-Pfalz dessen viertgrößte Stadt hinter Mainz, Ludwigshafen am Rhein und Koblenz.
Trier ist Sitz einer Universität, einer Hochschule, der Verwaltung des Landkreises Trier-Saarburg, der Verwaltung der Verbandsgemeinde Trier-Land, der Aufsichts- und Dienstleistungsdirektion (ADD, bis 1999 Bezirksregierung Trier), mehrerer Dienststellen des Landesuntersuchungsamtes (LUA) und einer römisch-katholischen Diözese (Bistum Trier, das älteste nördlich der Alpen).
Die Stadt wurde vor mehr als 2000 Jahren unter dem Namen Augusta Treverorum (ab der zweiten Hälfte des 3. Jahrhunderts Treveris) gegründet und beansprucht den Titel der ältesten Stadt Deutschlands für sich. Trier beruft sich hierbei auf die längste Geschichte als bereits von den Römern anerkannte Stadt, im Gegensatz zu einer Siedlung oder einem Heerlager.
Die Römischen Baudenkmäler in Trier, bestehend aus Amphitheater, Barbarathermen, Kaiserthermen, Konstantinbasilika, Porta Nigra, Römerbrücke, Igeler Säule, Dom sowie die Liebfrauenkirche zählen seit 1986 zum UNESCO-Weltkulturerbe.
Trier (German pronunciation: [ˈtʀiːɐ̯] ( listen); French: Trèves, IPA: [tʁɛv]; Luxembourgish: Tréier; Italian: Treviri; Latin: Augusta Treverorum; the Latin adjective associated with the city is Treverensis), historically called Treves in English, is a city in Germany on the banks of the Moselle. It may be the oldest city in Germany, founded in or before 16 BC (contested with Worms and Cologne).[2]
Trier lies in a valley between low vine-covered hills of ruddy sandstone in the west of the state of Rhineland-Palatinate, near the border with Luxembourg and within the important Mosel wine region.
The city is the oldest seat of a Christian bishop north of the Alps. In the Middle Ages, the Archbishop of Trier was an important prince of the church, as the Archbishopric of Trier controlled land from the French border to the Rhine. The Archbishop also had great significance as one of the seven electors of the Holy Roman Empire.
With an approximate population of 105,000 Trier is ranked fourth among the state's largest cities; after Mainz, Ludwigshafen, and Koblenz.[3] The nearest large cities in Germany are Saarbrücken, some 80 kilometres (50 miles) southeast, and Koblenz, about 100 km (62 mi) northeast. The closest city to Trier is the capital of Luxembourg, some 50 km (31 mi) to the southwest.
Trier is home to the University of Trier, the administration of the Trier-Saarburg district and the seat of the ADD (Aufsichts- und Dienstleistungsdirektion), which until 1999 was the borough authority of Trier, and the Academy of European Law (ERA). It is one of the five central places of the state of Rhineland-Palatinate. Along with Luxembourg, Metz and Saarbrücken, fellow constituent members of the QuattroPole union of cities, it also forms a central place of the greater region encompassing Saar-Lor-Lux (Saarland, Lorraine and Luxembourg), Rhineland-Palatinate, and Wallonia.
Trèves (en italien Treviri, en allemand Trier, en luxembourgeois Tréier) est une ville et un arrondissement d'Allemagne, dans le Land de Rhénanie-Palatinat. La ville est située sur la Moselle. En 2008, la ville comptait 104 640 habitants.
Pays Drapeau de l'Allemagne Allemagne
Land Flag of Rhineland-Palatinate.svg Rhénanie-Palatinat
Arrondissement
(Landkreis) Trèves (ville-arrondissement)
Nombre de quartiers
(Ortsteile) 19
Bourgmestre
(Bürgermeister) Klaus Jensen
Partis au pouvoir SPD
Code postal 54290, 54292, 54293, 54294, 54295, 54296
Code communal
(Gemeindeschlüssel) 07 2 11 000
Indicatif téléphonique 0651
Immatriculation TR
Démographie
Population 104 640 hab. (2008)
Densité 893 hab./km2
Géographie
Coordonnées 49° 45′ 35″ Nord 6° 38′ 38″ Est
Altitude 124 m
Superficie 11 714 ha = 117,14 km2
Porta Nigra, Wahrzeichen der Stadt
Amphitheater
Thermen (Römische Badeanlagen): Kaiserthermen, Barbarathermen und Viehmarktthermen
römische Palastaula/Konstantinbasilika (heute evangelische Kirche)
Römerbrücke
antikes Gräberfeld (über 1000 Sarkophage) unter der Reichsabteikirche St. Maximin
Albanagruft und weitere römische Grabkammern auf dem Gelände des Friedhofs der Benediktinerabtei St. Matthias
Porta Alba, ehemaliges römisches Stadttor
Mittelalter[Bearbeiten]
Trierer Dom St. Peter (ältester Dom Deutschlands)[16]
Die Liebfrauenkirche (im frühsten gotischen Stil 1227--1243 erbaut und mit dem Dom durch einen Kreuzgang verbunden, mit figurenreichem Portal und kühn gewölbtem Schiff)
Der mittelalterliche Hauptmarkt mit Steipe, Rotem Haus, St. Gangolf, Marktkreuz,
Small scene from Cathedral of Saint Peter in Trier (Trierer Dom) - Germany
The Cathedral of Saint Peter (German: Trierer Dom) is a church in Trier, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It is the oldest cathedral in the country. The edifice is notable for its extremely long life span under multiple different eras each contributing some elements to its design, including the center of the main chapel being made of Roman brick laid under the direction of Saint Helen, resulting in a cathedral added on to gradually rather than rebuilt in different eras. Its dimensions, 112.5 by 41 m, make it the largest church structure in Trier. Since 1986 it has been on the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites.
The structure is raised upon the foundations of Roman buildings of Augusta Treverorum. Following the conversion of the Emperor Constantine the Bishop Maximin of Trier (329-346) coordinated the construction of the grandest ensemble of ecclesiastical structures in the West outside Rome: on a groundplan four times the area of the present cathedral no less than four basilicas, a baptistery and outbuildings were constructed; the four piers of the crossing formed the nucleus of the present structure.
The fourth century structure was left in ruins by the Franks and rebuilt. Normans destroyed the structure again in 882. Under Bishop Egbert the Dom was restored once more.
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St. Maximin Pachten
FlyVideo Filmproduktion an der Kirche St. Maximin Pachten; Sonntag 23. Februar 2014; Pilot: Walter Neyses
Cathedral of Trier, Germany
The High Cathedral of Saint Peter in Trier is the oldest cathedral in the country. The edifice is notable for its extremely long life span under multiple different eras each contributing some elements to its design, including the center of the main chapel being made of Roman brick laid under the direction of Saint Helen, resulting in a cathedral added onto gradually rather than rebuilt in different eras. Its dimensions, 112.5 m length by 41 m width, make it the largest church structure in Trier. In 1986 it was listed as part of the Roman Monuments, Cathedral of St. Peter and Church of Our Lady in Trier UNESCO World Heritage Site
Einzug-Trier
Reportage von der Wallfahrt der Piusbruderschaft nach Trier (6. Mai 2012)
HISTORICAL PLACES OF GERMANY IN GOOGLE EARTH PART TEN ( 10/10 )
1. WITTRINGEN CASTLE,GLADBECK 51°33'35.78N 6°58'51.95E
2. ORANGERIE,WERNIGERODE 51°50'4.86N 10°47'44.25E
3. PAUL CHURCH,FRANKFURT 50° 6'39.82N 8°40'51.76E
4. WERNIGERRODE CITY HALL,WERNIGERODE
51°49'58.57N 10°47'3.58E
5. CATHEDRAL OF TRIER&CHURCH LIEBFRAUEN,TRIER
49°45'21.33N 6°38'36.63E
6. ROTES RATHAUS,BERLIN 52°31'5.96N 13°24'30.35E
7. KASSEL MUSEUM,KASSEL 51°18'38.77N 9°29'23.58E
8. PERGAMON MUSEUM,BERLIN 52°31'15.54N 13°23'47.54E
9. MEIEREI,PEACOCK ISLAND,BERLIN 52°26'21.21N 13° 7'55.12E
10. OLD CITY HALL,HANNOVER 52°22'16.49N 9°44'9.91E
11. CHARLOTTENBURG PALACE,BERLIN 52°31'15.47N 13°17'43.70E
12. FRIEDERICIANUM,KASSEL 51°18'49.19N 9°29'51.61E
13. ALTES MUSEUM, BERLIN 52°31'10.08N 13°23'56.11E
14. WERNIGERODE TOWER,WERNIGERODE 51°49'58.67N 10°47'28.47E
15. WORLD WAR II MEMORIAL CHURCHST.NIKOLAI,HAMBURG
53°32'51.29N 9°59'26.06E
16. BURG DANKWARDERODE,BRUNSWICK 52°15'48.11N 10°31'20.19E
17. HOCHZEITSTURM,MATILDENHOHE 49°52'37.46N 8°40'2.35E
18. ST.PAUL'S CHURCH,MAGDEBURG 52° 7'58.32N 11°36'29.77E
19. OBERWESEL CHURCH,OBERWESEL 50° 6'14.51N 7°43'48.55E
20. SANSSOUCI,POTSDAM 52°24'15.78N 13° 2'18.38E
21. REICHSABTEI ST.MAXIMIN,TRIER 49°45'34.49N 6°39'6.26E
22. BERGFRIED BURG CASTLE,HORNBERG 49°18'50.66N 9° 8'43.82E
23. WILLIBRORDIDOM,WESEL 51°39'24.50N 6°36'36.33E
24. AROLSEN CASTLE,AROLSEN 51°22'50.12N 9° 1'19.30E
25. ST.PETER & PAUL CHURCH,POTSDAM 52°25'29.02N 13° 7'3.06E
26. LUDWIG'S COLUMN,DARMSTADT 49°52'22.15N 8°39'4.46E
27. OLD SLAUGHTERHOUSE,MAGDEBURG 52° 7'18.15N 11°36'43.54E
28. PAUL CHURCH,ULM 48°24'19.69N 9°59'42.58E
29. BADENBURG CASTLE,MUNICH 48° 9'15.53N 11°29'37.02E
30. NAUMBURG CATHEDRAL,NAUMBURG 51° 9'16.51N 11°48'14.48E
31. GARTENVERWALTUNG CASTLE,ASCHAFFENBURG
49°58'33.22N 9° 8'30.27E
Weingut Karthäuserhof
BestWineRoutes.com visits Weingut Karthäuserhof.
Places to see in ( Metz - France ) Saint Maximin
Places to see in ( Metz - France ) Saint Maximin
The church Saint - Maximin is a catholic church located near the Lutheran Temple in the district of the Old Town in Metz in Moselle . It is placed under the name of Bishop Maximin of Trier , who died in 347. The Romanesque church is located in the district Outre - Seille , 68 rue Mazelle.
The construction of this church Romanesque dated xii th century xv th century. The choir, the transept and square tower of the xii th century are an important testimony of the Romanesque period. The nave dates from the xv th century. In the southern transept, the chapel of Louve and Gournay dates from 1365, a gift of Poinsignon Dieu Amy. The young Jacques-Benigne Bossuet pronounced on October 24, 1658, one of the first funeral orations, that of Henry de Gournay. A baroque portal replaces in 1753 the first ogival door
The church houses the only known stained glass windows designed by Jean Cocteau; the stained glass windows were put in place at the end of the 1960s according to cartons from 1962. The stained glass work by Jean Cocteau in Metz is undoubtedly his last great masterpiece substantially completed posthumously since died October 11, 1963. It Edouard Dermit , his adopted son who will ensure the full implementation of the project designed by Jean Cocteau.
The most convincing message signified by central stained glass seems to be that of immortality. Obviously, if Cocteau has made the two characters appear so clearly in this axial stained glass (the praying and his double), we can not ignore and ignore the content of their invocation to know the faith in immortality. Moreover, it is this same immortality that any artist seeks through his work whose goal would be to create a work that succeeds him. Jean Cocteau himself, making this last creation the most important before his death, had to think about it all the time. He did not stop his life during his use of mythology and in particular the character of Orphée to bring back to life the dear ones and make them even immortal. Regarding the Orphée filmfrom 1950, it is said in particular in the blog The Eye on the Screen : Jean Cocteau transposes the myth of Orpheus to the present time ... The man is saved, Death dies, it is the myth of immortality. ' .
( Metz - France ) is well know as a tourist destination because of the variety of places you can enjoy while you are visiting Metz . Through a series of videos we will try to show you recommended places to visit in Metz - France
Join us for more :
Ökosee und Stahlsymposium in Dillingen/Pachten
FlyVideo Filmproduktion am Ökosee in Dillingen/Pachten. Überflug des Stahlsymposium in Dillingen/Pachten am 12. Januar 2014
Pilot: Walter Neyses
Kleines Glück im Schuhkarton - Ein Projekt zur Flüchtlingshilfe
Kleines Glück im Schuhkarton ist ein Projekt der Oberstufenklasse der Erzieherausbildung der St. Helena Schule in Trier. Die Schülerinnen und Schüler möchten mithilfe ihrer Projekte eine konkrete Flüchtlingshilfe anbieten, besonders zur Unterstützung ankommender Flüchtlingskinder und deren Familien - mit einem erstaunlichen Ergebnis.
Ein Film von Jonathan Flesch.
Der Film wurde im Zeitraum von September bis Dezember 2015 produziert.
What if Luxembourg became an empire?
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What if Luxembourg became an empire?
What if Luxembourg was an empire?
What if Luxembourg became more powerful?
Gudde Moien and welcome back to Planet Althistory, today we are going to discuss the ASB scenario
what if Luxembourg became an empire? Luxembourg has a long history and according to our national
legend it was founded by Sigfried. Sigfried also known as count of the Ardennes got the
rocky promontory known as Lucilinburhuc and its immediate surrounding area, as well as usage rights
for the river from the Abbey of Saint-Maximin in Trier; this was in exchange for land he owned near Feulen.
However, it is very clear that Luxembourg was populated already way before and the name Lucilinburhuc had
Roman origins. Since the Roman times, there was a fortified tower which guarded the crossing of two Roman
roads which met at the site of Luxembourg City.
Anyways, there is a lot of confusion between the City of Luxembourg, Luxembourg as county, as duchy, grand-duchy
and DYNASTY, it is not always very clear so bear with me. We will focus on the dynasty of Luxembourg, but
also on Luxembourg first as county not country but county.
The dynasty I will be talking about is the one of Limburg-Luxembourg. This dynasty had many competent
rulers and one of them was Henry VII. Despite the strong concurrence of the French king to become
King of the Romans, and being a vassal of the French, Henry VII won the election thanks to his
brother, who at this time was the Archbishop of Trier. There was already a good foundation set for an
upcoming rule of the Luxembourgers. Nobody wanted to see a French expansion and the main German candidate
Rudolf was seen negatively, thus Henry VII. somehow unexpectetly became King of the Romans and in 1312
the pope even CROWNED him personally as Emperor this title had been vacant for over 50 years.
Due to his competent political understanding he managed to solve a crisis in Bohemia, married
his son John to the last daughter of the dying Czech dynasty and managed to keep the French somewhat in check.
He even almost managed to make an agreement with Naples but this agreement never came into existence
because the ruler of Naples made to high monetary demands...
The son of Henry VII. John the Blind or John of Bohemia was as the name says, blind. And we will use this
as ONE of two POD. In OTL he ordered the restoration of the Prague castle and he went to the battle of Crécy.
So let's say John the BLind would NOT order the restoration of Prague and thus the rulers would continue
to reside in Luxembourg city and since he was blind, he would not participate in the battle of Crécy...creating
some tensions with France. It will allow for few things; future alliance with the English, which will be vital
in the centuries to come and also the concentration of power within Luxembourg City instead of Prague.
John now lives longer and still continues his life, full of travel but not with so much fights. His son
will learn more of his father and this will ensure that his son Charles IV will get more experience
and even more competent than in OTL. Thus a tradition would be established, because John's father
Henry did the same. Italy will now be more under the control of the emperor and probably still rebel
but with a continuation of stronger and more competent rulers/emperors this wouldn't pose any problem at
all.
Indoor st Maximin 2013 série vitesse thierry
Monster Truck Show Røros 2013 Video 10
LUXEMBOURG TOP 10 CITIES 2017
LUXEMBOURG TOP 10 CITIES 2017
Luxembourg /ˈlʌksəmbɜːrɡ/ (About this sound listen) (Luxembourgish: Lëtzebuerg [ˈlətsəbuəɕ] (About this sound listen); German: Luxemburg), officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg,[note 1] is a landlocked country in western Europe. It is bordered by Belgium to the west and north, Germany to the east, and France to the south. Its capital, Luxembourg City, is, together with Brussels and Strasbourg, one of the three official capitals of the European Union and the seat of the European Court of Justice, the highest juridical authority in the EU. Its culture, people and languages are highly intertwined with its neighbours, making it essentially a mixture of French and Germanic cultures. This is emphasised by the three official languages, Luxembourgish, French, and German. The repeated invasions by its neighbour countries, especially in World War II, resulted in the country's strong will for mediation between France and Germany and, among other things, led to the foundation of the European Union.[7]
With an area of 2,586 square kilometres (998 sq mi), it is one of the smallest sovereign states in Europe, about the same size as the US state of Rhode Island or the English county of Northamptonshire.[8] In 2016, Luxembourg had a population of 576 249, which makes it one of the least-populous countries in Europe,[9] but by far the one with the highest population growth rate.[10] As a representative democracy with a constitutional monarch, it is headed by a Grand Duke, Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg, and is the world's only remaining grand duchy. Luxembourg is a developed country, with an advanced economy and one of the world's highest GDP (PPP) per capita. The City of Luxembourg with its old quarters and fortifications was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1994 due to the exceptional preservation of the vast fortifications and the old city.[11]
The history of Luxembourg is considered to begin in 963, when count Siegfried I acquired a rocky promontory and its Roman-era fortifications known as Lucilinburhuc, ′little castle′, and the surrounding area from the Imperial Abbey of St. Maximin in nearby Trier.[12][13] Siegfried's descendants increased their territory through marriage, war and vassal relations. At the end of the 13th century, the Counts of Luxembourg reigned over a considerable territory. [14] In 1308, Henry VII, Count of Luxembourg became King of the Germans and Holy Roman Emperor. The House of Luxembourg produced four Holy Roman Emperors at the high time of the Middle Ages. In 1354, Charles IV elevated the County to the Duchy of Luxembourg. Since Sigismund had no male heir, the Duchy became part of the Burgundian Circle and then one of the Seventeen Provinces of the Habsburg Netherlands.[15] Over the centuries, the City and Fortress of Luxembourg, of great strategic importance situated between the Kingdom of France and the Habsburg territories, was gradually built up to be one of the most reputed fortifications in Europe. After belonging to both the France of Louis XIV and the Austria of Maria Theresia, Luxembourg became part of the First French Republic and Empire under Napoleon.[16]
The present-day state of Luxembourg first emerged at the Congress of Vienna in 1815. The Grand-Duchy, with its powerful fortress, became an independent state under the personal possession of William I of the Netherlands with a Prussian garrison to guard the city against another invasion from France. [17] In 1839, following the turmoil of the Belgian Revolution, the purely French-speaking part of Luxembourg was ceded to Belgium and the Luxembourgish-speaking part became what is the present state of Luxembourg. [18]
The steel industry exploiting the Red Lands' rich iron-ore grounds in the beginning of the 20th century drove the country's industrialisation. ArcelorMittal, the world's largest steel producer with headquarters in Luxembourg City, is still a reminder of these times. After the decline of the steel industry in the 1970s, the country focused on establishing itself as a global financial centre and developed into the banking hub it is reputed for. Since the beginning of the 21st century, its governments have focused on developing the country into a knowledge economy, with the founding of the University of Luxembourg and a national space programme, projecting the first involvement in a non-manned lunar expedition by 2020.[19]
Luxembourg is a founding member of the European Union, OECD, United Nations, NATO, and Benelux, reflecting its political consensus in favour of economic, political, and military integration. The city of Luxembourg, which is the country's capital and largest city, is the seat of several institutions and agencies of the EU. Luxembourg served on the United Nations Security Council for the years 2013 and 2014, which was a first in the country's history.
MUSIC:
Luxembourg City
l do not own right to this music ..
The history of Luxembourg is considered to begin in 963, when count Siegfried I acquired a rocky promontory and its Roman-era fortifications known as Lucilinburhuc, ′little castle′, and the surrounding area from the Imperial Abbey of St. Maximin in nearby Trier.[13][14] Siegfried's descendants increased their territory through marriage, war and vassal relations. At the end of the 13th century, the Counts of Luxembourg reigned over a considerable territory. [15] In 1308, Henry VII, Count of Luxembourg became King of the Germans and Holy Roman Emperor. The House of Luxembourg produced four Holy Roman Emperors during the high Middle Ages. In 1354, Charles IV elevated the County to the Duchy of Luxembourg. Since Sigismund had no male heir, the Duchy became part of the Burgundian Circle and then one of the Seventeen Provinces of the Habsburg Netherlands.[16] Over the centuries, the City and Fortress of Luxembourg, of great strategic importance situated between the Kingdom of France and the Habsburg territories, was gradually built up to be one of the most reputed fortifications in Europe. After belonging to both the France of Louis XIV and the Austria of Maria Theresia, Luxembourg became part of the First French Republic and Empire under Napoleon.[17]
The present-day state of Luxembourg first emerged at the Congress of Vienna in 1815. The Grand-Duchy, with its powerful fortress, became an independent state under the personal possession of William I of the Netherlands with a Prussian garrison to guard the city against another invasion from France.[18] In 1839, following the turmoil of the Belgian Revolution, the purely French-speaking part of Luxembourg was ceded to Belgium and the Luxembourgish-speaking part (except the Arelerland, the area around Arlon) became what is the present state of Luxembourg.[19]