Central Ontario - St. Thomas Anglican Church
Central Ontario - St. Thomas Anglican Church
Shanty Bay's Anglican church is perhaps North America's only example of a mud church.
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Concert toegift 06-05-2010 in Trinity Anglican church te Saint John N.B.
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SECOND BOER WAR - WikiVidi Documentary
The Second Boer War was fought between the British Empire and two Boer states, the South African Republic and the Orange Free State, over the Empire's influence in South Africa. It is also known variously as the Boer War, Anglo-Boer War, South African War or Anglo-Boer South African War. Initial Boer attacks were successful, and though British reinforcements later reversed these, the war continued for years with Boer guerrilla warfare, until harsh British counter-measures brought them to terms. The war started with Britain overconfident and under-prepared. The Boers were very well armed and struck first, besieging Ladysmith, Kimberley, and Mafeking in early 1900, and winning important battles at Colenso, Magersfontein and Stormberg. Staggered, Britain brought in large numbers of soldiers and fought back. General Redvers Buller was replaced by Lord Roberts and Lord Kitchener. They relieved the three besieged cities, and invaded the two Boer republics in late 1900. The onward marches ...
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Shortcuts to chapters:
00:03:46: Name
00:04:26: Origins
00:09:30: Phases
00:12:15: Background
00:16:01: Jameson Raid
00:20:33: Escalation and war
00:21:02: Arming the Boers
00:22:10: British case for war
00:24:48: Negotiations fail
00:27:27: First phase: The Boer offensive October–December 1899)
00:27:55: Boer organization and skills
00:31:19: Boers besiege Ladysmith, Mafeking and Kimberley
00:37:32: First British relief attempts
00:42:30: Second phase: The British offensive of January to September 1900
00:55:43: POWs sent overseas
00:57:03: Oath of neutrality
00:57:30: Third phase: Guerrilla war September 1900 – May 1902)
01:00:31: British response
01:04:06: Peace committees
01:04:56: Joiners
01:05:13: Orange Free State
01:06:49: Western Transvaal
01:09:05: Eastern Transvaal
01:10:36: Cape Colony
01:13:29: Nonwhite roles
01:15:25: Concentration camps 1900–1902)
01:18:59: Public opinion and political opposition
01:22:24: The Fawcett Commission
01:26:38: Kitchener's policy and the post-war debate
01:29:54: The end of the war
01:34:21: Aftermath and analysis
01:37:46: Union of South Africa
01:39:20: Effect of the war on domestic British politics
01:42:01: Horses
01:43:22: Imperial involvement
01:46:08: Australia
01:49:34: Canada
01:53:44: New Zealand
01:55:02: South Africa
01:57:16: Notable people involved in the Boer War
02:01:28: Victoria Cross recipients
02:03:56: Final overview
02:07:43: Did the British deliberate on the use of encampments?
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Copyright WikiVidi.
Licensed under Creative Commons.
Wikipedia link:
Second Boer War | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Second Boer War
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Second Boer War (11 October 1899 – 31 May 1902) was fought between the British Empire and two Boer states, the South African Republic (Republic of Transvaal) and the Orange Free State, over the Empire's influence in South Africa. It is also known variously as the Boer War, Anglo-Boer War, or South African War. Initial Boer attacks were successful, and although British reinforcements later reversed these, the war continued for years with Boer guerrilla warfare, until harsh British counter-measures brought them to terms.
The war started with the British overconfident and under-prepared. The Boers were very well armed and struck first, besieging Ladysmith, Kimberley, and Mahikeng in early 1900, and winning important battles at Colenso, Magersfontein and Stormberg. Staggered, the British brought in large numbers of soldiers and fought back. General Redvers Buller was replaced by Lord Roberts and Lord Kitchener. They relieved the three besieged cities, and invaded the two Boer republics in late 1900. The onward marches of the British Army, well over 400,000 men, were so overwhelming that the Boers did not fight staged battles in defence of their homeland. The British quickly seized control of all of the Orange Free State and Transvaal, as the civilian leadership went into hiding or exile. In conventional terms, the war was over. The British officially annexed the two countries in 1900. Back home, Britain's Conservative government wanted to capitalize on this success and use it to maneuver an early general election, dubbed a khaki election to give the government another six years of power in London. British military efforts were aided by Cape Colony, the Colony of Natal and some native African allies, and further supported by volunteers from the British Empire, including Southern Africa, the Australian colonies, Canada, India and New Zealand. All other nations were neutral, but public opinion in them was largely hostile to the British. Inside the UK and its Empire there also was significant opposition to the Second Boer War.
The Boers refused to surrender. They reverted to guerrilla warfare under new generals Louis Botha, Jan Smuts, Christiaan de Wet and Koos de la Rey. Two more years of surprise attacks and quick escapes followed. As guerrillas without uniforms, the Boer fighters easily blended into the farmlands, which provided hiding places, supplies, and horses. The UK's solution was to set up complex nets of block houses, strong points, and barbed wire fences, partitioning off the entire conquered territory. The civilian farmers were relocated into concentration camps, where very large proportions died of disease, especially the children, who mostly lacked immunities. Then British mounted infantry units systematically tracked down the highly mobile Boer guerrilla units. The battles at this stage were small operations with few combat casualties (most of the dead were victims of disease). The war ended in surrender and British terms with the Treaty of Vereeniging in May 1902. The British successfully won over the Boer leaders, who now gave full support to the new political system. Both former republics were incorporated into the Union of South Africa in 1910, as part of the British Empire.
Rammed earth | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:01:08 1 Composition and use
00:04:04 2 Qualities
00:07:39 3 Environmental effects and sustainability
00:10:11 4 History
00:13:35 5 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.9590385421805954
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-F
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Rammed earth, also known as taipa in Portuguese, tapial or tapia in Spanish, pisé (de terre) in French, and hangtu (Chinese: 夯土; pinyin: hāngtǔ), is a technique for constructing foundations, floors, and walls using natural raw materials such as earth, chalk, lime, or gravel. It is an ancient method that has been revived recently as a sustainable building material used in a technique of natural building.Rammed earth is simple to manufacture, non-combustible, thermally massive, strong, and durable. However, structures such as walls can be laborious to construct of rammed earth without machinery, e. g., powered tampers, and they are susceptible to water damage if inadequately protected or maintained.
Edifices formed of rammed earth are on every continent except Antarctica, in a range of environments including temperate, wet, semiarid desert, montane, and tropical regions. The availability of suitable soil and a building design appropriate for local climatic conditions are the factors that favour its use.