Palekh miniature Палехская миниатюра
Palekh miniature Палех.Лаковая миниатюра
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Palekh miniature (Russian: Палехская миниатюра) is a Russian folk handicraft of a miniature painting, which is done with tempera paints on varnished articles made of papier-mâché (small boxes, cigarette and powder cases etc.).
Palekh Russian lacquer art on papier-mâché first appeared in 1923 in the village of Palekh, located in the Palekhsky District (Ivanovo Oblast), and is based on a long local history of icon painting. This handicraft and style of miniature painting bore different names throughout its development, such as the Palekh Artel of Ancient Painting (since 1924), Palekh Artists’ Association (since 1932), and Artistic Production Workshops of the Artistic Fund of the USSR (since 1953).
The technology of making a semi-finished product was borrowed from the lacquer handicraft masters of Fedoskino (see Fedoskino miniature). The Palekh miniatures usually represent characters from real life, literary works, fairy tales, bylinas, and songs. They are painted with local bright paints over the black background and are known for their delicate and smooth design, abundance of golden shading, and accurate silhouettes of flattened figures, which often cover the surface of the lids and sides of the articles completely. Poetic magic of the Palekh characters, decorativeness of landscapes and architecture, and elongated proportions of the figures go back to the icon-painting traditions. The miniatures are usually set off with a complicated pattern made with gold dissolved in aqua regia. Palekh is the most renowned of four such famous villages, the others being Kholuy, Mstyora, and Fedoskino, each producing similar, but clearly distinct artistic style.
The art of miniature painting is still alive today. Nowadays there are workshops of the Artistic Fund of Russia, as well as small private studios and independent artists in Palekh. Palekh miniature artists are trained at the Palekh Art College founded in 1935.
Works by Palekh masters are kept in numerous museums of Russia and abroad. The State Palekh Art Museum in Palekh boasts the biggest miniature painting collection, comprising over two thousand works.
П́алехская миниат́юра — народный промысел, развившийся в посёлке Палех Вязниковского уезда Владимирской губернии (ныне Палехский район Ивановской области). Лаковая миниатюра исполняется темперой на папье-маше. Обычно расписываются шкатулки, ларцы, кубышки, брошки, панно, пепельницы, заколки для галстука, игольницы и прочее.
Russian handicrafts: Zhostovo painting
Russian culture has so many types of folk art. One of them is Zhostovo painting style, which decorates forged metal trays. Today, it is exhibited by major national museums and included into the State index of the most valuable cultural objects of The Russian Federation.
More videos about Russian handicrafts is here:
Khokhloma painting:
Kazakovo filigree metalwork:
Shawls from Pavlovsky Posad:
Gorodets painting:
Matryoshka, the nesting doll:
Palekh miniature:
Gzhel porcelain:
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The Museum of Russian Icons
Visited the museum in Clinton MA, and enjoyed the works very much, Images were taken in low light, with no flash or tripod, but I think you get a feel for the treasures seen here. Images by C.S. Imming Music by Kevin MacLeod Atlantean Twilight
The gardens that captivated Catherine the Great of Russia
(4 May 2016) LEAD IN:
Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge, has been touring the gardens of Hampton Court .
The grounds of the Palace have a connection to another Catherine, Catherine the Great, the Empress of Russia.
She was so inspired by what she saw that she acquired a series of paintings of the gardens, with the intention of inspiring her gardeners in Russia.
Now a selection of those artworks have been returned to Hampton Court where they were created.
STORY-LINE:
The great gardens of Hampton Court Palace were once playgrounds to princes and kings.
Now gardeners tend the formal beds where time seems to have stayed still.
Today's views are similar to how the gardens looked when the famed gardener Lancelot Capability Brown was in charge of the estate in the 18th Century.
To celebrate Capability Brown's 300th anniversary a rare collection of drawings and landscapes have been returned to Hampton Court, after being discovered in the Hermitage Museum in St. Petersburg.
But Russian experts were unsure of the identity of the artist says Prof. Dr. Mikhail Piotrovsky, Director of the State Hermitage Museum.
These drawings they had the title which had the name of the artist but it disappeared. Maybe some of the drawings disappeared because somebody wanted to build using the existing drawings and has done a design and so on. So then have been there for a long time just as part of the collection of Catherine the Great in an inventory but without the name of the author. Then it was rediscovered by Mikhail Dedinkin and then the real story of collaboration, co-operation begins. Because we needed very much to see the collections in Britain to recognise the places
Mikhail Dedinkin, Deputy head of Western European Art at The Hermitage Museum in St Petersburg explains how he chanced upon this artistic detective story
When I started to look at the hermitage drawing collection I found two albums of drawings and watercolours. There were 150 mostly views of Hampton Court Palace and gardens. They were all by the same hand and dated 1777. My task was to discover who the artist was and to find out why and how they came to be here in St Petersburg.
The Hampton Court views show the English landscape style at its best - always including a water feature at its centre.
Empress Catherine the Great of Russia was a keen consumer of foreign culture and especially an admirer of English gardens.
She commissioned the English pottery masters Wedgwood to create a tea set for fifty people known as the Frog Service, painted to depict some of the most famous English landscapes.
Now the tea service and sixty paintings from the collection have been brought back to where they were first created - Hampton Court.
The mystery painter was John Spyers, assistant to Lancelot Capability Brown when he was head gardener at Hampton Court.
An ambitious and competent draughtsman Spyers sold the drawings to the Empress for a small fortune to assist her gardeners recreate a similar style.
Experts know little of Spyers, and a image of him is not known to exist.
Sebastian Edwards, Deputy Chief Curator and Head of Collections, Historic Royal Palaces says that Spyers' watercolours and sketches are like photographs of the Hampton Court gardens at the time of George III.
The gardens were originally created by King William and Queen Mary when they lived here in the 17th Century, with formal landscaping and clipped yews.
In the 18th century, royal garden director Capability Brown loosened the formal style.
Terry Gough, the current Head of gardens and Estates for Historic Royal Palaces, says he is relieved to learn that not much has changed over the last 250-odd years.
'The Empress and the Gardener' exhibition runs until 4 September 2016.
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Russia - Sergeyev Posad - Trinity Lavra of Saint Sergius
Sergiyev Posad (Russian: Се́ргиев Поса́д) is a city and the administrative center of Sergiyevo-Posadsky District in Moscow Oblast, Russia. It grew in the 15th century around the monastery Trinity Lavra established by St. Sergius of Radonezh (Russian: Тро́ице-Се́ргиева Ла́вра), the most important Russian monastery and the spiritual centre of the Russian Orthodox Church.
The monastery was founded in 1337 by one of the most venerated Russian saints, Sergius of Radonezh, who built a wooden church in honour of the Holy Trinity on Makovets Hill.
In 1355, Sergius introduced a charter which required the construction of auxiliary buildings, such as refectory, kitchen, and bakery. This charter was a model for Sergius' numerous followers who founded more than 400 cloisters all over Russia.
St. Sergius supported Dmitri Donskoi in his struggle against the Tatars. The monastery was devastated by fire, when a Tatar unit raided the area in 1408.
St. Sergius was declared patron saint of the Russian state in 1422. The same year the first stone cathedral was built. The relics of St. Sergius still may be seen in this cathedral, dedicated to the Holy Trinity. The greatest icon painters of medieval Russia, Andrei Rublev and Daniil Chyorny, were summoned to decorate the cathedral with frescoes. Traditionally, Muscovite royals were baptized in this cathedral and held thanksgiving services here.
In 1476, Ivan III invited Pskovian masters to build the church of the Holy Spirit. This graceful structure is one of the few remaining examples of a Russian church topped with a belltower. In the early 16th century, Vasily III added the Nikon annex and the Serapion tent.
It took 26 years to construct the six-pillared Assumption Cathedral, which was commissioned by Ivan the Terrible in 1559. The cathedral is much larger than its model and namesake in the Moscow Kremlin. The magnificent iconostasis of the 16th–18th centuries features Simon Ushakov's masterpiece, the icon of Last Supper. Interior walls were painted with violet and blue frescoes. The vault contains burials of Boris Godunov, his family and several 20th-century patriarchs.
As the monastery grew into one of the wealthiest landowners in Russia, the village (or posad) gradually developed into the modern town of Sergiyev Posad. The cloister itself was a notable centre of chronicle-writing and icon painting.
In 1550s, a wooden palisade surrounding the cloister was replaced with 1.5 km-long stone walls, featuring twelve towers.
By the end of the 17th century, when young Peter I twice found refuge within the monastery from his enemies, numerous buildings had been added. These include a small baroque palace of the patriarchs, noted for its luxurious interiors, and a royal palace, with its facades painted in checkerboard design. The refectory of St. Sergius, covering 510 square meters and also painted in dazzling checkerboard design, used to be the largest hall in Russia. The five-domed Church of John the Baptist's Nativity (1693–1699) was commissioned by the Stroganovs and built over one of the gates. Other 17th-century structures include the monks' cells, a hospital topped with a tented church, and a chapel built over a holy well discovered in 1644.
In 1744, Empress Elizabeth conferred on the cloister the dignity of a Lavra. Elizabeth particularly favoured the Trinity and annually proceeded afoot from Moscow to the cloister. Her secret spouse Alexey Razumovsky accompanied her on such journeys and commissioned a baroque church to the Virgin of Smolensk, the last major shrine to be erected in the Lavra. Another pledge of Elizabeth's affection for the monastery is a white-and-blue baroque belltower, which, at 88 meters, was one of the tallest structures built in Russia up to that date.
Throughout the 19th century, the Lavra maintained its status as the richest Russian monastery. The monastery boasted a supreme collection of manuscripts and books.
After the Russian Revolution of 1917, the Soviet government closed the lavra in 1920. Its buildings were assigned to different civic institutions or declared museums. In 1930, monastery bells, including the Tsar-Bell of 65 tons, were destroyed. Overall many valuables were lost or transferred to other collections.
In 1945, following Joseph Stalin's temporary tolerance of the church during World War II, the Lavra was returned to the Russian Orthodox Church. On April 16, 1946 divine service was renewed at the Assumption Cathedral. The monastery continues as a prime centre of religious education. Important restoration works were conducted in the 1960s and 1970s. In 1993, the Trinity Lavra was inscribed on the UN World Heritage List.
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Egidio Scardamaglia Figure ed Emozioni ( e.scardamaglia@gmail.com )
Egidio Scardamaglia Figure ed Emozioni (e.scardamaglia@gmail.com)
Music Track: Gymnopedie No. 1 by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under CC Attribution 3.0.
Direct Link:
Artist Profile -- Egidio Scardamaglia by DUGALD McLELLAN, in State of the Art, a guide to art galleries & museums in Australia, issue 9, July to Sept. 1994
Landscapes and still life are the subjects. Nature in repose provides the inspiration. The objects are ordered with calm consideration, composed according to an underlying sense of harmony, balance and decorum. The world created is one of forms, of substantial values that transcend the flashing images of the present.Born in Dinami, Calabria, in 1948, Egidio Scardamaglia's artistic development has been marked by fortunate breaks and driven by an irrepressible enthusiasm and an unshakeable determination. Unquestionably the most important colpo di fortuna was his meeting in 1967 with the expatriate Australian painter Justin O'Brien, who was to provide the primary stimulus to his dormant artistic talent. It was under his tutelage and ispiration that Scardamaglia was initiated into the world of the visual imagination and then encouraged to develop his own personal vision.
Through O'Brien, he was introduced to the rich artistic heritage that Rome had in such abundance. In addition to this man-made culture, he was also led to see the landscape and the natural world with new eyes. Of equal importance, Scardamaglia learnt the technical skills of painter and draughtsman in the studio and under the guidance of O'Brien, an experienced and gifted teacher.
Scardamaglia describes the important role of the older painter: He gave me endless advice and very sensible criticism about my paintings and drawings. He often carried his teaching out of the studio, talking incessantly for days about such things as colour, perspective, artists, people and schooling system. I also developed from him a great love of the Italian landscape. He taught us to observe form and colour, to look through the exteriors to reach the essence of things and reproduce them in accordance with the emotion I got from them.The technical processes which provide the vehicle for the expression of the artist's aesthetic ideas are fundamental determinants of the final product. Scardamaglia reveals in the sheer physicality of the process and has always been fascinated with the means, seeking continually to understand and master the characteristic dynamics and skills of each medium and to experiment with untried ones. Egg tempera, the method used by Fra Angelico and Botticelli, is more difficult to control and master than conventional oil paint yet he has found that, in his still life, it enables him to define and express more effectively the
character of the objects. His careful, finally worked drawings demonstrate a familiarity with the burin and the stylus. It is perhaps in this intimate world where light struggles with the dark in the description of forms, where line, alone and in thick combination interacts with the paper support, that we see the most satisfying marriage between idea and form.Scardamaglia combines a very Italian sense of the visual with a rationality that reflects the Greek ancestry of his native Calabria, once part of Magna Grecia.
DUGALD McLELLAN
Fotografia, montaggio e pubblicazione a cura di Ugo Bongarzoni (ubongarzoni@yahoo.it)
Lucian Grigorescu 盧西恩、格利哥里希丘 (1894 - 1965 ) Romanian painter Post-Impressionist
Lucian Grigorescu (n. 1 February 1894 , Medgidia - d. 28 October 1965 , Bucharest ) was a Romanian painter Post-Impressionist . It is considered as the most Latin of the Romanian painters.
Explore painting GDMirea and Gabriel Popescu between 1912 and 1915 at the Academy of Fine Arts in Bucharest . After the interruption caused by war, resume their studies in the years 1918 - 1920 . He continued his artistic formation in Rome ( 1921 - 1923 ) and Paris ( 1924 ), where attending workshops on "Grande Chaumiere" and "Académie Ranson" in the studio of Roger Bissière . On a road often followed by artists from sales advisors Impressionism travels to the south of France , working between 1927 - 1939 at Cassis , fascinated by the intense light, fresh colors of the region.
Participating in official salons in Romania , in exhibitions organized by the "Artistic Youth", "our Group", "Art" etc. The painter, the critic N. Argintescu-Amza who believes in what monograph dedicated to him, "one of the most interesting, complex and Post-Impressionist frames personal world", remains true to his youthful elan, devoting himself with unfeigned pleasure of working in "plain-air" (Landscape Martigne, Mogosoaia).
Lucian Grigorescu was above all a painter of nature, but this must be added human nature. Most belong to the late period of the artist's portraits, still young and has made some significant portraits. Among them is mentioned "harlequin", located in the museum Zambaccian. Panel's give off a sadness that is not mitigated by clothing colorful character, a light pastel covers the whole picture, whose value exceeded the color is vibrant human significance.
Living with pathos inexhaustible miracle of a nature exuberant, sun-drenched, the artist develops, far from cutting edge experiences of Paris and other centers of European ideals have become classics of Impressionism . In this direction, and feels echoes of the creation of Paul Cézanne , open new horizons for the art of the twentieth century . The reality is respected, but transfigured by a strong personal sensitivity.
In 1948 , Lucian Grigorescu was the corresponding member of the Romanian Academy .
Decree no. 514 of August 18, 1964 the State Council of the People's Republic of Romania, painter Lucian Grigorescu was awarded the title of People's Artist of the People's Republic Romina "for outstanding achievements in work in the field of theater, music, visual arts and cinema."
I do not make allegory; reckon that this level of expression is obsolete, outdated, because it is conventionally sense and discursive as visual expression. Delacroix tried to "Liberty on the barricades" dream of his contemporaries, Rosenthal create the painting "Romania and breaking the shackles in the Field of Liberty". They served allegory because I had to model reality, but ideal ... I have not documented ad hoc, with stops "on the ground" and block drafts. Documentation on the subject is committed perpetual, mingling with life. (Lucian Grigorescu, 1959)
(1924-1999)
Xiao Guo Hui FEAST at CHRISTOPHER CUTTS GALLERY 2015
XIAO GUO HUI Feast
opening reception: Saturday, March 28th, 2 – 6pm
exhibition runs until: April 29th, 2015
Christopher Cutts Gallery
21 Morrow Avenue
Toronto, ON,
tel. 416 532 5566
email. info@cuttsgallery.com
________________________________________________________
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The Christopher Cutts Gallery is pleased to announce its third solo exhibition of work by Xiao Guo Hui, titled Feast.
Xiao is an exceptional talent from Guang Zhou, China who immigrated to Canada with his wife Qing in 2001. His prodigious talent is continuously honed by his discipline and methodical approach to painting.
Xiao states “I began painting with oil until I made a pilgrimage to Italy in 2004. I spent day after day visiting chapel after chapel, marveling at the great master’s paintings from Giotto to Piero Della Francesca. I was in awe of these masterpieces… This trip was a pivotal moment where past experiences came together to solidify my calling for painting… I started to use egg tempera on canvas to transform my inspiration. Egg tempera is an ancient technique, which brings more transparency to the colour. Thus, it gives the painting a unique temperament. I have become so enamored with this technique. I love the way egg tempera feels and that it requires one to finish a painting stroke by stroke. I believe that a good painting should be done with great patience and passion… I practice with egg tempera yet I never forget the influence of Oriental Art, especially the ancient Chinese art which is ingrained in my blood. The way the ancient Chinese artist manages the “blank” space to create implied meaning and sense of equilibrium in composition have deeply influenced my painting.”
This exhibition extends Xiao’s narrative journey, which draws upon his life’s impressions, experiences and memories. Xiao’s paintings explore the nature of art as a motif, which embodies the totality of one’s existence. In turn experiences are transformed within the medium (painting) into something that has deep understanding and maturity.
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L'oro dell'anima - Mostra GRATUITA di icone russe - Bergamo
For the first time in Europe, there is an exposition of the most important icons of Tretyakov museum at Mosca: 50 great works, from 300 to 800, which are from the most important russian collection of sacred art...
Narrating the Soviet Metropolis
On February 17th, 2017 the Jordan Center welcomed James T. Andrews of Iowa State University for a lecture entitled, “Narrating the Soviet Metropolis: Visual Culture, Underground Architectural Space, and the Moscow Metro.” The event was part of the Occasional series, sponsored by the Jordan Center for the Advanced Study of Russia. Andrews assessed how visual iconography of politicized technological public spaces (i.e. the Moscow Metro) can highlight how a polity (and society) evolved over a variety of epochs.
Andrews assesses how visual iconography of politicized technological public spaces (i.e. the Moscow Metro) can highlight how a polity (and society) evolved over a variety of epochs. The archival photographs and contemporary images analyzed within this piece will show how the Moscow Metro can visually document the building of socialism under Stalin, catalogue its changed utilitarian nature under Khrushchev and reveal new meanings under their Soviet and post-Soviet successors. Professor Andrews’s presentation, based on his newest book project (Iconic Metropolitan) on the history of the Moscow Metro, will discuss how iconographic public spaces can have critical discursive meanings when they are juxtaposed contiguously across historical eras.
James T. Andrews is professor of modern Russian and comparative Eurasian history at Iowa State University where he has recently been the Director of the University Center in the Arts and Humanities (2010-2014). He is the author of Red Cosmos: K. E. Tsiolkovskii, Grandfather of Soviet Rocketry (2009) and Science for the Masses: The Bolshevik State, Public Science, and the Popular Imagination in Soviet Russia, 1917-34 (2003). He is also the editor of Maksim Gor’kii, Science and Revolution (1995), and co-editor of Into the Cosmos: Space Exploration and Soviet Culture (2011). Educated at Tufts (B.S. & M.I.A.) and Columbia Universities (Harriman Institute), Dr. Andrews holds a Ph.D. from the University of Chicago, where he studied under Sheila Fitzpatrick. He has taught as a visiting professor at several research universities including the University of Texas at Austin. His various research awards include Kennan-Woodrow Wilson Center Title VIII, Fulbright-Hays, Social Science Research Council, and the National Endowment for the Humanities. A recipient of numerous distinguished teaching awards on campus, he was short-listed for the American Historical Association’s Eugene Asher Award for national distinction in teaching. He has been affiliated since 1995 as a senior scholar at the Russian Academy of Sciences Institute for the History of the Natural Sciences & Technology in both Moscow and St. Petersburg. His newest archival-based book in progress is a cultural and political history of the Moscow Metro and mass mobility in the capital (from 1902 to the present) entitled Iconic Metropolitan: Mass Culture, Architectural Visions, and the Politics of Public Space in Modern Russia.
Link to written event recap:
Roman Coins, Russian Icons & Black Messiah Iesus Christ! RasTafari Gospel Vlog by Ras Iadonis
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Integrated Murals from Saint Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church in Wilmington, NC
Integrated Murals from Saint Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church in Wilmington, NC
(visit to to see all my work on large scale projects in Greece, Cyprus, South Africa and the United States.)
Russia | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Russia
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SUMMARY
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Russia (Russian: Росси́я, tr. Rossiya, IPA: [rɐˈsʲijə]), officially the Russian Federation (Russian: Росси́йская Федера́ция, tr. Rossiyskaya Federatsiya, IPA: [rɐˈsʲijskəjə fʲɪdʲɪˈratsɨjə]), is a country in Eurasia. At 17,125,200 square kilometres (6,612,100 sq mi), Russia is the largest country in the world by area, covering more than one-eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area, and the ninth most populous, with about 144.5 million people as of 2018, excluding Crimea. About 77% of the population live in the western, European part of the country. Russia's capital, Moscow, is the largest metropolitan area in Europe proper and one of the largest cities in the world; other major cities include Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg and Nizhny Novgorod. Extending across the entirety of Northern Asia and much of Eastern Europe, Russia spans eleven time zones and incorporates a wide range of environments and landforms. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares land borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both with Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia and North Korea. It shares maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the U.S. state of Alaska across the Bering Strait.
The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD. Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants, the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century. In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire, beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium. Rus' ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states; most of the Rus' lands were overrun by the Mongol invasion and became tributaries of the nomadic Golden Horde in the 13th century. The Grand Duchy of Moscow gradually reunified the surrounding Russian principalities, achieved independence from the Golden Horde. By the 18th century, the nation had greatly expanded through conquest, annexation, and exploration to become the Russian Empire, which was the third largest empire in history, stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east.Following the Russian Revolution, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the world's first constitutionally socialist state. The Soviet Union played a decisive role in the Allied victory in World War II, and emerged as a recognized superpower and rival to the United States during the Cold War. The Soviet era saw some of the most significant technological achievements of the 20th century, including the world's first human-made satellite and the launching of the first humans in space. By the end of 1990, the Soviet Union had the world's second largest economy, largest standing military in the world and the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, twelve independent republics emerged from the USSR: Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and the Baltic states regained independence: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania; the Russian SFSR reconstituted itself as the Russian Federation and is recognized as the continuing legal personality and a successor of the Soviet Union. It is governed as a federal semi-presidential republic.
Russia's economy ranks as the twelfth largest by nominal GDP and sixth largest by purchasing power parity in 2015. Russia's extensive mineral and energy resources are the largest such reserves in the world, making it one of the leading producers of oil and natural gas globally. The country is one of the five recognized nuclear weapons states and possesses the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction. Russia is a great power as well as a regional power and has b ...
Russia | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:06:32 1 Etymology
00:08:41 2 History
00:08:51 2.1 Early history
00:10:56 2.2 Kievan Rus'
00:14:52 2.3 Grand Duchy of Moscow
00:17:32 2.4 Tsardom of Russia
00:22:40 2.5 Imperial Russia
00:29:11 2.6 February Revolution and Russian Republic
00:31:01 2.7 Soviet Russia and civil war
00:32:50 2.8 Soviet Union
00:37:29 2.8.1 World War II
00:41:28 2.8.2 Cold War
00:46:28 2.9 Russian Federation
00:52:03 3 Politics
00:52:13 3.1 Governance
00:54:43 3.2 Foreign relations
01:00:35 3.3 Military
01:04:04 3.4 Political divisions
01:07:27 4 Geography
01:08:51 4.1 Topography
01:13:30 4.2 Climate
01:16:04 4.3 Biodiversity
01:17:30 5 Economy
01:26:22 5.1 Corruption
01:29:29 5.2 Agriculture
01:32:05 5.3 Energy
01:35:09 5.4 Transport
01:40:52 5.5 Science and technology
01:48:14 5.6 Space exploration
01:50:29 5.7 Water supply and sanitation
01:51:21 6 Demographics
01:57:01 6.1 Largest cities
01:57:11 6.2 Ethnic groups
01:57:41 6.3 Language
01:59:20 6.4 Religion
02:11:26 6.5 Health
02:13:42 6.6 Education
02:15:56 7 Culture
02:16:06 7.1 Folk culture and cuisine
02:20:06 7.2 Architecture
02:24:14 7.3 Visual arts
02:27:49 7.4 Music and dance
02:31:04 7.5 Literature and philosophy
02:35:14 7.6 Cinema, animation and media
02:39:41 7.7 Sports
02:47:57 7.8 National holidays and symbols
02:52:37 7.9 Tourism
02:56:04 8 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
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I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Russia (Russian: Росси́я, tr. Rossiya, IPA: [rɐˈsʲijə]), officially the Russian Federation (Russian: Росси́йская Федера́ция, tr. Rossiyskaya Federatsiya, IPA: [rɐˈsʲijskəjə fʲɪdʲɪˈratsɨjə]), is a country in Eurasia. At 17,125,200 square kilometres (6,612,100 sq mi), Russia is the largest country in the world by area, covering more than one-eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area, and the ninth most populous, with about 144.5 million people as of 2018, excluding Crimea. About 77% of the population live in the western, European part of the country. Russia's capital, Moscow, is the largest metropolitan area in Europe proper and one of the largest cities in the world; other major cities include Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg and Nizhny Novgorod. Extending across the entirety of Northern Asia and much of Eastern Europe, Russia spans eleven time zones and incorporates a wide range of environments and landforms. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares land borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both with Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia and North Korea. It shares maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the U.S. state of Alaska across the Bering Strait. However, Russia recognises two more countries that border it, Abkhazia and South Ossetia, both of which are internationally recognized as parts of Georgia.
The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD. Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants, the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century. In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire, beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium. Rus' ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states; most of the Rus' lands were overrun by the Mongol invasion and became tributaries of the nomadic Golden Horde in the 13th century. The Grand Duchy of Moscow gradually reunified the surrounding Russian principalities, achieved independence from the Golden Horde. By the 18th century, the nation had greatly expanded through conquest, annexation, and exploration to become the Russian Empire, which was the third largest empire in history, stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on th ...
Russia | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Russia
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Russia (Russian: Росси́я, tr. Rossiya, IPA: [rɐˈsʲijə]), officially the Russian Federation (Russian: Росси́йская Федера́ция, tr. Rossiyskaya Federatsiya, IPA: [rɐˈsʲijskəjə fʲɪdʲɪˈratsɨjə]), is a country in Eurasia. At 17,125,200 square kilometres (6,612,100 sq mi), Russia is the largest country in the world by area, covering more than one-eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area, and the ninth most populous, with about 144.5 million people as of 2018, excluding Crimea. About 77% of the population live in the western, European part of the country. Russia's capital, Moscow, is the largest metropolitan area in Europe proper and one of the largest cities in the world; other major cities include Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg and Nizhny Novgorod. Extending across the entirety of Northern Asia and much of Eastern Europe, Russia spans eleven time zones and incorporates a wide range of environments and landforms. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares land borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both with Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia and North Korea. It shares maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the U.S. state of Alaska across the Bering Strait.
The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD. Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants, the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century. In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire, beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium. Rus' ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states; most of the Rus' lands were overrun by the Mongol invasion and became tributaries of the nomadic Golden Horde in the 13th century. The Grand Duchy of Moscow gradually reunified the surrounding Russian principalities, achieved independence from the Golden Horde. By the 18th century, the nation had greatly expanded through conquest, annexation, and exploration to become the Russian Empire, which was the third largest empire in history, stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east.Following the Russian Revolution, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the world's first constitutionally socialist state. The Soviet Union played a decisive role in the Allied victory in World War II, and emerged as a recognized superpower and rival to the United States during the Cold War. The Soviet era saw some of the most significant technological achievements of the 20th century, including the world's first human-made satellite and the launching of the first humans in space. By the end of 1990, the Soviet Union had the world's second largest economy, largest standing military in the world and the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, twelve independent republics emerged from the USSR: Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and the Baltic states regained independence: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania; the Russian SFSR reconstituted itself as the Russian Federation and is recognized as the continuing legal personality and a successor of the Soviet Union. It is governed as a federal semi-presidential republic.
Russia's economy ranks as the twelfth largest by nominal GDP and sixth largest by purchasing power parity in 2015. Russia's extensive mineral and energy resources are the largest such reserves in the world, making it one of the leading producers of oil and natural gas globally. The country is one of the five recognized nuclear weapons states and possesses the largest stockpile of weapons ...
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Russian Federation | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:05:32 1 Etymology
00:07:19 2 History
00:07:28 2.1 Early history
00:09:14 2.2 Kievan Rus'
00:12:33 2.3 Grand Duchy of Moscow
00:14:49 2.4 Tsardom of Russia
00:19:10 2.5 Imperial Russia
00:24:38 2.6 February Revolution and Russian Republic
00:26:13 2.7 Soviet Russia and civil war
00:27:46 2.8 Soviet Union
00:31:41 2.8.1 World War II
00:36:03 2.8.2 Cold War
00:40:19 2.9 Russian Federation
00:47:10 3 Politics
00:47:19 3.1 Governance
00:49:28 3.2 Foreign relations
00:54:06 3.3 Military
00:57:02 3.4 Political divisions
00:59:52 4 Geography
01:01:04 4.1 Topography
01:04:56 4.2 Climate
01:07:07 4.3 Biodiversity
01:08:19 5 Economy
01:15:44 5.1 Energy
01:18:19 5.2 External trade and investment
01:19:12 5.3 Agriculture
01:21:22 5.4 Transport
01:26:09 5.5 Science and technology
01:32:23 5.6 Space exploration
01:34:41 5.7 Water supply and sanitation
01:35:25 5.8 Corruption
01:38:01 6 Demographics
01:43:21 6.1 Largest cities
01:43:29 6.2 Ethnic groups
01:43:55 6.3 Language
01:45:19 6.4 Religion
01:55:31 6.5 Health
01:57:25 6.6 Education
01:59:19 7 Culture
01:59:27 7.1 Folk culture and cuisine
02:02:48 7.2 Architecture
02:06:16 7.3 Visual arts
02:09:16 7.4 Music and dance
02:12:01 7.5 Literature and philosophy
02:15:32 7.6 Cinema, animation and media
02:19:16 7.7 Sports
02:26:13 7.8 National holidays and symbols
02:30:11 7.9 Tourism
02:33:06 8 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.840215070640857
Voice name: en-AU-Wavenet-C
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Russia (Russian: Росси́я, tr. Rossiya, IPA: [rɐˈsʲijə]), officially the Russian Federation (Russian: Росси́йская Федера́ция, tr. Rossiyskaya Federatsiya, IPA: [rɐˈsʲijskəjə fʲɪdʲɪˈratsɨjə]), is a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and North Asia. At 17,125,200 square kilometres (6,612,100 sq mi), Russia is by a considerable margin the largest country in the world by area, covering more than one-eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area, and the ninth most populous, with about 146.77 million people as of 2019, including Crimea. About 77% of the population live in the western, European part of the country. Russia's capital, Moscow, is one of the largest cities in the world and the second largest city in Europe; other major cities include Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg and Nizhny Novgorod. Extending across the entirety of Northern Asia and much of Eastern Europe, Russia spans eleven time zones and incorporates a wide range of environments and landforms. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares land borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both with Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia and North Korea. It shares maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the U.S. state of Alaska across the Bering Strait. However, Russia recognises two more countries that border it, Abkhazia and South Ossetia, both of which are internationally recognized as parts of Georgia.
The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD. Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants, the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century. In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire, beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium. Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states; most of the Rus' lands were overrun by the Mongol invasion and became tributaries of the nomadic Golden Horde in the 13th century. The Grand Duchy of Moscow gradually reunified the surrounding Russian principalities and achieved independence from the Golden Horde. By the 18th century, the nation had greatly expanded through conquest, annexation, and exploration to become the Russian Empire, wh ...
Construction 3D printing | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:01:58 1 History
00:02:06 1.1 Seeding technologies 1950 - 1995
00:02:58 1.2 Early developments 1995 - 2000
00:04:18 1.3 First generation 2000 - 2010
00:06:04 1.4 Second generation 2010 - present
00:12:45 2 Design
00:15:07 3 Structures
00:15:16 3.1 3D printed buildings
00:17:27 3.2 3D printed bridges
00:18:50 3.3 3D printed architectural forms
00:19:39 3.4 Extraterrestrial printed structures
00:22:49 4 Concrete printing
00:25:37 5 Construction speed
00:26:43 6 Research and public knowledge
00:27:17 6.1 State-of-the-art research
00:28:27 6.2 First 3D Construction printing conference
00:29:30 6.3 Media interest
00:31:18 7 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.9262755848469452
Voice name: en-AU-Wavenet-B
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Construction 3D Printing (c3Dp) or 3D Construction Printing (3DCP) refers to various technologies that use 3D printing as a core method to fabricate buildings or construction components. Alternative terms are also in use, such as Autonomous Robotic Construction System (ARCS) Large scale Additive Manufacturing (LSAM), or Freeform construction (FC), also to refer to sub-groups, such as '3D Concrete', used to refer to concrete extrusion technologies.
There are a variety of 3D printing methods used at construction scale, these include the following main methods: extrusion (concrete/cement, wax, foam, polymers), powder bonding (polymer bond, reactive bond, sintering) and additive welding. 3D printing at a construction scale will have a wide variety of applications within the private, commercial, industrial and public sectors. Potential advantages of these technologies include faster construction, lower labor costs, increased complexity and/or accuracy, greater integration of function and less waste produced.
A number of different approaches have been demonstrated to date which include on-site and off-site fabrication of buildings and construction components, using industrial robots, gantry systems and tethered autonomous vehicles. Demonstrations of construction 3D printing technologies to date have included fabrication of housing, construction components (cladding and structural panels and columns), bridges and civil infrastructure, artificial reefs, follies and sculptures.
The technology has seen a significant increase in popularity in recent years with many new companies, including some backed up by prominent names from the construction industry and academia. This led to several important milestones, such as the first 3D printed building, the first 3D printed bridge the first 3D printed part in a public building, the first living 3D printed building in Europe and CIS, the first 3D printed building in Europe fully approved by the authorities (COBOD International), among many others.