Cemetery Research Trip to Danbury Connecticut
Chronicling my Cemetery Research Trip to Danbury, Connecticut for the Association for Gravestone Studies Annual Conference.
On this journey, I researched the cemeteries listed below. For more information and photographs of these cemeteries and gravestones, please visit my website:
Cemeteries I visited on this trip:
Beckler Cemetery - Reliance, Tennessee
Double Springs Cemetery - Rock Springs, Tennessee
Beth El Cemetery - Harrisonburg City, Virginia
New York Marble Cemetery - New York, New York
Woodlawn Cemetery - Bronx, New York
Mill Plain Cemetery - Danbury, Connecticut
Resurrection Cemetery - Danbury, Connecticut
Kenosia Cemetery - Danbury, Connecticut
Wooster Cemetery - Danbury, Connecticut
New Haven Crypt - New Haven, Connecticut
Grove Street Cemetery - New Haven, Connecticut
Old Milford Cemetery - Milford, Connecticut
Sleepy Hollow Cemetery - Sleepy Hollow, New York
Millington Baptist Church Cemetery - Millington, New Jersey
St. Philip and St. James Cemetery - Greenwich Township, New Jersey
New Hope Congregational Christian Church Cemetery - New Hope, Virginia
Stonewall Jackson Memorial Cemetery - Lexington, Virginia
Goodman Cemetery - Bristol, Virginia
Necessary Cemetery - Scott County, Virginia
Zion Lutheran Church Cemetery - Bristol, Virginia
Niota Cemetery - Niota, Tennessee
Cedar Grove Cemetery - Athens, Tennessee
For the trip, I outfitted my van for camping and slept in secluded spots along the way. I wish I could travel like this more often.
The Civil War and the Oakland Cemetery - Atlanta, Georgia
Learn more about the American Civil War at
Oakland cemetery exemplifies the 19th century rural garden movement that was a backlash against the busy, overcrowded city cemeteries. Characteristic of these garden cemeteries are shady trees, flowers and pathways that were meant to be enjoyed by the living as well as provide a beautiful, final resting place for loved ones. Oakland cemetery started in the 1850's with an original 6 acres of land
purchased by the City fathers. Oakland was renamed in 1872 due to the large number of oak and magnolia trees growing on its grounds. The cemetery is best known for being the final resting place for over 3,000 Confederate soldiers who were disinterred from nearby battlefields.
By the early 1870's, the cemetery had expanded to 48 acres due to the pressures of the Civil War. With the onset of the Civil War, the City added land to bury soldiers who died in local hospitals. Atlanta hospitals overflowed with men wounded in battles and the largest number of wartime hospitals were within half a mile of the cemetery.
As deaths mounted, the land around the cemetery was secured as a Confederate burial ground. After the war, several thousand soldiers who had fallen in the Atlanta campaign were moved from battlefield graves to Oakland. The cemetery reached its present size by 1867.
Confederate Memorial Grounds
This section is the final resting place for approximately 6,900 Confederate soldiers including 3,000 unknowns. When you enter from the main gate, the massive spire of the Confederate Obelisk provides an orienting landmark. The 65-foot monument was made of Stone Mountain granite and dedicated on April 26, 1874 by the Atlanta Ladies Memorial Association. For many years it was the tallest structure in the city. Also included are the headstones of 16 Union soldiers who died in local hospitals. Another area of marked Confederate graves lies along Oakland's southern wall.
Lion of the Confederacy
To the Northeast of the Obelisk, lies the most famous marker being the massive Lion of Atlanta guarding approximately 3,000 graves of unknown Confederate soldiers disinterred from the battlefield. The Confederate section of Oakland is home to an estimated 6,900 burials, of which about 3,000 are unknown. The Lion was modelled after the Swiss Lion of Lucerneand was carved by T. M. Brady in 1894 from the largest block of marble quarried from Tate, Georgia. The dying lion rests on the Confederate flag they followed and guards their dust, in the words of a commemorative poem.
To the Northwest, very close to the obelisk itself, are buried four Confederate generals, John B. Gordon, Lucius J. Gartrell, Clement A. Evans, and William Wright. Two historical markers in the cemetery explain its connection with important events during the Civil War.
The Great Locomotive Chase
The first is the site where seven spies of the Great Locomotive Chase were hanged near the south-east corner of the cemetery. On April 12, 1862, Union soldiers known as Andrews Raiders, led by civilian scout James J. Andrews, commandeered a train at present-day Kennesaw, GA and raced north to Ringgold, GA to cut telegraph lines doing as much damage as possible while pursued by other locomotives. They were captured and condemned as spies. Seven were hanged and temporarily interred in Oakland cemetery before being moved to the National Cemetery at Chattanooga. Andrews was tried in Chattanooga and found guilty. He was executed by hanging on June 7 in Atlanta. Andrews was hanged in downtown Atlanta and there is a plaque marking this historic event at the corner of 3rd Street and Juniper Street. On June 18, the seven others who had been convicted as spies were returned to Atlanta also hanged.
Confederate Headquarters
The second historical marker is north of the Bell Tower where a two-story farmhouse stood in the summer of 1864. It was a headquarters for Confederate commander John B. Hood during the Battle of Atlanta, which was fought to the east of the cemetery on July 22. In 1976, Oakland was placed on the National Register of Historic Places. Oakland cemetery provides a look at the rich and vibrant Civil War past of the city of Atlanta and provides guided walking tours, twilight tours, and even boats a visitors centre and museum shop. It is an important part of Altanta's history and a must-see stop for any serious Civil War aficionado.
Ceremony Honors Cemetery's Civil War Ties
A ceremony at Kansas City's Union Hill Cemetery honored the Civil War soldiers from both sides of the conflict. KMBC 9's Micheal Mahoney reports.
St. Agnes Cemetery honors Civil War Vet.wmv
Albany Diocesan Cemeteries installs monument on the previously unmarked grave of Private Edward Pennefeather, at historic St. Agnes Cemetery in Menands, NY. Pennefeather served in Company B of the 7th NY Heavy Artillery Regiment from the time of his enlistment until June 16, 1864 when approximately two hundred men of the regiment became surrounded by Confederate forces at the Battle of Petersburg, Virginia. A few escaped the Rebels, but most of the men, including Pennefeather, surrendered and became prisoners of war of the Confederacy. Pennefeather and the other men of the regiment were crowded into filthy cattle cars and sent to the infamous Andersonville Prison in Georgia. Pennefeather survived and returned to Albany, NY. He died in 1924 at the age of 80. Rick Touchette, Director of Cemeteries, noted Volunteers have discovered the graves of nearly 500 veterans of the Civi War buried in these sacred grounds, but this one is different. Edward Pennefeather's grave never received the recognition due. We'll never know why, but today we correct this omission. rcdacemeteries.org
Living in Virginia: Winchester - Pen In Hand
Here's a heartfelt look at Winchester, Virginia's residents during the Civil War from the perspective of their letters, diaries and journals.It explores the reality of war as the community changed hands between the North and South more than 70 times. This special travels back in time to record the perseverance, the passion, and the pain of those who watched and lived during this turbulent time period.
50th GA Volunteer Infantry (The Liberty Rifles) open the Battle of Cedar Creek 150th
The prisoner of war POW / MIA monument area at the Florida National Cemetery in Bushnell
The Gettysburg Address is a speech by U.S. President Abraham Lincoln, one of the best-known in American history. It was delivered by Lincoln during the American Civil War, on the afternoon of Thursday, November 19, 1863, at the dedication of the Soldiers' National Cemetery in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, four and a half months after the Union armies defeated those of the Confederacy at the Battle of Gettysburg.
Photo of Lincoln at Gettysburg...
Lincoln's Gettysburg Address...
Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.
Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.
But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate, we can not consecrate, we can not hallow this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us—that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion—that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom—and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.
Eagle Scout Project Tony Alvarez Troop 439 December 2014 We would like to thank our sponsors Cemex D.A. Smith Concrete Dave & Wendy Ovitt Cooley Family Northside Propane Leila Bang Country Log Homes Waterline Construction
Jubal Early | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Jubal Early
00:01:18 1 Early and family life
00:05:26 2 Early military, legal and political careers
00:09:42 3 American Civil War
00:11:55 3.1 Serving under Stonewall Jackson
00:15:33 3.2 Gettysburg and the Overland Campaign
00:19:49 3.3 Shenandoah Valley, 1864-1865
00:28:35 4 Postbellum career
00:33:52 5 Death and legacy
00:36:57 5.1 Honors
00:37:57 5.2 Streets named after him
00:38:37 5.3 In popular culture
00:39:38 6 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Jubal Anderson Early (November 3, 1816 – March 2, 1894) was a Virginia lawyer and politician who became a Confederate general during the American Civil War. Trained at the United States Military Academy, Early resigned his U.S. Army commission after the Second Seminole War and his Virginia military commission after the Mexican-American War, in both cases to practice law and participate in politics. Accepting a Virginia and later Confederate military commission as the American Civil War began, Early fought in the Eastern Theater throughout the conflict. He commanded a division under Generals Stonewall Jackson and Richard Ewell, and later commanded a corps. A key Confederate defender of the Shenandoah Valley, during the Valley Campaigns of 1864, Early made daring raids to the outskirts of Washington, D.C. as well as far as York, Pennsylvania, securing money and supplies which delayed the Confederate surrender for several months. After the war, Early fled to Mexico, then Cuba and Canada, and upon returning to the United States took pride as unrepentant rebel. Particularly after the death of Gen. Robert E. Lee in 1870, Early delivered speeches establishing the Lost Cause, as well as helped found the Southern Historical Society and memorial associations.
Patsy Cline
Virginia Patterson Hensley (September 8, 1932 – March 5, 1963), known professionally as Patsy Cline, was an American country music singer. Part of the early 1960s Nashville sound, Cline successfully crossed over to pop music. She died in a multiple fatality crash of her private plane at the age of 30. She was one of the most influential, successful and acclaimed female vocalists of the 20th century.
Cline was best known for her rich tone, emotionally expressive and bold contralto voice and her role as a country music industry pioneer. Along with Kitty Wells, she helped pave the way for women as headline performers in the genre. Cline was cited as an inspiration by singers in several genres. Books, movies, documentaries, articles and stage plays document her life and career.
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John C. Breckinridge | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
John C. Breckinridge
00:03:50 1 Early life
00:06:39 2 Early legal career
00:09:04 3 Mexican–American War
00:11:47 4 Political career
00:11:56 4.1 Early political career
00:13:19 4.2 Kentucky House of Representatives
00:17:00 4.3 U.S. Representative
00:17:05 4.3.1 First term (1851–1853)
00:21:03 4.3.2 Second term (1853–1855)
00:24:34 4.3.3 Retirement from the House
00:26:24 4.4 Vice Presidency
00:32:55 4.5 Presidential campaign of 1860
00:39:24 4.6 U.S. Senator
00:44:15 5 Civil War
00:44:24 5.1 Service in the Western Theater
00:52:41 5.2 Service in the Eastern Theater
00:58:10 5.3 Confederate Secretary of War
01:02:31 6 Escape and exile
01:07:53 7 Return to the U.S. and death
01:12:13 8 Legacy
01:12:22 8.1 Historical reputation
01:13:18 8.2 Monuments and memorials
01:15:05 9 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
John Cabell Breckinridge (January 16, 1821 – May 17, 1875) was an American lawyer, politician, and soldier. He represented Kentucky in both houses of Congress and became the 14th and youngest-ever Vice President of the United States, serving from 1857 to 1861. He was a member of the Democratic party. He served in the U.S. Senate during the outbreak of the American Civil War, but was expelled after joining the Confederate Army. He was appointed Confederate Secretary of War in 1865.
Breckinridge was born near Lexington, Kentucky to a prominent local family. After non-combat service during the Mexican–American War, he was elected as a Democrat to the Kentucky House of Representatives in 1849, where he took a states' rights position against interference with slavery. Elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1850, he allied with Stephen A. Douglas in support of the Kansas–Nebraska Act. After reapportionment in 1854 made his re-election unlikely, he declined to run for another term. He was nominated for vice-president at the 1856 Democratic National Convention to balance a ticket headed by James Buchanan. The Democrats won the election, but Breckinridge had little influence with Buchanan and, as presiding officer of the Senate, could not express his opinions in debates. In 1859, he was elected to succeed Senator John J. Crittenden at the end of Crittenden's term in 1861. As vice president, Breckinridge joined Buchanan in supporting the pro-slavery Lecompton Constitution for Kansas, which led to a split in the Democratic Party.
After Southern Democrats walked out of the 1860 Democratic National Convention, the party's northern and southern factions held rival conventions in Baltimore that nominated Douglas and Breckinridge, respectively, for president. A third party, the Constitutional Union Party, nominated John Bell. These three men split the Southern vote, while more anti-slavery Republican candidate Abraham Lincoln won all but three electoral votes in the North, allowing him to win the election. Breckinridge carried most of the Southern states. Taking his seat in the Senate, Breckinridge urged compromise to preserve the Union. Unionists were in control of the state legislature, and gained more support when Confederate forces moved into Kentucky.
Breckinridge fled behind Confederate lines. He was commissioned a brigadier general and then expelled from the Senate. Following the Battle of Shiloh in 1862, he was promoted to major general, and in October he was assigned to the Army of Mississippi under Braxton Bragg. After Bragg charged that Breckinridge's drunkenness had contributed to defeats at Stone River and Missionary Ridge, and after Breckinridge joined many other high-ranking officers in criticizing Bragg, he was transferred to the Trans-Allegheny Department, where he won his most significant victory in the 1864 Battle of New Market. After participating in Jubal Early's campaigns in the Shenandoah Valley, Breckinridge was charged with defending supplies in Tennessee and Virginia. In February 1865, Confederate President Jefferson Davis appointed him Secretary of War. Concludi ...
Jackson's Valley Campaign | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Jackson's Valley Campaign
00:02:35 1 Background
00:06:02 2 Opposing forces
00:06:11 2.1 Confederate
00:08:29 2.2 Union
00:10:46 3 Initial movements
00:13:23 4 Valley Campaign
00:13:32 4.1 Kernstown (March 23, 1862)
00:17:52 4.2 Retreating from the Valley (March 24 – May 7)
00:22:41 4.3 McDowell (May 8)
00:25:35 4.4 Conflicting orders (May 10–22)
00:27:45 4.5 Front Royal (May 23)
00:31:28 4.6 Winchester (May 25)
00:35:44 4.7 Union armies pursue Jackson
00:41:43 4.8 Cross Keys (June 8)
00:44:42 4.9 Port Republic (June 9)
00:48:11 5 Aftermath
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Jackson's Valley Campaign, also known as the Shenandoah Valley Campaign of 1862, was Confederate Maj. Gen. Thomas J. Stonewall Jackson's spring 1862 campaign through the Shenandoah Valley in Virginia during the American Civil War. Employing audacity and rapid, unpredictable movements on interior lines, Jackson's 17,000 men marched 646 miles (1,040 km) in 48 days and won several minor battles as they successfully engaged three Union armies (52,000 men), preventing them from reinforcing the Union offensive against Richmond.Jackson suffered a tactical defeat (his sole defeat of the war) at the First Battle of Kernstown (March 23, 1862) against Col. Nathan Kimball (part of Union Maj. Gen. Nathaniel P. Banks's army), but it proved to be a strategic Confederate victory because President Abraham Lincoln reinforced the Union's Valley forces with troops that had originally been designated for the Peninsula Campaign against Richmond. On May 8, after more than a month of skirmishing with Banks, Jackson moved deceptively to the west of the Valley and drove back elements of Maj. Gen. John C. Frémont's army in the Battle of McDowell, preventing a potential combination of the two Union armies against him. Jackson then headed down the Valley once again to confront Banks. Concealing his movement in the Luray Valley, Jackson joined forces with Maj. Gen. Richard S. Ewell and captured the Federal garrison at Front Royal on May 23, causing Banks to retreat to the north. On May 25, in the First Battle of Winchester, Jackson defeated Banks and pursued him until the Union Army crossed the Potomac River into Maryland.
Bringing in Union reinforcements from eastern Virginia, Brig. Gen. James Shields recaptured Front Royal and planned to link up with Frémont in Strasburg. Jackson was now threatened by three small Union armies. Withdrawing up the Valley from Winchester, Jackson was pursued by Frémont and Shields. On June 8, Ewell defeated Frémont in the Battle of Cross Keys and on the following day, crossed the North River to join forces with Jackson to defeat Shields in the Battle of Port Republic, bringing the campaign to a close.
Jackson followed up his successful campaign by forced marches to join Gen. Robert E. Lee for the Seven Days Battles outside Richmond. His audacious campaign elevated him to the position of the most famous general in the Confederacy (until this reputation was later supplanted by Lee) and has been studied ever since by military organizations around the world.
Richard Taylor (general) | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Richard Taylor (general)
00:00:42 1 Early years
00:03:50 2 American Civil War
00:08:58 2.1 Operations to recapture New Orleans
00:11:13 2.2 Red River Campaign
00:12:12 2.3 Last days of the war
00:13:04 3 Military prowess
00:15:30 4 Postbellum life
00:16:52 5 Family
00:17:45 6 Remembrance
00:18:19 7 Works
00:18:45 8 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Richard Dick Taylor (January 27, 1826 – April 12, 1879) was an American planter, politician, military historian, and Confederate general. Following the outbreak of the American Civil War, Taylor joined the Confederate States Army, serving first as a brigade commander in Virginia, and later as an army commander in the Trans-Mississippi Theater. Taylor commanded the District of West Louisiana and was responsible for successfully opposing United States troops invading upper northwest Louisiana during the Red River Campaign of 1864. He was the only son of Zachary Taylor, the 12th President of the United States.
Thy Will Be Done Chapter 13a - A Great Civil War Story by Jim Surkamp
Made possible with the generous, community-minded support of American Public University System. The views in this video are intended to encourage discussion and do not in any way reflect the modern-day policies of the University. More at
Researched, written, and post-produced by Jim Surkamp
Voice Production:
Jim Surkamp
Ardyth Gilbertson
Music:
Cam Millar (cammillar.com) - Big Circle; Beauties 1; Beauties 2
Shana Aisenberg (shanasongs.com) - 12-strong guitar; banjo; from Desert Winds” - Glass Rainbows; “Lorena” by Rev. Henry D. L. Webster
Terry Tucker performs and play “When Swallows Homeward Fly” by Franz Abt
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Thy Will Be Done - Chapter 12 from the Civil War by Jim Surkamp TRT: 26:54
Thy Will Be Done - Chapter 12b From The Civil War by Jim Surkamp
TRT: 44:43
More at: Go to civilwarscholars.com for 700K of footnoted content and 12K images to accompany these videos made possible with the support of American Public University System more at Go to civilwarscholars.com for 700K of footnoted content and 12K images to accompany these videos made possible with the support of American Public University System more at
Battle of Fredericksburg | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Battle of Fredericksburg
00:01:52 1 Background
00:02:01 1.1 Military situation
00:03:48 1.2 Burnside's plan
00:05:34 1.3 Movement to battle
00:09:52 2 Opposing forces
00:10:01 2.1 Union
00:12:17 2.2 Confederate
00:13:30 3 Battle
00:13:38 3.1 Crossing the Rappahannock, December 11–12
00:18:25 3.2 South of the city, December 13
00:29:08 3.3 Marye's Heights, December 13
00:38:42 3.4 Lull and withdrawal, December 14–15
00:41:14 4 Aftermath
00:41:22 4.1 Casualties
00:42:34 4.2 Confederate reaction to the news of the victory
00:43:15 4.3 Effect on the Union
00:44:33 5 Battlefield preservation
00:47:41 6 In popular media
00:48:54 7 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Battle of Fredericksburg was fought December 11–15, 1862, in and around Fredericksburg, Virginia in the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War. The combat, between the Union Army of the Potomac commanded by Major General Ambrose Burnside and the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia under General Robert E. Lee, was part of the Union Army's futile frontal attacks on December 13 against entrenched Confederate defenders on the heights behind the city. It is remembered as one of the most one-sided battles of the war, with Union casualties more than three times as heavy as those suffered by the Confederates. A visitor to the battlefield described the battle to U.S. President Abraham Lincoln as a butchery.Burnside's plan was to cross the Rappahannock River at Fredericksburg in mid-November and race to the Confederate capital of Richmond before Lee's army could stop him. Bureaucratic delays prevented Burnside from receiving the necessary pontoon bridges in time and Lee moved his army to block the crossings. When the Union army was finally able to build its bridges and cross under fire, direct combat within the city resulted on December 11–12. Union troops prepared to assault Confederate defensive positions south of the city and on a strongly fortified ridge just west of the city known as Marye's Heights.
On December 13, the grand division of Maj. Gen. William B. Franklin was able to pierce the first defensive line of Confederate Lieutenant General Stonewall Jackson to the south, but was finally repulsed. Burnside ordered the grand divisions of Maj. Gens. Edwin V. Sumner and Joseph Hooker to make multiple frontal assaults against Lt. Gen. James Longstreet's position on Marye's Heights, all of which were repulsed with heavy losses. On December 15, Burnside withdrew his army, ending another failed Union campaign in the Eastern Theater.
John Brown (abolitionist) | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
John Brown (abolitionist)
00:02:24 1 Early life
00:07:20 2 Transformative years in Springfield, Massachusetts
00:13:07 3 Homestead in New York
00:13:47 4 Actions in Kansas
00:14:48 4.1 Pottawatomie
00:17:23 4.2 Palmyra and Osawatomie
00:19:53 5 Later years
00:20:02 5.1 Gathering forces
00:27:37 5.2 Raid
00:33:37 5.3 Imprisonment, trial, and six weeks in jail
00:37:29 5.4 Victor Hugo's reaction
00:39:17 6 Death and aftermath
00:40:40 6.1 Transportation of his body
00:41:56 6.2 Senate investigation
00:43:54 6.3 Aftermath of the raid
00:46:04 7 Legacy
00:46:13 7.1 Monuments
00:48:30 7.1.1 Historical markers
00:54:36 7.2 Views of contemporaries
00:55:26 7.3 Views of historians and other writers
00:57:52 7.4 Historiography
01:02:37 7.5 In the arts
01:05:50 8 Influences
01:11:09 9 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
John Brown (May 9, 1800 – December 2, 1859) was an American abolitionist who believed in and advocated armed insurrection as the only way to overthrow the institution of slavery in the United States. He first gained attention when he led small groups of volunteers during the Bleeding Kansas crisis of 1856. He was dissatisfied with the pacifism of the organized abolitionist movement: These men are all talk. What we need is action—action! In May 1856, Brown and his supporters killed five supporters of slavery in the Pottawatomie massacre, which responded to the sacking of Lawrence by pro-slavery forces. Brown then commanded anti-slavery forces at the Battle of Black Jack (June 2) and the Battle of Osawatomie (August 30, 1856).
In October 1859, Brown led a raid on the federal armory at Harpers Ferry, Virginia (today West Virginia) to start a liberation movement among the slaves there. He seized the armory, but seven people were killed, and ten or more were injured. He intended to arm slaves with weapons from the arsenal, but the attack failed. Within 36 hours, Brown's men had fled or been killed or captured by local farmers, militiamen, and US Marines led by Robert E. Lee. He was tried for treason against the Commonwealth of Virginia, the murder of five men (including 3 blacks), and inciting a slave insurrection, was found guilty on all counts, and was hanged.
Historians agree that the Harpers Ferry raid escalated tensions that led to the South's secession a year later and the American Civil War. Brown's raid captured the nation's attention; Southerners feared that it was just the first of many Northern plots to cause a slave rebellion that might endanger their lives, while Republicans dismissed the notion and claimed that they would not interfere with slavery in the South. John Brown's Body was a popular Union marching song that portrayed him as a martyr.
Brown's actions as an abolitionist and the tactics he used still make him a controversial figure today. He is both memorialized as a heroic martyr and visionary, and vilified as a madman and a terrorist. Historian James Loewen surveyed American history textbooks and noted that historians considered Brown perfectly sane until about 1890, but generally portrayed him as insane from about 1890 until 1970 when new interpretations began to gain ground.
First Shots on McPherson Ridge - Ranger Chuck Teague
The battle of Gettysburg began on the morning of July 1st, 1863 in the fields and woods northwest of Gettysburg. The fighting would eventually surge across farm land owned by Edward McPherson. Join Gettysburg National Military Park Ranger Chuck Teague for a look at the opening stages of the battle of Gettysburg on McPherson Ridge.
Eastern Theater of the American Civil War | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Eastern Theater of the American Civil War
00:02:43 1 Theater of operations
00:04:56 2 Principal commanders of the Eastern Theater
00:05:07 3 Early operations (1861)
00:07:39 3.1 First Bull Run (First Manassas)
00:10:23 4 North Carolina coast (1861–65)
00:11:56 5 The Valley (1862)
00:19:22 6 Peninsula Campaign (1862)
00:22:19 6.1 Up the Peninsula
00:26:13 6.2 Seven Days
00:30:14 7 Northern Virginia and Maryland (1862)
00:30:41 7.1 Army of Virginia
00:34:43 7.2 Second Bull Run
00:36:27 7.3 Invasion of Maryland
00:39:38 7.4 Antietam
00:41:29 8 Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville (1862–63)
00:45:55 9 Gettysburg and fall maneuvering (1863)
00:50:39 10 Grant versus Lee (1864–65)
00:52:29 10.1 Overland Campaign
00:55:29 10.2 Petersburg
00:57:05 11 Shenandoah Valley (1864–65)
01:01:03 12 Appomattox (1865)
01:04:18 13 Major land battles
01:04:35 14 See also
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Eastern Theater of the American Civil War consists of the major military and naval operations in the states of Virginia, West Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania, the District of Columbia, and the coastal fortifications and seaports of North Carolina. (Operations in the interior of the Carolinas in 1865 are considered part of the Western Theater, while the other coastal areas along the Atlantic Ocean are included in the Lower Seaboard Theater.)
The Eastern Theater was the venue for several major campaigns launched by the Union Army of the Potomac to capture the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia; many of these were frustrated by the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia, commanded by General Robert E. Lee. President Abraham Lincoln sought a general to match Lee's boldness, appointing in turn Maj. Gens. Irvin McDowell, George B. McClellan, John Pope, Ambrose Burnside, Joseph Hooker, and George G. Meade to command his principal Eastern armies. While Meade gained a decisive victory over Lee at the Battle of Gettysburg in July 1863, it was not until newly appointed general-in-chief Ulysses S. Grant arrived from the Western Theater in 1864 to take personal control of operations in Virginia that Union forces were able to capture Richmond, but only after several bloody battles of the Overland Campaign and a nine-month siege near the cities of Petersburg and Richmond. The surrender of Lee's army at Appomattox Court House in April 1865 brought major operations in the area to a close.
While many of the campaigns and battles were fought in the region of Virginia between Washington, D.C., and Richmond, there were other major campaigns fought nearby. The Western Virginia Campaign of 1861 secured Union control over the western counties of Virginia, which would be formed into the new state of West Virginia. Confederate coastal areas and ports were seized in southeastern Virginia and North Carolina. The Shenandoah Valley was marked by frequent clashes in 1862, 1863, and 1864. Lee launched two unsuccessful invasions of Union territory in hopes of influencing Northern opinion to end the war. In the fall of 1862, Lee followed his successful Northern Virginia Campaign with his first invasion, the Maryland Campaign, which culminated in his strategic defeat in the Battle of Antietam. In the summer of 1863, Lee's second invasion, the Gettysburg Campaign, reached into Pennsylvania, farther north than any other major Confederate army. Following a Confederate attack on Washington, D.C., itself in 1864, Union forces commanded by Philip H. Sheridan launched a campaign in the Shenandoah Valley, which cost the Confederacy control over a major food supply for Lee's army.
Richard S. Ewell | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Richard S. Ewell
00:00:28 1 Early life and career
00:02:22 2 Civil War
00:04:57 2.1 With Stonewall Jackson
00:08:10 2.2 Gettysburg and controversy
00:12:31 2.3 Overland Campaign and Richmond
00:15:16 3 Postbellum life
00:16:14 4 In popular media
00:17:16 5 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Richard Stoddert Ewell (February 8, 1817 – January 25, 1872) was a career United States Army officer and a Confederate general during the American Civil War. He achieved fame as a senior commander under Stonewall Jackson and Robert E. Lee and fought effectively through much of the war, but his legacy has been clouded by controversies over his actions at the Battle of Gettysburg and at the Battle of Spotsylvania Court House.
William Rosecrans | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
William Rosecrans
00:02:03 1 Early life and education
00:04:25 2 Career
00:07:14 2.1 American Civil War
00:10:01 2.1.1 Western Theater
00:10:49 2.1.2 Iuka
00:14:54 2.1.3 Corinth
00:20:26 2.1.4 Army of the Cumberland
00:21:59 2.1.5 Stones River
00:24:57 2.1.6 Tullahoma
00:30:04 2.1.7 Chickamauga
00:35:38 2.1.8 Missouri and resignation
00:37:29 3 Later life
00:41:58 4 Death
00:42:46 5 Legacy
00:44:15 6 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
William Starke Rosecrans (September 6, 1819 – March 11, 1898) was an American inventor, coal-oil company executive, diplomat, politician, and U.S. Army officer. He gained fame for his role as a Union general during the American Civil War. He was the victor at prominent Western Theater battles, but his military career was effectively ended following his disastrous defeat at the Battle of Chickamauga in 1863.
Rosecrans graduated in 1842 from the West Point Military Academy where he served in engineering assignments as well as a professor before leaving the Army to pursue a career in civil engineering. At the start of the Civil War, leading troops from Ohio, he achieved early combat success in western Virginia. In 1862 in the Western Theater, he won the battles of Iuka and Corinth while under the command of Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant. His brusque, outspoken manner and willingness to quarrel openly with superiors caused a professional rivalry with Grant (as well as with Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton) that would adversely affect Rosecrans' career.
Given command of the Army of the Cumberland, he fought against Confederate Gen. Braxton Bragg at Stones River, and later outmaneuvered him in the brilliant Tullahoma Campaign, driving the Confederates from Middle Tennessee. His strategic movements then caused Bragg to abandon the critical city of Chattanooga, but Rosecrans' pursuit of Bragg ended during the bloody Battle of Chickamauga, where his unfortunately worded order mistakenly opened a gap in the Union line and Rosecrans and a third of his army were swept from the field. Besieged in Chattanooga, Rosecrans was relieved of command by Grant.
Following his humiliating defeat, Rosecrans was reassigned to command the Department of Missouri, where he opposed Price's Raid. He was briefly considered as a vice presidential running mate for Abraham Lincoln in 1864. After the war, he served in diplomatic and appointed political positions and in 1880 was elected to Congress, representing California.