By-elections to the 42nd Canadian Parliament are held to fill vacancies in the House of Commons of Canada between the 2015 federal election and the next federal election. The 42nd Canadian Parliament has existed since 2015 with the membership of its House of Commons having been determined by the results of the Canadian federal election held on October 19, 2015. The Liberal Party of Canada has a majority government during this Parliament. A by-election was held on October 24, 2016, following the death of Jim Hillyer on March 23, 2016.Five by-elections were held on April 3, 2017: One was held following the death of Mauril Bélanger on August 16, 2016. A second was called due to the resignation from the House of Commons of former prime minister Stephen Harper on August 26, 2016. A third was held due to the resignation of Jason Kenney , on September 23, 2016, to enter provincial politics and pursue the leadership of the Progressive Conservative Association of Alberta. A fourth by-election was called for the constituency of Markham—Thornhill following the appointment of John McCallum as Ambassador to China; and a fifth was called for the constituency of Saint-Laurent following the appointment of Stéphane Dion as Ambassador to Germany. They officially resigned their seats in the House of Commons on January 31, 2017.Two further by-elections were held on October 23, 2017, in Sturgeon River—Parkland and Lac-Saint-Jean, following the resignations of former interim Conservative leader Rona Ambrose on July 4, 2017, and former Conservative deputy leader Denis Lebel on August 9, 2017.Four by-elections were held on December 11, 2017, due to the death on September 14, 2017, of Arnold Chan , the resignations effective September 30, 2017, of former cabinet minister Judy Foote , and Dianne Watts to enter provincial politics and pursue the leadership of the British Columbia Liberal Party, and in Battlefords—Lloydminster due to the resignation of Conservative MP Gerry Ritz on October 2, 2017.One by-election was held on June 18, 2018 following the resignation of Denis Lemieux . on December 1, 2017.A by-election will be held on December 3, 2018 following the death of Gord Brown on May 2, 2018.Four additional by-elections are expected in 2018 or early 2019 due to the announcement by former New Democratic Party leader Tom Mulcair of his resignation of the seat of Outremont on August 3, 2018 to accept an academic position, the announcement by NDP MP Kennedy Stewart of his resignation of the seat of Burnaby South on September 17 to run for Mayor of Vancouver, the announcement by Conservative MP Peter Van Loan of his resignation of the seat of York—Simcoe on September 30, 2018, and the pending resignation of NDP Nanaimo—Ladysmith MP Sheila Malcolmson to enter provincial politics.An additional by-election was expected to be held in Saint-Léonard—Saint-Michel following Liberal MP Nicola Di Iorio's announcement that he intended to resign in Summer 2018, though Di Iorio subsequently announced he would instead finish his term and retire at the next election.The writ for a by-election must be dropped no sooner than 11 days and no later than 180 days after the Chief Electoral Officer is officially notified of a vacancy via a warrant issued by the Speaker. Under the Canada Elections Act, the minimum length of a campaign is 36 days between dropping the writ and election day.
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