Russia: 18-tonne bell, the 'Aleksandr Nevsky', arrives at St Petersburg monastery
Video ID: 20140728-027
W/S Bell on truck and Christians praying while walking next to truck
M/S Bell on truck
C/U People touching bell and crossing themselves
M/S Orthodox priests walking and praying
M/S People following the bell
W/S Christians surrounding bell
M/S Bell on truck
M/S Crane driver
W/S Bell on truck
C/U Worker attaching chain to bell
M/S Worker attaching chain to bell
SCRIPT
An 18-tonne bell, named 'Alexander Nevsky', arrived at the Saint Alexander Nevsky Monastery in St Petersburg on Monday.
After being cast in Kamensk-Uralsky in the Sverdlovsk region, the bell travelled through 11 Russian cities including Yekaterinburg, Ufa, Samara, Saratov, Penza, Ryazan, Moscow, Yaroslavl, Vologda, Cherepovets and Tikhvin.
It is to be installed in the belfry of the Troitsky Cathedral in the grounds of the monastery in October. The belfry is currently undergoing repairs.
The bell is named after 13th century Russian hero Aleksandr Nevsky, the Grand Prince of Novgorod and Vladimir who was sainted by the Orthodox Church because of his military victories over the Swedes and Germans.
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Russian Orthodox Church
All Music Content rights belong to its rightful owners. no copyright intended.
The Russian Orthodox Church (ROC; Russian: Ру́сская правосла́вная це́рковь, tr. Rússkaya pravoslávnaya tsérkov), alternatively legally known as the Moscow Patriarchate (Russian: Моско́вский патриарха́т, tr. Moskóvskiy patriarkhát),[5] is one of the autocephalous Eastern Orthodox Christian churches. The primate of the ROC is the Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus'. The ROC, as well as its primate, officially ranks fifth in the Orthodox order of precedence, immediately below the four ancient patriarchates of the Greek Orthodox Church: Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem.[6] Since 15 October 2018, the ROC is not in communion with the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople, having unilaterally severed ties in reaction to the establishment of the Orthodox Church of Ukraine, which was finalised by the Ecumenical Patriarchate on 5 January 2019.
The Christianization of Kievan Rus', widely seen as the birth of the ROC, is believed to have occurred in 988 through the baptism of the Kievan prince Vladimir and his people by the clergy of the Ecumenical Patriarchate, whose constituent part the ROC remained for the next six centuries, while the Kievan see remained in the jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarchate until 1686.
The ROC currently claims its exclusive jurisdiction over the Orthodox Christians, irrespective of their ethnic background, who reside in the former member republics of the Soviet Union, excluding Georgia and Armenia, although this claim is disputed in such countries as Estonia, Moldova and Ukraine and consequently parallel canonical Orthodox jurisdictions exist in those: the Estonian Apostolic Orthodox Church, the Metropolis of Bessarabia, and the Orthodox Church of Ukraine, respectively. It also exercises ecclesiastical jurisdiction over the autonomous Church of Japan and the Orthodox Christians resident in the People's Republic of China. The ROC branches in Belarus, Estonia, Latvia, Moldova and Ukraine since the 1990s enjoy various degrees of self-government, albeit short of the status of formal ecclesiastical autonomy.
The ROC should not be confused with the Orthodox Church in America (OCA), another autocephalous Orthodox church (since 1970, but not universally recognised in this status and viewed by the Ecumenical Patriarchate as a branch of the ROC), that traces its existence in North America to the time of the Russian missionaries in Alaska (then part of the Russian Empire) in the late 18th century. The ROC should also not be confused with the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia (also known as the Russian Orthodox Church Abroad, or ROCOR), headquartered in the United States. The ROCOR was instituted in the 1920s by Russian communities outside then Communist Russia, which refused to recognize the authority of the Moscow Patriarchate then de facto headed by Metropolitan Sergius Stragorodsky. The two churches reconciled on May 17, 2007; the ROCOR is now a self-governing part of the Russian Orthodox Church.
Поле Куликово 15.09.2018г.
Мы приносим РАДОСТЬ!
Военно-исторический фестиваль Поле Куликово 15.09.2018г.
Субботний праздник на Куликовом поле обозначил новую дату в современной истории. 638 годовщину Куликовской битвы отметили поклонники истории.
Воинские ритуалы и богослужения в храмах, широкая ярмарка и гуляния – так проходили торжества в память о победе Дмитрия Донского еще в XIX веке. Эти традиции живы и в XXI веке, но последние двадцать лет выдвинули на первый план поклонников живой истории – реконструкторов. С бытом и культурой Руси и Золотой Орды, которые они изучают и возрождают, спешат пообщаться тысячи туристов.
Из года в год в программе праздника живая история и память о событии переплетаются. Вот с самого утра готовятся сражаться финалисты турнира по историческому фехтованию, устанавливает круг гончар, раздувают меха кузнец и бусодел, выкладывают товары мастера и торговцы… Мечи и ножи, украшения и пояса, доспехи и одежда – торжище предложит уникальные товары и участникам военно-исторического движения, и простым обывателям. А у храма готовятся пройти маршем десантники, возглавив колонну почетных гостей. Торжественный митинг и лития по воинам XIV века проходят у памятника-колонны Дмитрию Донскому.
И день сегодняшний уступает место прошлому. На дружинный поклон к монументу стекаются участники военно-исторического фестиваля. Как шесть веков назад княжества спешили на зов Дмитрия Ивановича, так и сегодня реконструкторы из десятков российских городов и ближнего зарубежья съезжаются на берег Дона. Москва и Подмосковье, Санкт-Петербург и Иваново, Саратов, Череповец, Ижевск, Белгород, Железногорск, Орел, Тверь, Пенза, Липецкая и Тульская области, Рязань, Владимир, Казань, Тамбов, Бобров, Ростов-на-Дону, Краснознаменск, Великий Новгород, Выборг, Псков, Борисоглебск, Рыбинск, Брянск, Харьков. Они тоже сыграют свою роль в Куликовском сражении. Кто-то - на стороне Орды, кого-то поведет в бой под своими знаменами Дмитрий Донской. Итог битвы знаком с детства. Но увидеть летописную историю вживую – дорогого стоит. Схватка сторож, поединок Пересвета и Челубея, сражающиеся конницы и пешая рать, спасительное для войска князя Дмитрия вступление Засадного полка, бегство Мамая и победа русского войска… Так шесть веков назад отстаивали наши предки свою независимость. Так помнят об их подвигах потомки сегодня.
Продолжить знакомство с историей можно на интерактивных площадках. С каждым годом их все больше и больше. Здесь ведется рассказ о средневековой кухне, раскатывают и жарят лепешки. Мальчишки пробуют плести кольчуги, девчонки мастерят серьги. Вот мальчуган упорно пилит зажатый в клещах станка рог – собирается сделать себе амулет. Рядом школяры изучают ордынскую азбуку и учатся писать. У юрты ажиотаж. Можно зайти в гости к ханше и сфотографироваться в интерьере. Примерить кольчугу и главное научиться правильно снимать ее, погадать на костях, слепить сосуд и отлить бусину, сразиться на мечах… Можно застрять в Средневековье надолго. Но рядом и другие эпохи предлагают свои загадки. Устал от событий шестивековой давности – отправляйся к стрельцам или перенесись в двадцатый век в историю Великой Отечественной.
Праздник на Куликовом поле в этом году развернулся на двух площадках. На Красном холме, и на территории нового музейного комплекса неподалеку. И тут, и там звучала историческая музыка в исполнении любимцев публики фолк-групп «Сколот» и «Teufelstans». Утреннюю сцену в комплексе организаторы отдали «Spiritual Seasons». А на Красном холме традиционно выступил Губернаторский духовой оркестр, тульские фольклорные танцевальные и песенные коллективы, победители детских конкурсов песни и Детский духовой оркестр Тульской областной детской музыкальной школы им. Г.З. Райхеля.
Завершили праздник в музейном комплексе поединки российских и зарубежных участников Международного турнира по историческому средневековому бою на приз «Куликова поля».
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Музыка автор Хорошо - Николай Агутин
Ах, как хочется - Николай Агутин
Всем спасибо за просмотр ставьте пальчики вверх и подписывайтесь на наш канал ????
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Russian River Cruise Travel Video - Volga River cRUISE
UPDATE 2015: Shot a few years ago, this video by Don Dulmadge is still a superb way to give you an upfront view of culture, georgeous scenery and excitement you can expect from our Russian Cruises! While we may change vessels - the sights and stunning beauty remain the same!
Check out all the details on our website:
Russia is the largest country in the world, home to 150 million people and spanning 11 time zones. Over a thousand years of culture, history, intrigue, and mystery. Ornate palaces, giant squares, magical fountains, the first man in space, world-renowned literature, art, and music. Since 1991, when Perestroika opened Russia to the world, millions of visitors have poured into Moscow to marvel at the Red Square, the unique onion domes of Saint Basil's Cathedral, and the vast Kremlin grounds adorned with giant bells and cannons. Millions have come to St. Petersburg to view the incomparable wealth of the Hermitage Museum, the grandeur of Pavlovsk and Catherine Palaces, and the magic of Peterhof Fountains, where water is propelled by ingenious design and gravity, not by modern pumps or technology. But Russia is not just Moscow and St. Petersburg, Russia is also Goritza, a typical riverside peasant village, where you can break bread with an authentic local family. Russia's Uglich, Yaroslavl, and Kizhi, but most all of all, Russia is its people, old and young alike, who will impress you with their hospitality, humor, and generous spirit, their curiosity, intelligence, and their Slavic duše, or soul.
The ship, refurbished in 2006, holds a maximum of 240 passengers, along with 100 crew members. Her cabins are clean and comfortable, featuring all lower berths, private bathrooms with showers, refrigerators, air conditioning and opening windows. Aboard all our ships, meals are served in our spacious panorama restaurants and night bars, and are complimented with a number of additional feasts and surprises. Blini and caviar tasting, tea parties, and vodka and champagne galore. After a full day of sightseeing, you can rest and relax in one of our elegant lounges, where a talented team of classical musicians, folklore dancers, and our live dance band will entertain you until the wee hours of the morning.
After another day of sightseeing, the time will come to bid St. Petersburg goodbye, as you set sail on your Volga adventure. Enjoy our welcome cocktails and dinner, and then party away as our on-board entertainers enthrall you with their playing, singing, and dancing. Your first stop downstream will be at the delightful green station of Mondraga, where a typical 19th-century Russian village has been recreated. Here, you will see artisans at work and be able to purchase their creations. You will also have a chance to see the unique Vodka Museum, featuring over 2,500 versions of Russia's national drink. Then it's time to enjoy an authentic riverside barbecue with shashlik, wine, and special entertainment.
Kizhi Island, one of the 1,650 island dotting the immense Lake Onega, is reminiscent of a fairy tale. The structures found on the island are authentic examples of traditional Russian wooden architecture from the turn of the century. The most spectacular is the Church of Transfiguration, whose 22 cupolas were constructed by Master Nestor without the use of a single nail. Back on board, it's time to take in one of our many cultural and entertainment activities. Enjoy a lecture on Russian history or Russian arts and souvenirs. Then, sit back and enjoy an on-board concert performed by our fabulous folklore ensemble.
In the typical riverside village of Goritza, you will visit an authentic peasant house, where you will be welcomed and served delicious homemade food. The day will end with another treat, our on-board caviar and champagne party. Founded in 1010 by Prince Yaroslavl the Wise, Yaroslavl is one of Russia's oldest cities. During the Middle Ages, it was a main training center and one of three Golden Ring Cities. Today, the Church of Elijah the Prophet boasts of some of the oldest original icons, dating back as far as the 13th century. It is also home to one of the most renowned a cappella choirs in all of Russia.
The town of Uglich is closely linked to the darker side of Russian history. It is here that the 10-year-old crown Prince Dmitri, the youngest son of Ivan the Terrible, was murdered, which brought Boris Godunov to the throne and turmoil to the country. The day will end with a classic concert, preformed by two of Russia's most renowned classical musicians, who will fill the evening with romance and raw emotion. As you continue sailing towards Moscow, the evening is reserved for our Captain's Gala Dinner, featuring vodka, champagne, and entertainment. Then it's time for some silly fun and laughter at our talent show, where both passengers and staff get to strut their stuff.
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Митрополиту Волгоградскому и Камышинскому Герману - 80!
Богослужение в день юбилея митрополита Волгоградского и Камышинского Германа состоялось в Свято-Духовом монастыре Волгограда.
11 ноября 2017г., в Волгоградской епархии молитвенно отметили юбилей митрополита Волгоградского и Камышинского Германа. Торжества начались с Божественной литургии в Свято-Духовом монастыре. Его Высокопреосвященству сослужили епископ Урюпинский и Новоаннинский Елисей, епископ Калачевский и Палласовский Иоанн, благочинные епархиальных округов, руководители епархиальных отделов в священном сане, клирики митрополии.
По окончании богослужения в актовом зале Свято-Духова монастыря Его Высокопреосвященство принимал поздравления. Своего дорогого Владыку пришли поздравить священнослужители, представители администрации города. Поздравительные адреса Главе Волгоградской митрополии направили губернатор области А.И. Бочаров, глава администрации Волгограда В.В. Лихачев, руководители силовых ведомств и учебных заведений региона. В словах поздравлений они особо отметили вклад Владыки в духовное развитие общества.
Помощи Божией во всех делах! Многая и благая лета!
------------------------
«Епископ призван душу свою отдать за избавление многих»
80 лет исполняется 11 ноября владыке Герману. Более четвери века он руководит Волгоградской и Камышинской епархией, последние пять лет также возглавляет Волгоградскую митрополию, в состав которой после реформы РПЦ, кроме Волгоградской и Камышинской, вошли — Урюпинская и Новоаннинская, а также Калачёвская и Палласовская епархии.
Основание Царицынского православного университета, развитие активной социальной и миссионерской деятельности, начало воссоздания в Волгограде собора в честь святого благоверного князя Александра Невского и возрождение духовной жизни в доверенном ему регионе – лишь часть осуществленных планов митрополита. О пути служения владыки Германа и значимых фактах биографии — в материале, подготовленном пресс-службой епархии.
Все начиналось с храма Александра Невского
Митрополит Герман (в миру Геннадий Евгеньевич Тимофеев) родился 11 ноября 1937 года в Ташкенте в семье служащих. С большим теплом владыка вспоминает свои первые впечатления от посещения церкви – это был храм святого благоверного князя Александра Невского на Ташкентском кладбище, куда ребенком его привела бабушка:
«Тогда, помню, душа моя, по рождению и по крещению христианка, пленилась благолепием Божия Дома. Потом я видел много других храмов, более благолепных, и в них было больше святынь в виде чтимых икон и мощей угодников Божиих. Но тот кладбищенский храм на земле моего знойного, далекого отсюда родного края навсегда остался единственным, как родоначальник всех других святынь, пережитых мною от того часа даже до днесь».
С 1950 года будущий епископ служил в алтаре Ташкентского кафедрального собора, был книгодержцем у владыки Гурия. После окончания средней школы в 1955 году с благословения Ташкентского архиепископа Ермогена (Голубева) поступил в Саратовскую духовную семинарию, а через год перешел в Ленинградскую духовную семинарию, которую окончил только в 1962 году из-за двухлетнего перерыва в связи со службой в Советской армии.
В 1966 году Геннадий Тимофеев завершает образование в Ленинградской духовной академии, откуда выходит кандидатом богословия за сочинение «Богослужение Святой Пасхи в его историческом развитии». На последнем курсе — 19 декабря 1965 года принимает монашеский постриг.
«Я постригся, чтобы удобнее было душу спасти, и думал, что иночество станет для меня чем-то вроде вьючного животного, которое послужит мне средством передвижения по тесной дороге, ведущей в вечную жизнь. … Я знаю, что епископская митра – это терновый венец Христа; архиерейский омофор представляет собой заблудшую овцу, взятую добрым пастырем на рамо: это заблуждения, немощи и болезни чад церковных, вся тяжесть которых ложится на плечи епископа; епископ образ Христа в церкви, а царство Христово не от мира сего, и, подобно Христу, епископ призван служить, а не господствовать, он призван душу свою отдать за избавление многих».
Братья и сестры! Просим Ваших святых молитв!
Да снизойдет на Вас Божия благодать!
Приход храма Святого праведного Иоанна Кронштадтского Чудотворца. Волгоград. Россия.
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Crimean–Nogai raids into East Slavic lands | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Crimean–Nogai raids into East Slavic lands
00:02:38 1 Causes
00:02:47 1.1 Economic factors
00:03:55 1.2 Political factors
00:04:41 2 Military
00:04:49 2.1 The theater of war
00:08:12 2.2 Tactics
00:10:08 3 The fate of the captives
00:10:17 3.1 On the steppe
00:12:06 3.2 In Crimea and Turkey
00:15:41 4 Resistance to the raids
00:15:51 4.1 Russia
00:16:18 4.2 Poland–Lithuania
00:17:06 5 In folk culture
00:17:49 6 Historians on the Tatar raids
00:18:34 7 List of raids
00:18:43 7.1 Outline
00:20:37 7.2 1480–1506
00:34:18 7.3 1507–1570
00:59:11 7.4 1571–1599
01:15:51 7.5 1600–1648
01:48:24 7.6 Wars 1648-1709
01:50:13 7.7 1648-1655: Khmelnitsky Uprising
02:03:20 8 1657-1663 Vyhovsky and the Poles
02:10:13 8.1 1665–1678
02:48:46 8.2 1677–1699
03:03:13 8.3 1700–1769
03:13:00 9 See also
03:13:17 10 Sources
03:13:57 11 Notes
03:14:05 12 External links
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- Socrates
SUMMARY
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The Crimean-Nogai raids were slave raids carried out by the Khanate of Crimea and by the Nogai Horde into the region of Rus' then controlled by the Grand Duchy of Moscow (until 1547), by the Tsardom of Russia (1547-1721), by the Russian Empire (1721 onwards) and by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth from 1569). These raids began after Crimea became independent about 1441 and lasted until the peninsula came under Russian control in 1774.Their main purpose was the capture of slaves, most of whom were exported to the Ottoman slave markets in Constantinople or elsewhere in the Middle East. The raids were an important drain of the human and economic resources of eastern Europe. They largely inhabited the settlement of the Wild Fields – the steppe and forest-steppe land which extends from a hundred or so miles south of Moscow to the Black Sea and which now contains most of the Russian and Ukrainian population. The raids also played an important role in the development of the Cossacks.Estimates of the number of people involved vary: according to Alan W. Fisher the number of people deported from the Slavic lands on both sides of the border during the 14th to 17th centuries was about 3 million. Michael Khodarkhovsky estimates that 150,000 to 200,000 people were abducted from Russia in the first 50 years of the 17th century.The first major Tatar raid for slaves occurred in 1468 and was directed into Galicia. Crimean Khan Devlet I Giray even managed to burn down Moscow during the 1571 campaign. The last raid into Hungary by the Crimean Tatars took place in 1717. In 1769 a last major Tatar raid, which took place during the Russo-Turkish War, saw the capture of 20,000 slaves.
What made the wild field so forbidding were the Tatars. Year after year, their swift raiding parties swept down on the towns and villages to pillage, kill the old and frail, and drive away thousands of captives to be sold as slaves in the Crimean port of Kaffa, a city often referred to by Russians as the vampire that drinks the blood of Rus'...For example, from 1450 to 1586, eighty-six raids were recorded, and from 1600 to 1647, seventy. Although estimates of the number of captives taken in a single raid reached as high as 30,000, the average figure was closer to 3000...In Podilia alone, about one-third of all the villages were devastated or abandoned between 1578 and 1583.
David Yuzhin - Prince Igor
David Kristoforovitch Yuzhin (1863-1923) was a Russian tenor of Greek heritage. Born David Pindekost (some sources give his real name as Pistiko) in Ekaterinoslav, he sang in his hometown church choir and aspired to become a monk in his youth. Brutal criticism from a conservatory professor in St. Petersburg drove Yuzhin to the verge of suicide, causing him to abandon the idea of ever singing again. However, a much needed second opinion convinced the young tenor that there was a future for him on the opera stage. After a period of further study, he auditioned for the Mariinsky Theatre and was accepted into the chorus in 1892. After two years as a chorister, Yuzhin made his debut as a principal artist at the Kazansk-Saratovsk Opera. The young tenor spent the rest of the 1890s appearing throughout Russia, singing in the theaters of Samara, Kharkov, Odessa, Perm, Tiflis, Kazan, Saratov, Odessa, Yalta, Baku and Kiev. In 1901, Yuzhin made his debut at Moscow's Bolshoi Theatre as Raoul in Meyerbeer's Les Huguenots. He remained with the company for the next seven seasons, singing a variety of roles. During his tenure at the Bolshoi, Yuzhin met the woman who was to become his wife, soprano Natalya Ermolenko (1881-1937). The two went on to become frequent singing partners and remained married until the tenor’s death. Yuzhin was a member of Sergei Zimin’s Opera in Moscow from 1908 to 1912 and also appeared in Italy, Belgium and South America during the first decade of the 20th Century. The busy tenor also organized his own touring company (something that seems to have been popular with Russian tenors of that period) to bring operatic productions to the Russian provinces.
Yuzhin’s repertoire of some thirty roles included the tenor leads in such operas as Boris Godunov, The Snow Maiden, Pique Dame, Fra Diavolo, La Traviata, Aïda, Il Trovatore, Don Carlo, Rigoletto, La Gioconda, Pagliacci, Mefistofele, Faust, La Juive and Roméo et Juliette. At the age of only 50, Yuzhin began to curtail his stage performances and began concentrating on concerts and recitals. His final performance seems to have been a gala concert in Tsaritsyn (now Volgograd) in 1916. The reasons for his relatively early retirement are not known. Perhaps it was the wear and tear on his voice after two decades of singing some very strenuous repertoire. It might have been to leave more time to dedicate to his touring company. Others have pointed to the possibility that the tenor’s health was failing and that he no longer possessed the physical stamina to perform complete operatic roles. Regardless of the reason, by 1916, Yuzhin’s performing career was over and he concentrated on producing operas on tour to showcase the talents of his wife. By 1920, however, the grueling schedule proved too much for the aging artist. Yuzhin retired to Moscow, where, following a lengthy illness, he died on December 28, 1923 at the age of 60.
David Yuzhin left a fairly impressive legacy of about 60 discs, made for G&T, Pathé and the Gramophone Company between 1901 and 1908. One hears a well produced lirico-spinto voice of decent size and range. One also hears unbelievably shoddy musicianship, particularly in his early piano accompanied discs for G&T. Singer and pianist are rarely in synch. Yuzhin blows through rests, constantly forcing his accompanist to jump ahead or quickly change tempo to accommodate the tenor’s rhythmic eccentricities. These blunders may have been the result of nerves due to uncertainty in his first recording sessions (Moreschi, Marconi and even Caruso made similar gaffs in their early recordings), for one notices these types of errors far less in the tenor’s later recordings. Mistakes or not, Yuzhin’s discs give us a priceless glimpse into the art of a lesser known working tenor from Imperialist Russia. In this recording, Yuzhin sings Vladimir's cavatina, Daylight is Fading from Act II of Borodin's Prince Igor. This was recorded for G&T in Moscow in January of 1902.
Victory Parade
Tsar Nicholas II returns to Petrograd.
Романовы. Фильм Восьмой. StarMedia. Babich-Design. Документальный Фильм
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До начала XX века оставалось 20 лет. Страну лихорадило. Никогда еще царская власть в России не была столь неустойчива. Ответственность за будущее империи пришлось взять на себя Александру III Александровичу. Он сумел вывести Россию из экономического кризиса и превратить ее в одну из самых мощных мировых держав. Именно такой — на пике своего могущества — страна перешла во власть Николая Александровича Романова. Тогда еще никто не знал, что Российская империя вскоре прекратит свое существование, а Николай станет последним ее правителем, последним монархом из великой династии — династии Романовых.
Формат: историческая реконструкция
Жанр: докудрама
Год производства: 2013
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Режиссер: Максим Беспалый
Сценарий: Марина Бандиленко, Марина Улыбышева
Оператор-постановщик: Иван Бархварт
Композитор: Борис Кукоба
Продюсеры: Валерий Бабич, Влад Ряшин, Сергей Титинков, Константин Эрнст
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State Dept. condemns Russia's jailing of six Jehovah's witnesses for 'peaceful religious practice'
The State Department criticized Russian authorities Saturday over this week's jailing of six Jehovah's Witnesses for up to three-and-a-half years.Deeply concerned by Russian court decision to jail six Jehovah's Witnesses in Saratov for peaceful religious practice, spokesperson Morgan Ortagus wrote on Twitter. We urge Russia to respect its citizens' rights to religious freedom and stop falsely accusing Jehovah's Witnesses of extremism. Reuters reported that a regional court in the southwestern city of Saratov found the men guilty of taking part in activities of an extremist organization. Russia's Supreme Court ruled in 2017 that the Christian denomination was an extremist organization and ordered the group to disband. EPSTEIN ACCUSER SAYS PRINCE ANDREW TOLD HER 'THANK YOU' AFTER SHE WAS FORCED TO HAVE SEX WITH HIM Yes they were convicted,” a court spokeswoman announced Friday. Punishments ranged from three years and six months down to two years (in jail).” Danish Jehovah's Witness Dennis Christensen is escorted from a courtroom in Russia in February. (Yuriy Temirbulatov, Courtesy of Jehovah's Witnesses via AP) The U.S.-headquartered Jehovah’s Witnesses have faced discrimination for years in Russia, where the Orthodox Church is propped up by President Vladimir Putin. Orthodox scholars have accused Jehovah’s Witnesses of eroding state institutions and traditional values, according to Reuters. YEMEN'S HOUTHI REBELS ANNOUNCE HALT IN ATTACKS ON SAUDI ARABIA More than 250 Jehovah’s Witnesses have been detained since the 2017 ban, according to the group. 41 are in detention and 23 are on house arrest. Two of those convicted face three-and-a-half years in prison, one faces three years and three face two years. The religion has says it has 170,000 followers in Russia and more than eight million adherents worldwide. CLICK HERE FOR THE FOX NEWS APP In February, a court ruled that a Danish Jehovah’s Witness in Russia has to stay in prison for six years. Soon after, the religious denomination accused Russian officers of torturing its members, alleging that seven of its adherents were beaten, given electrical shocks and suffocated during interrogation.
David Yuzhin - La donna è mobile
David Kristoforovitch Yuzhin (1863-1923) was a Russian tenor of Greek heritage. Born David Pindekost (some sources give his real name as Pistiko) in Ekaterinoslav, he sang in his hometown church choir and aspired to become a monk in his youth. Brutal criticism from a conservatory professor in St. Petersburg drove Yuzhin to the verge of suicide, causing him to abandon the idea of ever singing again. However, a much needed second opinion convinced the young tenor that there was a future for him on the opera stage. After a period of further study, he auditioned for the Mariinsky Theatre and was accepted into the chorus in 1892. After two years as a chorister, Yuzhin made his debut as a principal artist at the Kazansk-Saratovsk Opera. The young tenor spent the rest of the 1890s appearing throughout Russia, singing in the theaters of Samara, Kharkov, Odessa, Perm, Tiflis, Kazan, Saratov, Odessa, Yalta, Baku and Kiev. In 1901, Yuzhin made his debut at Moscow's Bolshoi Theatre as Raoul in Meyerbeer's Les Huguenots. He remained with the company for the next seven seasons, singing a variety of roles. During his tenure at the Bolshoi, Yuzhin met the woman who was to become his wife, soprano Natalya Ermolenko (1881-1937). The two went on to become frequent singing partners and remained married until the tenor’s death. Yuzhin was a member of Sergei Zimin’s Opera in Moscow from 1908 to 1912 and also appeared in Italy, Belgium and South America during the first decade of the 20th Century. The busy tenor also organized his own touring company (something that seems to have been popular with Russian tenors of that period) to bring operatic productions to the Russian provinces.
Yuzhin’s repertoire of some thirty roles included the tenor leads in such operas as Boris Godunov, The Snow Maiden, Pique Dame, Fra Diavolo, La Traviata, Aïda, Il Trovatore, Don Carlo, Rigoletto, La Gioconda, Pagliacci, Mefistofele, Faust, La Juive and Roméo et Juliette. At the age of only 50, Yuzhin began to curtail his stage performances and began concentrating on concerts and recitals. His final performance seems to have been a gala concert in Tsaritsyn (now Volgograd) in 1916. The reasons for his relatively early retirement are not known. Perhaps it was the wear and tear on his voice after two decades of singing some very strenuous repertoire. It might have been to leave more time to dedicate to his touring company. Others have pointed to the possibility that the tenor’s health was failing and that he no longer possessed the physical stamina to perform complete operatic roles. Regardless of the reason, by 1916, Yuzhin’s performing career was over and he concentrated on producing operas on tour to showcase the talents of his wife. By 1920, however, the grueling schedule proved too much for the aging artist. Yuzhin retired to Moscow, where, following a lengthy illness, he died on December 28, 1923 at the age of 60.
David Yuzhin left a fairly impressive legacy of about 60 discs, made for G&T, Pathé and the Gramophone Company between 1901 and 1908. One hears a well produced lirico-spinto voice of decent size and range. One also hears unbelievably shoddy musicianship, particularly in his early piano accompanied discs for G&T. Singer and pianist are rarely in synch. Yuzhin blows through rests, constantly forcing his accompanist to jump ahead or quickly change tempo to accommodate the tenor’s rhythmic eccentricities. These blunders may have been the result of nerves due to uncertainty in his first recording sessions (Moreschi, Marconi and even Caruso made similar gaffs in their early recordings), for one notices these types of errors far less in the tenor’s later recordings. Mistakes or not, Yuzhin’s discs give us a priceless glimpse into the art of a lesser known working tenor from Imperialist Russia. Here, Yuzhin sings a Russian version of La donna è mobile from the final act of Verdi's Rigoletto. This recording was made in Moscow for G&T in January of 1902.
David Yuzhin & Natalya Ermolenko-Yuzhina - Aïda
David Kristoforovitch Yuzhin (1863-1923) was a Russian tenor of Greek heritage. Born David Pindekost (some sources give his real name as Pistiko) in Ekaterinoslav, he sang in his hometown church choir and aspired to become a monk in his youth. Brutal criticism from a conservatory professor in St. Petersburg drove Yuzhin to the verge of suicide, causing him to abandon the idea of ever singing again. However, a much needed second opinion convinced the young tenor that there was a future for him on the opera stage. After a period of further study, he auditioned for the Mariinsky Theatre and was accepted into the chorus in 1892. After two years as a chorister, Yuzhin made his debut as a principal artist at the Kazansk-Saratovsk Opera. The young tenor spent the rest of the 1890s appearing throughout Russia, singing in the theaters of Samara, Kharkov, Odessa, Perm, Tiflis, Kazan, Saratov, Odessa, Yalta, Baku and Kiev. In 1901, Yuzhin made his debut at Moscow's Bolshoi Theatre as Raoul in Meyerbeer's Les Huguenots. He remained with the company for the next seven seasons, singing a variety of roles. During his tenure at the Bolshoi, Yuzhin met the woman who was to become his wife, soprano Natalya Ermolenko (1881-1937). The two went on to become frequent singing partners and remained married until the tenor’s death. Yuzhin was a member of Sergei Zimin’s Opera in Moscow from 1908 to 1912 and also appeared in Italy, Belgium and South America during the first decade of the 20th Century. The busy tenor also organized his own touring company (something that seems to have been popular with Russian tenors of that period) to bring operatic productions to the Russian provinces.
Yuzhin’s repertoire of some thirty roles included the tenor leads in such operas as Boris Godunov, The Snow Maiden, Pique Dame, Fra Diavolo, La Traviata, Aïda, Il Trovatore, Don Carlo, Rigoletto, La Gioconda, Pagliacci, Mefistofele, Faust, La Juive and Roméo et Juliette. At the age of only 50, Yuzhin began to curtail his stage performances and began concentrating on concerts and recitals. His final performance seems to have been a gala concert in Tsaritsyn (now Volgograd) in 1916. The reasons for his relatively early retirement are not known. Perhaps it was the wear and tear on his voice after two decades of singing some very strenuous repertoire. It might have been to leave more time to dedicate to his touring company. Others have pointed to the possibility that the tenor’s health was failing and that he no longer possessed the physical stamina to perform complete operatic roles. Regardless of the reason, by 1916, Yuzhin’s performing career was over and he concentrated on producing operas on tour to showcase the talents of his wife. By 1920, however, the grueling schedule proved too much for the aging artist. Yuzhin retired to Moscow, where, following a lengthy illness, he died on December 28, 1923 at the age of 60.
David Yuzhin left a fairly impressive legacy of about 60 discs, made for G&T, Pathé and the Gramophone Company between 1901 and 1908. One hears a well produced lirico-spinto voice of decent size and range. One also hears unbelievably shoddy musicianship, particularly in his early piano accompanied discs for G&T. Singer and pianist are rarely in synch. Yuzhin blows through rests, constantly forcing his accompanist to jump ahead or quickly change tempo to accommodate the tenor’s rhythmic eccentricities. These blunders may have been the result of nerves due to uncertainty in his first recording sessions (Moreschi, Marconi and even Caruso made similar gaffs in their early recordings), for one notices these types of errors far less in the tenor’s later recordings. Mistakes or not, Yuzhin’s discs give us a priceless glimpse into the art of a lesser known working tenor from Imperialist Russia. Here, Yuzhin joins soprano Natalya Ermolenko for Fuggiam gli ardori inospiti from Verdi's Aïda. This recording was made on two separate discs for The Gramophone Company in Moscow in 1908.
David Yuzhin - Ah, sì ben mio
David Kristoforovitch Yuzhin (1863-1923) was a Russian tenor of Greek heritage. Born David Pindekost (some sources give his real name as Pistiko) in Ekaterinoslav, he sang in his hometown church choir and aspired to become a monk in his youth. Brutal criticism from a conservatory professor in St. Petersburg drove Yuzhin to the verge of suicide, causing him to abandon the idea of ever singing again. However, a much needed second opinion convinced the young tenor that there was a future for him on the opera stage. After a period of further study, he auditioned for the Mariinsky Theatre and was accepted into the chorus in 1892. After two years as a chorister, Yuzhin made his debut as a principal artist at the Kazansk-Saratovsk Opera. The young tenor spent the rest of the 1890s appearing throughout Russia, singing in the theaters of Samara, Kharkov, Odessa, Perm, Tiflis, Kazan, Saratov, Odessa, Yalta, Baku and Kiev. In 1901, Yuzhin made his debut at Moscow's Bolshoi Theatre as Raoul in Meyerbeer's Les Huguenots. He remained with the company for the next seven seasons, singing a variety of roles. During his tenure at the Bolshoi, Yuzhin met the woman who was to become his wife, soprano Natalya Ermolenko (1881-1937). The two went on to become frequent singing partners and remained married until the tenor’s death. Yuzhin was a member of Sergei Zimin’s Opera in Moscow from 1908 to 1912 and also appeared in Italy, Belgium and South America during the first decade of the 20th Century. The busy tenor also organized his own touring company (something that seems to have been popular with Russian tenors of that period) to bring operatic productions to the Russian provinces.
Yuzhin’s repertoire of some thirty roles included the tenor leads in such operas as Boris Godunov, The Snow Maiden, Pique Dame, Fra Diavolo, La Traviata, Aïda, Il Trovatore, Don Carlo, Rigoletto, La Gioconda, Pagliacci, Mefistofele, Faust, La Juive and Roméo et Juliette. At the age of only 50, Yuzhin began to curtail his stage performances and began concentrating on concerts and recitals. His final performance seems to have been a gala concert in Tsaritsyn (now Volgograd) in 1916. The reasons for his relatively early retirement are not known. Perhaps it was the wear and tear on his voice after two decades of singing some very strenuous repertoire. It might have been to leave more time to dedicate to his touring company. Others have pointed to the possibility that the tenor’s health was failing and that he no longer possessed the physical stamina to perform complete operatic roles. Regardless of the reason, by 1916, Yuzhin’s performing career was over and he concentrated on producing operas on tour to showcase the talents of his wife. By 1920, however, the grueling schedule proved too much for the aging artist. Yuzhin retired to Moscow, where, following a lengthy illness, he died on December 28, 1923 at the age of 60.
David Yuzhin left a fairly impressive legacy of about 60 discs, made for G&T, Pathé and the Gramophone Company between 1901 and 1908. One hears a well produced lirico-spinto voice of decent size and range. One also hears unbelievably shoddy musicianship, particularly in his early piano accompanied discs for G&T. Singer and pianist are rarely in synch. Yuzhin blows through rests, constantly forcing his accompanist to jump ahead or quickly change tempo to accommodate the tenor’s rhythmic eccentricities. These blunders may have been the result of nerves due to uncertainty in his first recording sessions (Moreschi, Marconi and even Caruso made similar gaffs in their early recordings), for one notices these types of errors far less in the tenor’s later recordings. Mistakes or not, Yuzhin’s discs give us a priceless glimpse into the art of a lesser known working tenor from Imperialist Russia. Here, Yuzhin sings Ah, sì ben mio (in Russian) from Verdi's Il Trovatore. This recording was made in St. Petersburg for the Gramophone Company in 1903.
President Putin Kremlin RUSSIAN CULTURE HOUSE OF ROMANOV Gerald Duke of Sutherland Identity Affair
MAINSTREAM NEWS MEDIA EXTRACTS: I
British Royal Family well seasoned commentators are believed to have remarked that the genesis of the Gerald 6th Duke of Sutherland identity theft scandal lies in the forging of the birth certificate which effectively brought about a wide cadre of public figures who took advantage following the death of his mother and father respectively HRH The Princess Marina Duchess of Kent and George 5th Duke of Sutherland later HRH Prince Edward Duke of Windsor and Sir Winston S. Churchill both godfathers to Gerald 6th Duke of Sutherland during the formative years.
MAINSTREAM NEWS MEDIA EXTRACTS: II
The Carroll Foundation Trust and parallel Gerald 6th Duke of Sutherland Trust multi-billion dollar corporate identity theft liquidation bank fraud bribery case which is encircling the former Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales Lord Harry Woolf of Barnes has disclosed that two High Court Judges respectively the recently retired Sir David Eady and the Lady Justice Sharp are understood to be both seriously implicated in this case of international importance.
Sources have confirmed that the explosive FBI Scotland Yard “cross-border” criminal “standard of proof” prosecution files contain a compelling evidential paper trail which surrounds the Sir David Eady and the Lady Justice Sharp “close links” with the “targeted” Withersworldwide and Goodman Derrick law firms trans-national crime syndicate who are known to have executed this massive bank fraud heist operation spanning the globe.
Scotland Yard leaked sources have disclosed that the former HM Treasury Permanent Secretaries respectively Sir Peter Middleton along with Lord Terence Burns are confronting major ongoing allegations of money laundering offshore tax fraud and bribery on an industrial scale. This source also said that the offences were committed during their tenure as the most senior civil servants at HM Treasury.
It has emerged that Sir Peter Middleton later became Chairman of Barclays Bank whilst Lord Terence Burns assumed the role as Chairman of the Ofcom news media broadcasting authority which enabled them “in concert” to effectively impulse the extended money laundering operation.
It is public knowledge that RBS Coutts & Co Barclays International Lloyds Private Banking and HSBC Private Banking “targeted” the Carroll Global Corporation Trust banking arrangements which has prompted well seasoned political observers in Westminster to remark that the current Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales Lord Ian Burnett of Maldon Essex will be a pivotal force behind the much needed conclusion to this sorry affair.
The Carroll Foundation Trust files are held within a complete lockdown at the FBI Washington DC field office and the Metropolitan Police Scotland Yard London under the supervision of the Commissioner Cressida Dick QPM who is known to have an intimate knowledge of this major public interest case.
MAINSTREAM NEWS MEDIA EXTRACTS: III
Sources have confirmed that the City of London law firm Penningtons Manches premises were penetrated by the FBI Scotland Yard “targeted” Withersworldwide and Goodman Derrick law firms crime syndicate which removed Gerald 6th Duke of Sutherland Trust and Carroll Foundation Trust settlement deeds archival records in what was a bungled attempt to destroy a forensic paper trail leading back to this massive City of London bank fraud.
Further sources have said that the “Penningtons Manches blue file” dossiers contain compelling evidential material which surrounds the fraudulent incorporation of a Withers shadow “criminal parallel trust” that effectively embezzled a bewildering two hundred and fifty million dollars of Gerald Carroll’s huge treasury investment holdings which were held the Queen’s bankers Coutts & Co and Barclays International.
In a stunning twist it has emerged that the former HM Government Business Secretary Sir Vince Cable MP concealed a voluminous bundle of compelling criminal evidential material in his capacity as the Minister responsible for Companies House and the Insolvency Service. It is been disclosed that Sir Vince and his lawyers Goodman Derrick “conspired” with two High Court Judges in a bungled attempt to liquidate the Carroll Foundation Trust and the underlying Carroll Trust Corporations which continue to be retained “on register” at Companies House.
The disturbing insights into the Gerald Carroll Trusts debacle follows on from media reports which have revealed that major parts of the Gerald 6th Duke of Sutherland Trust Gerald J. H. Carroll “life tenant” records were destroyed at the Pinney Talfourd law firm premises “in concert” with Wortley Byers solicitors Brentwood Essex. It is understood that both firms are also facing major allegations of tax fraud and obstruction in this case spanning three continents.
International News Networks:
Leon Trotsky The sold out revoluton Who paid Trotsky? Secrets of the World Revolution
Secrets of the World Revolution. Who paid Trotsky? Who did fund the Bolschevic Revolution? Rothschilds , German , Bankers, Schiff. Marx, Russian. English Subtitles , Лев Троцкий. Тайна мировой революции ,Galina Ogurnaya,Director: Галина Огурная.
LinkOnly4/6/14 HAS RUSSIA b/c MORE CHRISTIAN THAN USA ?,search:,kremlin,russia,putin,crimea,khe...
4/6/14 HAS RUSSIA b/c MORE CHRISTIAN THAN USA ?,(thought-provoking article) search:,kremlin,russia,putin,crimea,khersones,orthodox, ;*read more at
...In his Kremlin defense of Russia's
annexation of Crimea, Vladimir Putin,
even before he began listing the battles
where Russian blood had been shed on
Crimean soil, spoke of an older deeper
bond.
Crimea, said Putin, is the location of
ancient Khersones, where Prince Vladimir
was baptized. His spiritual feat of
adopting Orthodoxy predetermined the
overall basis of the culture, civilization
and human values that unite the peoples
of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus.
Russia is a Christian country, Putin was
saying.
This speech recalls last December's
address where the former KGB chief spoke
of Russia as standing against a decadent
West:
Many Euro-Atlantic countries have
moved away from their roots, including
Christian values. Policies are being
pursued that place on the same level a
multi-child family and a same-sex
partnership, a faith in God and a belief in
Satan. This is the path to degradation....
READ ALL AT
But the LORD is the true God; He is the living God, the eternal King... Jeremiah 10:10
,posted by vk
*DefendRealMarriage(TraditionalMarriage)
(DRuMTiMe)
*ProtectUnbornLife (Adoption!) (pula)
*Read the Bible Daily & Connect w/ Believers
(RoBDaCoB)
*Pray 4Chapels in the Public Schools (p4cps)
*Stop Violence v Women! (svw)
--Say NO 2 ALL Abusive Relationships (snaarl)
*Be a Suicide Stopper! (bass)Give Hope!
*Fight4Kindness, (f4k)
--Commit Kindness Actions (CoKA)
*LoveOneAnother (aLOhA)
*Please Support Christian Missionaries!
*I baptize you in the name of the Father-Son-&-Holy Spirit ! (Re Matt 28:18-20) (I'veBeeNFiSHing)(1 Corinthians 12:13-14,27)
*Father-Son-&-Holy-Spirit,Thy Will be Done (FiSHeS,TWilaBD)
Российская империя. Серия 4. Екатерина II. Часть 1
Российская империя. Проект Леонида Парфёнова
Екатерина II. Часть 1
Происхождение принцессы Софьи-Фредерики-Августины, будущей Екатерины Великой, её приезд в Россию.
Свержение с престола мужа — императора Петра III.
Превращение дворянства в привилегированное сословие.
История Салтычихи.
Русско-турецкие войны, присоединение Крыма к России, штурм Измаила.
Насаждение картошки в России.
Екатерина — воспитательница внуков.
Фавориты императрицы.
Пугачёвский бунт.
St Petersburg Academy of Sciences | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:01:09 1 Membership
00:03:26 2 Present structure
00:03:56 2.1 Territorial branches
00:06:07 2.2 Regional centers
00:07:13 3 Institutions
00:09:16 4 Awards
00:09:32 5 History
00:09:41 5.1 The Academy of Sciences of the Russian Empire
00:12:57 5.2 The Academy of Sciences of the USSR
00:18:03 5.3 Post-Soviet period of the Academy
00:19:41 5.3.1 Reforms (2013—2018)
00:24:01 6 Presidents
00:24:43 7 Nobel Prize laureates affiliated with the Academy
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SUMMARY
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The Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS; Russian: Росси́йская акаде́мия нау́к (РАН) Rossíiskaya akadémiya naúk) consists of the national academy of Russia; a network of scientific research institutes from across the Russian Federation; and additional scientific and social units such as libraries, publishing units, and hospitals.
Headquartered in Moscow, the Academy (RAS) is considered a civil, self-governed, non-commercial organization chartered by the Government of Russia. It combines the members of RAS (see below) and scientists employed by institutions. Near the central academy building there is a monument to Yuri Gagarin in the square bearing his name.
As of November 2017, the Academy included 1008 institutions and other units; in total about 125,000 people were employed of whom 47,000 were scientific researchers.
Tashkent | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Tashkent
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
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Tashkent (; Uzbek: Toshkent, Тошкент, تاشكېنت, [tɒʃˈkent]; Russian: Ташкент, [tɐʂˈkʲɛnt]) is the capital and largest city of Uzbekistan, as well as the most populated city in ex-Soviet Central Asia (though the larger urban centers of Urumqi in China and Kabul in Afghanistan lie well within the geographic region of Central Asia) with a population in 2018 of 2,485,900. It is located in the north-east of the country close to the Kazakhstan border.
Tashkent was influenced by the Sogdian and Turkic cultures in its early history, before Islam in the 8th century AD. After its destruction by Genghis Khan in 1219, the city was rebuilt and profited from the Silk Road. From 18th to 19th century, the city became an independent city-state, before being re-conquered by the Khanate of Kokand. In 1865, it fell to the Russian Empire, and became the capital of Russian Turkestan. In Soviet times, Tashkent witnessed major growth and demographic changes due to forced deportations from throughout the Soviet Union.
Today, as the capital of an independent Uzbekistan, Tashkent retains a multi-ethnic population, with ethnic Uzbeks as the majority. In 2009, the city celebrated its 2,200 years of written history.
Tashkent | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:01:28 1 History
00:01:49 1.1 Early history
00:02:41 1.2 History as Chach
00:03:53 1.3 Islamic history
00:05:00 1.4 Mongol conquest and aftermath
00:05:35 1.5 Kokand khanate
00:06:15 1.6 Tsarist period
00:08:30 1.7 Effect of the Russian revolution
00:10:32 1.8 Soviet period
00:13:48 1.9 Capital of Uzbekistan
00:15:29 2 Origin of television
00:16:52 3 Geography and climate
00:17:02 3.1 Geography
00:17:41 3.2 Climate
00:18:53 4 Demographics
00:20:20 5 Districts
00:21:41 6 Main sights
00:26:14 7 Education
00:27:50 8 Media
00:28:20 9 Transportation
00:28:54 10 Entertainment and shopping
00:29:16 11 Sport
00:30:57 12 Notable people
00:32:21 13 Twin towns – sister cities
00:32:35 14 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.897173516931611
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-D
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Tashkent (; Uzbek: Toshkent, Тошкент, تاشكینت, [tɒʃˈkent]) is the capital and largest city of Uzbekistan, as well as the most populated city in ex-Soviet Central Asia with a population in 2018 of 2,485,900. It is located in the north-east of the country close to the Kazakhstan border. Much of the city was destroyed in the 1966 Tashkent earthquake, though it was rebuilt afterwards as a model Soviet city.
Tashkent was influenced by the Sogdian and Turkic cultures in its early history, before Islam in the 8th century AD. After its destruction by Genghis Khan in 1219, the city was rebuilt and profited from the Silk Road. From 18th to 19th century, the city became an independent city-state, before being re-conquered by the Khanate of Kokand. In 1865, it fell to the Russian Empire, and became the capital of Russian Turkestan. In Soviet times, Tashkent witnessed major growth and demographic changes due to forced deportations from throughout the Soviet Union.
Today, as the capital of an independent Uzbekistan, Tashkent retains a multi-ethnic population, with ethnic Uzbeks as the majority. In 2009, the city celebrated its 2,200 years of written history.