The Dutch Well

12x Holland, Japan

oktober 2001, Hirado, Japan
Invited by the local government, I lived in Hirado, a small town in the south east of Japan, for two months. I studied traditional music and culture, performed concerts with my viola, and gave workshops for schoolchildren and amateur musicians. The central idea I wanted to communicate, was how easy it is to compose when you listen well and feel free to express yourself. Often expression gets distracted by technical demands. By leaving out the usual complexity of notation and fixed melodic content, we could focus on the core of real-time creation of new music, which was an immediate realisation of our personal ideas. We improvised a lot, worked on musical communication and I developed new notation methods.
The final project was the performance of an interactive 45 minute composition, created and played by about 100 musicians during the Hirado Culture Festival. Composing and conducting merged into the real-time creation of a symphony. By giving visual cues and playing musical material for them to imitate, I directed the various sections and then I played solo viola over the top.
More materials about Japan:
twaalfhoven.net under button WORDS.
Check the site 12xholland.nl for my diary, photo's and the general report.

Rembrandt’s Collection of “Schilderachtig” (Painterly) Objects - Japan

Rembrandt’s Collection of “Schilderachtig” (Painterly) Objects - Japan
Rembrandt & Adriaen van Rijn lutes /Hans Meijer - lutes Johnson - Flatt pavan
Caccini-Amarilli
Dowland - Go Crystal Tears / Hendrickje & Martina Stoffels
Paula Bär-Giese - soprano
Maria den Hertog - mezzo soprano
Rembrandt printed his etchings on Japanese paper since 1647 to his last print in 1665.
Rembrandt would have chosen it because he liked to experiment with printing techniques tinge to this paper gives the print a deep , warm glow.
The VOC was known to have brought magnificent objects to the Netherlands in the 17th century.

Maki-e technique: various types of gold powder are dusted onto wet lacquer in varying degrees of fineness to produce pictures. The quality of this decorative technique is unprecedented and the opulence of the motifs and nuances in the sprinkled gold is enchanting. After 1641 no more Japanese lacquer work was made for foreign patrons. Dutch VOC servants were the only foreigners who were given access to the workshops where the most exclusive lacquer work was made. Before 1641, when exporting this exceptionally beautiful lacquer work from Japan was banned, they managed to ship twelve sublime objects to the Netherlands, the quality of which was immediately recognised in Europe.

THE DUTCH TRADING HOUSE IN HIRADO, 1609-1641
The Dutch received a permit to trade from Tokugawa Ieyasu, who in 1603 had bestowed upon himself the title of Shogun. In 1605, when some survivors of the `Liefde` arrived on a Japanese junk in Pattani in Thailand, this 'trade pass' was conveyed to Captain Matelieff - the uncle of Quaeckernaeck, one of the 'Liefde's' survivors. A short time before, in 1602, the Dutch had founded the East Indian Company (VOC), the idea behind this being to unite many smaller trading companies into the one powerful organisation which would make it easier to acquire vessels and dominate the trading world. The VOC can be seen as the world's first shareholder company. Besides trading, the Dutch government authorized the VOC to initiate contacts with foreign 'authorities'. A second trade permit received stated that the Dutch were to be allowed to trade in all Japanese ports and expressed the hope that many Dutch ships would do so. This document is today in the National Archives in the Hague. The Dutch were first able to comply with Tokugawa`s hopes in 1609, when two ships formed the first official Dutch VOC delegation to Japan. They arrived in Hirado and after presentation of an official letter from Maurits, Prince of Orange, the Dutch received official permission to open a trading post. This first trading post was founded by Jacques Specx on the island of Hirado on the north-west coast of Kyushu. Hirado was a convenient location for trade with Taiwan and China, but did not overly impress the Dutch because most wealthy merchants lived in nearby Nagasaki.

In the period 1600-1641, the Dutch could move around the country freely and enjoyed unrestricted contact with the Japanese. In Hirado they set up a foundry and built a well. They were impressed by the quality and competence of Japanese craftsmen, who were frequently hired by the Dutch. However, in the early period trade was not profitable due to the limited contacts with other VOC outposts. Furthermore, the Dutch had no trading centre in China and were thus not able to supply the Japanese with silk. This problem was addressed by piracy of heavily loaded Portuguese trading ships. The Portuguese understandably complained and the Japanese government responded by banning piracy in Japanese waters. The threats of interference caused the Shogun to gradually apply a stricter policy in contacts with foreigners, both the Southern Barbarians (Portuguese) and the Red-Haired Barbarians (Dutch). In 1614 Tokugawa Ieyasu issued a ban on Christianity and evicted missionaries and prominent Japanese Christians from Japan. This ban was strictly enforced and many Japanese Christians were martyred and had to flee or hide. In 1621 Japanese subjects were forbidden to leave the country and board foreign vessels without special passes, and soon afterwards all departures from the country were forbidden. In 1639 the children of foreign fathers and Japanese mothers were forced to leave and the daughter of Dutch head merchant Van Nijenroode of Hirado had to leave for Batavia, present day Jakarta in Indonesia. Such children were not allowed to have contact with the Japanese anymore - a ruling which led to tearful scenes when they had to be parted from their mothers. The Hirado City Museum displays a touching letter of the time written on kimono-silk, the so called Jagatara-bun by Koshioro. After 1657 the Japanese government relaxed the rules somewhat and family news ('onshin') was allowed. Cornelia van Nijenroode wrote `onshin` to her family in Hirado, which are still preserved in Hirado.

朗読版「平戸の山頭火」Reading version Santoka on Hirado

種田 山頭火（たねだ さんとうか）Santoka TANEDA 明治15年12月3日生れ〜昭和15年10月11日没。
Santoka TANEDA : Birth on December 3, 1882〜Death October 11, 1940.
明治・大正・昭和初期にかけての俳人で、山頭火と呼ばれる。
He was called 'Santoka' by the haiku poet who put it at the beginning of the Showa era of the Meiji era and Taishou era.
自由律俳句のもっとも著名な俳人の一人。
One of haiku poets with the most famous free law haiku.
日本百景九十九島、うつくしいという外ない。
99islands that are sceneries of 100 of Japan, there is not another of beauty.
田平から平戸へ、山も海も街もうつくしい、ちんまりとまとまってソツがない、典型的日本風景の一つだろう。
From Tabira to Hirado, the mountain, the sea, and the town are beautiful, it is settled small and in order, it is one of the sceneries of typical Japan.
お城の練垣が白く光っている、――物みなうつくしいと感じた―― すっかり好きになってしまった。
The ranging wall in the castle shines in white, 'it was felt that the thing was all beautiful', it has completely come to like it.
　「春寒い島から島へ渡される」
　 At the early spring, and, passed from the island to the island
平戸というところは、人の心までもうつくしいと思った
I thought that person's mind of Hirado was also beautiful.
しかし、しかし、しかし、行乞中 運悪く二度も巡査に咎められた、そこで一句、――
But, but, but, unfortunately it was blamed as many as two times by the policeman, going about for alms. This is one phrase there.
　「巡査が威張る春風が吹く」
　The spring breeze that the policeman domineers
日本は世界の公園だという、平戸は日本の公園である
Say that Japan is a park in the world, Hirado is a park in Japan.
美しすぎる―― と思うほど、今日の平戸附近はうらゝかで、ほがらかで、よかった。
Too beautifully seem, the vicinity of Hirado of today was beautiful, cheerful, and good.
田助浦という、もっとうつくしい港がある、そこに作江工兵伍長の生家があった、人にあまり知られないように回り道して、――
There is a more beautiful port of Tasuke bay, there was Sakue sergeant's parents' home, I makes a detour so that it is not known to the person so much.
　「弔旗へんぽんとしてうらゝか」
Flutter is serene to the mourning flag
平戸にはかなり名勝旧跡が多い、――オランダ井戸、オランダ塀、イギリス商館の阯、鄭成功の・・（写真はオランダ商館を使用）
Considerably a lot of place of scenic beauty places of historic interest are in Hirado. ----Dutch well, Dutch wall, vestige of British mercantile house, and of Tei Seiko.
湯に入って、髯を剃って、そして公園（亀岡神社）へ登った〈平戸城阯（城は30年後に再建される）〉
It enters the hot water, a beard is shaved, and it climbed the park (Kameoka Shinto shrine). 〈a vestige of Hirado Castle (The castle will be rebuilt in 30 years)〉
サクラはまだ蕾だが人間は満開だ、そこでもこゝでも酒盛だ、三味が鳴って盃が飛ぶ
Man is full-bloomed though the cherry is a bud, then and it is a feast also here. The lap of ring and the glass flies.
春風シュウシュウ といふ感じがした、歩いてをれば。
Spring breeze shu-shu- the nature did, if you walk.
　「平戸よいとこ旅路ぢゃけれど 旅にあるよな気がしない」
Hirado is in a good journey course, but I do not think travel
老人また出かけて酔うて来て踊った、踊った、夜の白むまで踊った、だまって、ひとりでおとなしく――
The elderly person went out again, it got drunk, it came back, it danced, it danced, and the night was danced until dawning. I becomes silent, and it is obedient alone.
　あゝ、かなしい、さみしい。
Ah, I'm sad, and lonely.
　また雨、ふるならふりやがれ！
Moreover a rain, and will fall and falling.
　晴れて寝、曇って歩く、善哉々々（よいや よいや）
I'm sleeps when it clears weather, and I'm walks when it becomes cloudy. Yoiya-yoiya-
　「酔ひどれも 踊りつかれて ぬくい雨」
The drunkard is dances, becomes tired, and tepid rain
　「ふるさと遠い雨の音がする」
The sound of rain with a far birthplace
　時として感じる、日本の風景は余り美しすぎる。
The scenery of Japan sometimes felt is too beautiful.
Music：Karajan Conducts Beethoven Symphony 2
原作：「行乞記（2）」種田山頭火
The original author：Gyokotsuki (2) Santoka TANEDA
ビデオ編集：岩田拓靖
Video Edit：Hiroyasu IWATA

俳人「平戸の山頭火」haiku poet Santoka on Hirado

種田 山頭火（たねだ さんとうか）Santoka TANEDA 明治15年12月3日生れ〜昭和15年10月11日没。
Santoka TANEDA : Birth on December 3, 1882〜Death October 11, 1940.
明治・大正・昭和初期にかけての俳人で、山頭火と呼ばれる。
He was called 'Santoka' by the haiku poet who put it at the beginning of the Showa era of the Meiji era and Taishou era.
自由律俳句のもっとも著名な俳人の一人。
One of haiku poets with the most famous free law haiku.
日本百景九十九島、うつくしいという外ない。
99islands that are sceneries of 100 of Japan, there is not another of beauty.
田平から平戸へ、山も海も街もうつくしい、ちんまりとまとまってソツがない、典型的日本風景の一つだろう。
From Tabira to Hirado, the mountain, the sea, and the town are beautiful, it is settled small and in order, it is one of the sceneries of typical Japan.
お城の練垣が白く光っている、――物みなうつくしいと感じた―― すっかり好きになってしまった。
The ranging wall in the castle shines in white, 'it was felt that the thing was all beautiful', it has completely come to like it.
　「春寒い島から島へ渡される」
　 At the early spring, and, passed from the island to the island
平戸というところは、人の心までもうつくしいと思った
I thought that person's mind of Hirado was also beautiful.
しかし、しかし、しかし、行乞中 運悪く二度も巡査に咎められた、そこで一句、――
But, but, but, unfortunately it was blamed as many as two times by the policeman, going about for alms. This is one phrase there.
　「巡査が威張る春風が吹く」
　The spring breeze that the policeman domineers
日本は世界の公園だという、平戸は日本の公園である
Say that Japan is a park in the world, Hirado is a park in Japan.
美しすぎる―― と思うほど、今日の平戸附近はうらゝかで、ほがらかで、よかった。
Too beautifully seem, the vicinity of Hirado of today was beautiful, cheerful, and good.
田助浦という、もっとうつくしい港がある、そこに作江工兵伍長の生家があった、人にあまり知られないように回り道して、――
There is a more beautiful port of Tasuke bay, there was Sakue sergeant's parents' home, I makes a detour so that it is not known to the person so much.
　「弔旗へんぽんとしてうらゝか」
Flutter is serene to the mourning flag
平戸にはかなり名勝旧跡が多い、――オランダ井戸、オランダ塀、イギリス商館の阯、鄭成功の・・（写真はオランダ商館を使用）
Considerably a lot of place of scenic beauty places of historic interest are in Hirado. ----Dutch well, Dutch wall, vestige of British mercantile house, and of Tei Seiko.
湯に入って、髯を剃って、そして公園（亀岡神社）へ登った〈平戸城阯（城は30年後に再建される）〉
It enters the hot water, a beard is shaved, and it climbed the park (Kameoka Shinto shrine). 〈a vestige of Hirado Castle (The castle will be rebuilt in 30 years)〉
サクラはまだ蕾だが人間は満開だ、そこでもこゝでも酒盛だ、三味が鳴って盃が飛ぶ
Man is full-bloomed though the cherry is a bud, then and it is a feast also here. The lap of ring and the glass flies.
春風シュウシュウ といふ感じがした、歩いてをれば。
Spring breeze shu-shu- the nature did, if you walk.
　「平戸よいとこ旅路ぢゃけれど 旅にあるよな気がしない」
Hirado is in a good journey course, but I do not think travel
老人また出かけて酔うて来て踊った、踊った、夜の白むまで踊った、だまって、ひとりでおとなしく――
The elderly person went out again, it got drunk, it came back, it danced, it danced, and the night was danced until dawning. I becomes silent, and it is obedient alone.
　あゝ、かなしい、さみしい。
Ah, I'm sad, and lonely.
　また雨、ふるならふりやがれ！
Moreover a rain, and will fall and falling.
　晴れて寝、曇って歩く、善哉々々（よいや よいや）
I'm sleeps when it clears weather, and I'm walks when it becomes cloudy. Yoiya-yoiya-
　「酔ひどれも 踊りつかれて ぬくい雨」
The drunkard is dances, becomes tired, and tepid rain
　「ふるさと遠い雨の音がする」
The sound of rain with a far birthplace
　時として感じる、日本の風景は余り美しすぎる。
The scenery of Japan sometimes felt is too beautiful.
Music：Karajan Conducts Beethoven Symphony 2
原作：「行乞記（2）」種田山頭火
The original author：Gyokotsuki (2) Santoka TANEDA
ビデオ編集：岩田拓靖
Video Edit：Hiroyasu IWATA

Kaze no Suiheisen at 12xHolland Art Festival (excerpt)

Kaze-no-Suiheisen is a 40-minute performance created in 2009 to celebrate the 10th year of 12xHolland as well as the Hirado Holland Year. The project is a concept and creation by Wil Offermans and has been premiered on 22-09-2009 at the Bunka Centre in Hirado, Nagasaki, Japan and with the Dutch artists:

- Alex de Wolf: live drawing
- Annelinde de Jong: stage objects
- Mijke van Griensven: animation, boxing
- Armand van den Hamer: modern dance
- Gavin Viano Fabri: hip hop dance
- David van Ooijen: lute
- Kees Wieringa: piano, samples
- Marjolijn van Roon: recorders
- Junko Ueda: voice, lyrics
- Wil Offermans: flutes, computer

Kaze-no-Suiheisen refers to the intense history of international exchange of Hirado and to the sentiments of exchange between cultures in general. The piece is inspired by the human desire to look behind the horizon. Kaze-no-Suiheisen is also a hymn for the ocean, as the most important stage and symbol for connecting people from around the globe.

In the piece, the main character - a simple duck from Holland - gets involved in all kind of adventures. After some doubts, he decides to leave Holland and to fly to Japan in a long and dangerous journey. Once in Japan, he enjoys lots of surprises as well as friendship. The piece has four movements:
1. In Holland
2. The Journey
3. In Hirado
4. Coda

More information on the 12xHolland Art Festival on

Dejima Island Nagasaki: Japan's Historical Sites - 長崎市出島 - Japan As It Truly Is

This is a more recently recreated museum of Dejima, the sequestered Dutch establishment during Japan's isolationist era, built from the remaining plans that showed what existed. There are nothing but a few stones from the original foundation which you can see through a transparent part of the floor, but it's still great to get an idea of what existed in this period of Japanese history.

About 20 Dutch inhabited Dejima from the 1630's, and introduced Japan to European and Asian goods and knowledge. They were strictly monitored and could only rarely leave the island a few times per year under guard. Over time they introduced Japan to knowledge (Rangaku; 蘭學), new maps, globes, medicine, deer hides, badminton, billiards, beer, coffee, chocolate, cabbage, clocks, tomatoes, a piano, and later, photography, as well as regular trade in silk, cotton, and sugar. They also purchased Japanese rice, lacquer ware, porcelain, copper, and silver.

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Kaze-no-Suiheisen Song - Kaze-no-Suiheisen

This song has been composed by Wil Offermans with lyrics by Junko Ueda in 2009 to celebrate the 10th year of 12xHolland as well as the Hirado Holland Year in a performance with the same title: Kaze-no-Suiheisen. Like a present to the city of Hirado, the song has been premiered on 22-09-2009 at the Bunka Centre in Hirado, Nagasaki, Japan and with the Dutch artists:

- Junko Ueda: voice
- David van Ooijen: lute
- Marjolijn van Roon: recorder
- Wil Offermans: flute
- Kees Wieringa: piano
- Armand van den Hamer: modern dance
- Gavin Viano Fabri: hip hop dance
- Mijke van Griensven: animation, boxing
- Annelinde de Jong: stage objects
- Alex de Wolf: live drawing

Kaze-no-Suiheisen refers to the intense history of international exchange of Hirado and to the sentiments of exchange between cultures in general. The piece is inspired by the human desire to look behind the horizon. Kaze-no-Suiheisen is also a hymn for the ocean, as the most important stage and symbol for connecting people from around the globe.

In the piece, the main character - a simple duck from Holland - gets involved in all kind of adventures. After some doubts, he decides to leave Holland and to fly to Japan in a long and dangerous journey. Once in Japan, he enjoys lots of surprises as well as friendship. The piece has four movements:
1. In Holland
2. The Journey
3. In Hirado
4. Coda

More information on the 12xHolland Art Festival at

Kulangsu （Gulangyu) Island History Episode Two (Part 4)

After a fiercely fight, on February 9th, 1662, Zheng Cheng Gong finally took back the once invaded territory, Taiwan Province, from Netherlands. Taiwan had been invaded and occupied for 36 years before Zheng Cheng Gong recaptured the province. Four months after Zheng Cheng Gong succeeded the war, he suddenly passed away from an illness, and he was only 39. On March 13th, 2014, Xiamen and Kulangsu (Gulangyu) Island (Official Visitor's Guide Website: Robin’s World Entertainment: was hosting an event called “The Age of Uncharted Waters and Kulangsu” in the former Dutch Embassy and exhibiting the historical relics to the public. While Zheng Cheng Gong was in charge of Xiamen and Kulangsu (Gulangyu) Island(Official Visitor's Guide Website: Robin’s World Entertainment: this area was once a key point for global trading among those southeast Asian countries. However, after the Opium War between Qing Dynasty and British, without the powerful navy force after Zheng was dead, Xiamen and Kulangsu (Gulangyu) Island (Official Visitor's Guide Website: Robin’s World Entertainment: was invaded and became the base for foreign countries.

Hungarian Mangalica Queens in the Netherlands! The piglets will be in the US soon!

Here you can see the 8 Original Hungarian Mangalica breeding sows.
They were breed to Hungarian boar lines to which ones you can read below.
They are here in the Netherlands for 4 weeks and this video I made 2 weeks after they arrived.

The sows were breed in Hungary to boars (Hungarian boar lines). These farms were owned by Peter Toth.

The boar lines that were used on these sows were:

BLONDE:
1. Blonde sow ear tag #3434 to a blonde boar of the Bator line. (The sow which isn't very friendly, has a long nose and you see her in the beginning at 0:32 sec)

2. Blonde sow ear tag #3882 to a blonde boar of the Bacska line.(You can see her at 0:58 sec)

3. Blonde sow ear tag #3453 to a blonde boar of the Halmaj line (the sow that talks a lot you see her at 1:7 sec and at 2:48 sec)

4. Blonde sow ear tag # 3710 breed to blonde boar Bator NO offspring of her went to the US as her pigs had a slight yellow color and she had black ears. (You see her at 2:04)

RED:
1. Red sow ear tag #101 was breed to red boar line Ovar (You can see her at 4:03 sec. NOTE her litter was excluded for the 1st export but in the 2016 export her son was father of 2 reds that went to Michigan (Boar named: Yinx & sow named: Yente)

2. Red sow ear tag #48 was breed to a Szalonta boar line. No boars of this line were exported to the US. So there is no Szalonta boar line available in the US. (You can see her at 5:19 sec. She had a long nose. She also had extreme long nails when she arrived. This appears to be a genetic problem not a husbandry issue as we saw it in 2nd generation offspring in the Szalonta x Deva combinations. The sow ear tag #84 had also very long nails, you can see that at the end of the video)

3. Red sow ear tag # 84 was breed to a Deva boar line. You can see her at 5:36 sec. She also had a long nose and these long nails.

4. Red sow ear tag # 115 was breed to a Ovar boar line. She was litter mate/full sister of sow 101. Sow #115 you can see at 6:00 sec. She got the name Elsa and went to Jeffrey Korsmit. She is a beautiful sow and a amazing mother.

You can see some are still afraid of people than but now all sows are able to touch and 6 I can hug the other 2 will follow ;-)
The blonde biter learned that she needs not to be aggressive towards me. With a lot of love and time/patients (and her beloved shower that she only gets when she acts nice haha) she is almost not aggressive any more. She will be a sweet sow in some weeks like all the others! I tis very important that these pregnant sows are sweet and like humans otherwise I could not go very close to the piglets. And that's what I love...;-)

The sows will give birth in 2 weeks than the 60 day quarantine will start and after that the best breeding sows/boars will be shipped to New York. There they will be in a 30 day quarantine again before they can be delivered at Wilhelm Kohl's Farm in Michigan US. Some red ones will go to CA to a other well known Mangalitsa Breeder.

It is very important to bring new bloodlines into the herd's in the States, to have a healthy and pure Mangalica Breeding-stock for the future! The Hungarian sows here are form Peter Toth, the President of the Hungarian Mangalica organization, Wilhelm Kohl and his partner Marc.

The Hungarian sows are at the moment at Barbara Meyer zu Altenschildesche Farm, Mangalitza Breed, located on Estate Leuvenum in the Netherlands. This is where the video was taken..

For more info:
mangalitza@hotmail.com

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United East Indies Company | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:



00:05:48 1 Company name, logo, and flag
00:07:45 2 History
00:07:54 2.1 Origins
00:11:17 2.2 Formation, rise, and fall
00:11:27 2.2.1 Formative years
00:15:54 2.2.2 Growth
00:21:43 2.2.3 Reorientation
00:30:47 2.2.4 Decline and fall
00:37:02 3 Organizational structure
00:43:02 4 Shareholder activism at the VOC and the beginnings of modern corporate governance problems
00:45:35 5 Main trading posts, settlements, and colonies
00:45:47 5.1 Europe
00:45:55 5.1.1 Netherlands
00:46:14 5.2 Africa
00:46:22 5.2.1 Mauritius
00:46:37 5.2.2 South Africa
00:46:50 5.3 Asia
00:46:58 5.3.1 Indonesia
00:47:09 5.3.2 Indian subcontinent
00:47:41 5.3.3 Japan
00:48:00 5.3.4 Taiwan
00:48:26 5.3.5 Malaysia
00:48:41 5.3.6 Thailand
00:48:54 5.3.7 Vietnam
00:49:11 6 Conflicts and wars involving the VOC
00:50:29 7 Historical roles and legacy
00:54:03 7.1 Institutional innovations and impacts on modern-day global business practices and financial system
01:00:16 7.2 Impacts on social, economic, financial, political, and military history of the Netherlands
01:04:52 7.3 Roles in the history of the global economy and international relations
01:09:30 7.4 Artistic, scientific, technological, and cultural legacies of the VOC World
01:09:44 7.4.1 VOC World as an information/knowledge exchange network in the Dutch maritime world-system
01:12:30 7.4.2 Influences on Dutch Golden Age art
01:13:45 7.4.3 Formation of early modern religious communities and ethnic groups within the VOC World
01:13:59 7.5 Contributions in the Age of Exploration
01:14:50 7.5.1 iHalve Maen'/is exploratory voyage and role in the formation of New Netherland
01:17:38 7.5.2 Dutch discovery, exploration, and mapping of mainland Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, and various islands
01:22:27 7.5.3 VOC-sponsored inland exploration and mapping of Southern Africa
01:22:39 8 Criticism
01:23:10 8.1 VOC colonialism, monopoly policy and uses of violence
01:23:23 8.2 Dutch slave trade and slavery under the VOC colonial rule
01:28:15 9 Cultural depictions of people and things associated with the VOC
01:32:08 10 VOC world etymologies
01:32:19 10.1 Places and things named after the VOC and its people
01:35:08 10.2 Places and things named by VOC people
01:36:16 11 Populated places established by VOC people
01:37:48 12 Important heritage sites in the VOC World
01:38:33 13 VOC buildings and structures
01:39:11 14 VOC archives and records
01:39:59 15 Field of VOC World studies
01:42:42 15.1 VOC World archaeology
01:42:53 16 VOC timeline and historical firsts
01:43:42 16.1 Proto-VOC period (with the establishment of the ivoorcompagnieën/pre-companies/i)
01:46:25 16.2 VOC era (with the amalgamation of the ivoorcompagnieën/pre-companies/i)
01:59:07 17 See also



Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.

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Speaking Rate: 0.9770717874062174
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-B


I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates


SUMMARY
=======
The Dutch East India Company (Dutch: Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie; VOC) was an early megacorporation, founded by a government-directed amalgamation of several rival Dutch trading companies (voorcompagnieën) in the early-17th century. It was originally established, on 20 March 1602, as a chartered company to trade with India and Indianized Southeast Asian countries when the Dutch government granted it a 21-year monopoly on the Dutch spice trade. The Company has been often labelled a trading company (i.e. a company of merchants who buy and sell goods produced by other people) or sometimes a shipping company. However, the VOC was in fact a proto-conglomerate company, diversifying into multiple commercial and industrial activities such as international trade (especially intra-Asian trade), shipbuilding, both production and trade of East Indian spices, Formosan sugarcane, and South African wine. The Company was a transcontinental employer and an early pioneer of outward foreign direct invest ...

Dutch East India Company | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:



00:06:10 1 Company name, logo, and flag
00:08:16 2 History
00:08:25 2.1 Origins
00:11:58 2.2 Formation, rise, and fall
00:12:08 2.2.1 Formative years
00:16:48 2.2.2 Growth
00:22:47 2.2.3 Reorientation
00:32:14 2.2.4 Decline and fall
00:38:43 3 Organizational structure
00:45:02 3.1 VOC outposts
00:45:44 3.2 Council of Justice in Batavia
00:46:04 4 Shareholder activism at the VOC and the beginnings of modern corporate governance problems
00:48:41 5 Main trading posts, settlements, and colonies
00:48:53 5.1 Europe
00:49:01 5.1.1 Netherlands
00:49:21 5.2 Africa
00:49:30 5.2.1 Mauritius
00:49:45 5.2.2 South Africa
00:49:58 5.3 Asia
00:50:06 5.3.1 Indonesia
00:50:18 5.3.2 Indian subcontinent
00:50:50 5.3.3 Japan
00:51:08 5.3.4 Taiwan
00:51:35 5.3.5 Malaysia
00:51:51 5.3.6 Thailand
00:52:03 5.3.7 Vietnam
00:52:21 6 Conflicts and wars involving the VOC
00:56:10 7 Historical roles and legacy
00:59:53 7.1 Institutional innovations and impacts on modern-day global business practices and financial system
01:06:23 7.2 Impacts on social, economic, financial, political, and military history of the Netherlands
01:11:11 7.3 Roles in the history of the global economy and international relations
01:15:59 7.4 Artistic, scientific, technological, and cultural legacies of the VOC World
01:16:14 7.4.1 VOC World as an information/knowledge exchange network in the Dutch maritime world-system
01:19:06 7.4.2 Influences on Dutch Golden Age art
01:20:23 7.4.3 Formation of early modern religious communities and ethnic groups within the VOC World
01:20:37 7.5 Contributions in the Age of Exploration
01:21:29 7.5.1 iHalve Maen'/is exploratory voyage and role in the formation of New Netherland
01:24:25 7.5.2 Dutch discovery, exploration, and mapping of mainland Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, and various islands
01:29:24 7.5.3 VOC-sponsored inland exploration and mapping of Southern Africa
01:29:37 8 Criticism
01:30:09 8.1 VOC colonialism, monopoly policy and uses of violence
01:30:22 8.2 Dutch slave trade and slavery under the VOC colonial rule
01:35:25 9 Cultural depictions of people and things associated with the VOC
01:39:36 10 VOC world etymologies
01:39:47 10.1 Places and things named after the VOC and its people
01:42:45 10.2 Places and things named by VOC people
01:43:58 11 Populated places established by VOC people
01:45:34 12 Important heritage sites in the VOC World
01:46:22 13 VOC buildings and structures
01:47:02 14 VOC archives and records
01:47:53 15 VOC coinage
01:48:03 16 VOC ships
01:48:18 17 Field of VOC World studies
01:51:21 17.1 VOC World archaeology
01:51:31 18 VOC timeline and historical firsts
01:52:23 18.1 Proto-VOC period (with the establishment of the ivoorcompagnieën/pre-companies/i)
01:55:14 18.2 VOC era (with the amalgamation of the ivoorcompagnieën/pre-companies/i)
02:08:20 19 Gallery
02:08:40 20 See also



Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.

Learning by listening is a great way to:
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- improves your listening skills
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Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.

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Speaking Rate: 0.9307992778992489
Voice name: en-GB-Wavenet-D


I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates


SUMMARY
=======
The Dutch East India Company (Dutch: Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie; VOC) was an early megacorporation, founded by a government-directed amalgamation of several rival Dutch trading companies (the so-called voorcompagnieën or pre-companies) in the early 17th century. It was originally established, on 20 March 1602, as a chartered company to trade with India and Indianized Southeast Asian countries when the Dutch government granted it a 21-year monopoly on the Dutch spice trade. The VOC was an early multinational/transnational corporation in its modern sense. The Company has been often labelled a trading company (i.e. a company of merchants who buy and sell goods produced by other people) or sometimes a shipping company. However, the VOC was in fact a proto-conglomerate company, diversifying into multiple commercial and industrial activities such as internat ...

Dutch Empire | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Dutch Empire

Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.

Learning by listening is a great way to:
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates



SUMMARY
=======
The Dutch Empire (Dutch: Het Nederlandse Koloniale Rijk) comprised the overseas colonies, enclaves, and outposts controlled and administered by Dutch chartered companies, mainly the Dutch West India and the Dutch East India Company, and subsequently by the Dutch Republic (1581–1795), and the modern Kingdom of the Netherlands since 1815.
It was initially a trade-based entity which derived most of its influence from merchant enterprise and Dutch control of international maritime shipping routes through strategically placed outposts, rather than expansive territorial ventures. With a few notable exceptions, the majority of the Dutch Empire's overseas holdings consisted of coastal forts, factories, and port settlements with varying degrees of incorporation of their hinterlands and surrounding regions. Dutch chartered companies often dictated that their possessions be kept as confined as possible to avoid unnecessary expense, and while some such as the Dutch Cape Colony (modern South Africa) and Dutch East Indies (today's Indonesia) expanded anyway due to the pressure of independently minded Dutch colonists, others remained undeveloped, isolated trading centres dependent on an indigenous host nation. This was reflective of the fact that the primary network of the Dutch Empire was commercial exchange as opposed to sovereignty over a homogeneous landmass.The imperial ambitions of the Dutch were bolstered by the strength of their existing shipping industry, as well as the key role they played in the expansion of maritime trade between Europe and the Orient. Because small European trading companies often lacked the capital or the manpower for large scale operations, the States General chartered the Dutch West India Company and the Dutch East India Company in the early seventeenth century. These were considered the largest and most extensive maritime trading companies at the time, and once held a virtual monopoly on strategic European shipping routes westward through the Southern Hemisphere around South America through the Strait of Magellan, and eastward around Africa, past the Cape of Good Hope. The companies' domination of global commerce contributed greatly to a commercial revolution and a cultural flowering in the Netherlands known as the Dutch Golden Age. In their search for new trade passages between Asia and Europe, Dutch navigators explored and charted vast regions such as New Zealand, Tasmania, and parts of the eastern coast of North America.In the 18th century, the Dutch Empire began to decline as a result of the Fourth Anglo-Dutch War, in which it lost a number of its colonial possessions and trade monopolies to the British Empire. Nevertheless, the main portions of the empire survived until the advent of global decolonisation following World War II (1939–1945), namely the East Indies (Indonesia) and Dutch Guiana (Surinam). Three former colonial territories in the West Indies islands around the Caribbean Sea—Aruba, Curaçao, and Sint Maarten—are retained as constituent countries represented within the Kingdom of the Netherlands.

Nagasaki | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Nagasaki


00:01:14 1 History
00:01:23 1.1 Christian Nagasaki
00:07:13 1.2 Seclusion era
00:09:19 1.3 Meiji Japan
00:10:52 1.4 Atomic bombing of Nagasaki during World War II
00:14:42 1.5 After the war
00:15:55 2 Geography and climate
00:17:54 3 Education
00:18:03 3.1 Universities
00:18:32 3.2 Junior colleges
00:18:56 4 Transportation
00:19:41 5 Demographics
00:20:09 6 Sports
00:20:25 7 Main sites
00:22:38 8 Events
00:23:09 9 Cuisine
00:23:39 10 Notable people
00:24:00 11 Twin towns
00:24:48 12 See also



Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.

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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates



SUMMARY
=======
Nagasaki (長崎市, Nagasaki-shi, Japanese: [naɡaꜜsaki]) (listen ) is the capital and the largest city of Nagasaki Prefecture on the island of Kyushu in Japan. The city's name, 長崎, means long cape in Japanese. Nagasaki became a centre of colonial Portuguese and Dutch influence in the 16th through 19th centuries, and the Hidden Christian Sites in the Nagasaki Region have been recognized and included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. Part of Nagasaki was home to a major Imperial Japanese Navy base during the First Sino-Japanese War and Russo-Japanese War.
During World War II, the American atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki made Nagasaki the second and, to date, last city in the world to experience a nuclear attack (at 11:02 a.m., August 9, 1945 'Japan Standard Time (UTC+9)').As of 1 March 2017, the city has an estimated population of 425,723 and a population density of 1,000 people per km2. The total area is 406.35 km2 (156.89 sq mi).

List of works about the Dutch East India Company | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:



00:07:29 1 Non-fiction
00:07:38 1.1 Books, dissertations and theses
00:07:49 1.1.1 General
00:24:47 1.1.2 Roles in economic, financial and business history
00:44:41 1.1.3 Science, technology, and culture in the VOC World
01:01:53 1.1.4 VOC military and political history
01:06:02 1.1.5 VOC maritime history (VOC in the Age of Exploration)
01:24:44 1.1.6 VOC historiography
01:27:47 1.1.7 VOC people
01:42:03 1.1.8 VOC in Europe
01:47:45 1.1.9 VOC in Africa
02:08:51 1.1.10 VOC in South and West Asia (including the Indian subcontinent)
02:30:42 1.1.11 VOC in Southeast Asia (including the East Indies)
02:44:53 1.1.12 VOC in East Asia
03:09:42 1.2 Journal articles, scholarly papers, essays, and book chapters
03:09:55 1.2.1 General history
03:42:39 1.2.2 Economic, financial and business history
04:35:09 1.2.3 Cultural and social history
05:29:40 1.2.4 Military and political history
05:54:16 1.2.5 Maritime history
06:12:14 2 Fiction
06:13:42 3 Audio
06:14:30 4 Video
06:15:16 5 Seminars and symposiums
06:15:42 6 Documentary
06:16:09 7 Film
06:16:27 8 Music
06:16:40 9 VOC World in visual arts
06:17:01 10 See also



Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.

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Speaking Rate: 0.8284446142312462
Voice name: en-GB-Wavenet-C


I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates


SUMMARY
=======
The Dutch East India Company (Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie or VOC) is one of the most influential and best expertly researched companies/corporations in history. As an exemplary historical company-state, the VOC had effectively transformed itself from a corporate entity into a state, an empire, or even a world in its own right. The VOC World (i.e. networks of people, places, things, activities, and events associated with the Dutch East India Company) has been the subject of a vast amount of literature that includes both fiction and non-fiction works. VOC World studies is an international multidisciplinary field focused on social, cultural, religious, scientific, technological, economic, financial, business, maritime, military, political, legal, diplomatic activities, institutional organization, and administration of the VOC and its colourful world. Some of the notable VOC historians/scholars include Sinnappah Arasaratnam, Leonard Blussé, Peter Borschberg, Charles Ralph Boxer, Jaap Bruijn, Femme Gaastra, Om Prakash, Günter Schilder, and Nigel Worden.
In terms of global business history, the lessons from the VOC's success and failure are critically important. With a permanent capital base, the VOC was the first permanently organized limited-liability joint-stock company at the dawn of modern capitalism. As an early pioneering model of the modern corporation, the VOC was the first corporation to be ever actually listed on a formal stock exchange. In the early 1600s the VOC became the world's first formally listed public company (or publicly listed company) by widely issuing bonds and shares of stock to the general public. In many respects, modern-day publicly listed multinational corporations (including Forbes Global 2000 companies) are all 'descendants' of the 17th-century VOC business model.
For almost 200 years of its existence (1602–1800), the Company played crucial roles in business, financial, socio-politico-economic, military-political, diplomatic, legal, ethnic, and exploratory maritime history of the world. In the early modern period, the VOC was the driving force behind the rise of corporate-led globalization, corporate power, corporate identity, corporate culture, corporate social responsibility, corporate governance, corporate finance, corporate capitalism, and finance capitalism. It was the VOC's institutional innovations and business practices that laid the foundations for the rise of giant global corporations to become a highly significant and formidable socio-politico-economic force of the modern world as we know it today ...

Economic history of Japan

The economic history of Japan is most studied for the spectacular social and economic growth in the 1800s after the Meiji Restoration, when it became the first non-European power, and for the expansion after the Second World War, when Japan recovered from devastation to become the world's second largest economy behind the United States, and from 2013 behind China as well. Scholars have evaluated the nation's unique economic position during the Cold War, with exports going to both U.S. and Soviet aligned powers, and have taken keen interest in the situation of the post-Cold War period of the Japanese 'lost decades'.


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Samurai

Samurai , usually referred to in Japanese as bushi or buke , were the military nobility of medieval and early-modern Japan. According to translator William Scott Wilson: In Chinese, the character 侍 was originally a verb meaning to wait upon or accompany persons in the upper ranks of society, and this is also true of the original term in Japanese, saburau. In both countries the terms were nominalized to mean those who serve in close attendance to the nobility, the pronunciation in Japanese changing to saburai. According to Wilson, an early reference to the word samurai appears in the Kokin Wakashū , the first imperial anthology of poems, completed in the first part of the 10th century.

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Nagasaki | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:



00:01:13 1 History
00:01:22 1.1 Christian Nagasaki
00:07:42 1.2 Seclusion era
00:10:00 1.3 Meiji Japan
00:11:42 1.4 Atomic bombing of Nagasaki during World War II
00:16:00 1.5 After the war
00:17:16 2 Geography and climate
00:19:25 3 Education
00:19:34 3.1 Universities
00:20:05 3.2 Junior colleges
00:20:31 4 Transportation
00:21:21 5 Demographics
00:21:51 6 Sports
00:22:07 7 Main sites
00:24:29 8 Events
00:25:02 9 Cuisine
00:25:34 10 Notable people
00:25:56 11 Twin towns
00:26:48 12 See also



Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.

Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
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Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.

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Speaking Rate: 0.9666115330414994
Voice name: en-GB-Wavenet-D


I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates


SUMMARY
=======
Nagasaki (Japanese: 長崎, Long Cape) is the capital and the largest city of Nagasaki Prefecture on the island of Kyushu in Japan. It became a centre of colonial Portuguese and Dutch influence in the 16th through 19th centuries, and the Hidden Christian Sites in the Nagasaki Region have been recognized and included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. Part of Nagasaki was home to a major Imperial Japanese Navy base during the First Sino-Japanese War and Russo-Japanese War.
During World War II, the American atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki made Nagasaki the second and, to date, last city in the world to experience a nuclear attack (at 11:02 a.m., August 9, 1945 'Japan Standard Time (UTC+9)').As of 1 June 2019, the city has an estimated population of 412,643 and a population density of 1,017 people per km². The total area is 405.86 km2 (156.70 sq mi).

Shimabara Rebellion | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Shimabara Rebellion

Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.

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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates



SUMMARY
=======
The Shimabara Rebellion (島原の乱, Shimabara no ran) was an uprising in what is now Nagasaki Prefecture in southwestern Japan lasting from December 17, 1637, to April 15, 1638, during the Edo period. It largely involved peasants, most of them Catholics.
It was one of only a handful of instances of serious unrest during the relatively peaceful period of the Tokugawa shogunate's rule. In the wake of the Matsukura clan's construction of a new castle at Shimabara, taxes were drastically raised, which provoked anger from local peasants and rōnin (samurai without masters). Religious persecution of the local Catholics exacerbated the discontent, which turned into open revolt in 1637. The Tokugawa Shogunate sent a force of over 125,000 troops to suppress the rebels and, after a lengthy siege against the rebels at Hara Castle, defeated them.
In the wake of the rebellion, the Catholic rebel leader Amakusa Shirō was beheaded and the prohibition of Christianity was strictly enforced. Japan's national seclusion policy was tightened and official persecution of Christianity continued until the 1850s. Following the successful suppression of the rebellion, the daimyō of Shimabara, Matsukura Katsuie, was beheaded for misruling, becoming the only daimyō to be beheaded during the Edo period.

United East India Company | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:



00:06:30 1 Company name, logo, and flag
00:08:40 2 History
00:08:49 2.1 Origins
00:12:29 2.2 Formation, rise, and fall
00:12:39 2.2.1 Formative years
00:17:32 2.2.2 Growth
00:23:47 2.2.3 Reorientation
00:33:35 2.2.4 Decline and fall
00:40:18 3 Organizational structure
00:46:48 3.1 VOC outposts
00:47:32 3.2 Council of Justice in Batavia
00:47:52 4 Shareholder activism at the VOC and the beginnings of modern corporate governance problems
00:50:35 5 Main trading posts, settlements, and colonies
00:50:47 5.1 Europe
00:50:55 5.1.1 Netherlands
00:51:16 5.2 Africa
00:51:24 5.2.1 Mauritius
00:51:40 5.2.2 South Africa
00:51:53 5.3 Asia
00:52:02 5.3.1 Indonesia
00:52:13 5.3.2 Indian subcontinent
00:52:47 5.3.3 Japan
00:53:07 5.3.4 Taiwan
00:53:36 5.3.5 Malaysia
00:53:51 5.3.6 Thailand
00:54:04 5.3.7 Vietnam
00:54:23 6 Conflicts and wars involving the VOC
00:58:30 7 Historical roles and legacy
01:02:22 7.1 Institutional innovations and impacts on modern-day global business practices and financial system
01:09:09 7.2 Impacts on social, economic, financial, political, and military history of the Netherlands
01:14:08 7.3 Roles in the history of the global economy and international relations
01:19:10 7.4 Artistic, scientific, technological, and cultural legacies of the VOC World
01:19:24 7.4.1 VOC World as an information/knowledge exchange network in the Dutch maritime world-system
01:22:24 7.4.2 Influences on Dutch Golden Age art
01:23:44 7.4.3 Formation of early modern religious communities and ethnic groups within the VOC World
01:23:58 7.5 Contributions in the Age of Exploration
01:24:53 7.5.1 iHalve Maen'/is exploratory voyage and role in the formation of New Netherland
01:27:53 7.5.2 Dutch discovery, exploration, and mapping of mainland Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, and various islands
01:33:05 7.5.3 VOC-sponsored inland exploration and mapping of Southern Africa
01:33:17 8 Criticism
01:33:51 8.1 VOC colonialism, monopoly policy and uses of violence
01:34:04 8.2 Dutch slave trade and slavery under the VOC colonial rule
01:39:19 9 Cultural depictions of people and things associated with the VOC
01:43:39 10 VOC world etymologies
01:43:50 10.1 Places and things named after the VOC and its people
01:46:59 10.2 Places and things named by VOC people
01:48:15 11 Populated places established by VOC people
01:49:56 12 Important heritage sites in the VOC World
01:50:47 13 VOC buildings and structures
01:51:29 14 VOC archives and records
01:52:22 15 VOC coinage
01:52:32 16 VOC ships
01:52:47 17 Field of VOC World studies
01:55:57 17.1 VOC World archaeology
01:56:08 18 VOC timeline and historical firsts
01:57:02 18.1 Proto-VOC period (with the establishment of the ivoorcompagnieën/pre-companies/i)
02:00:04 18.2 VOC era (with the amalgamation of the ivoorcompagnieën/pre-companies/i)
02:14:12 19 Gallery
02:14:32 20 See also



Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.

Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain

Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.

Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:

Other Wikipedia audio articles at:

Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:

Speaking Rate: 0.8461302477082473
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-D


I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates


SUMMARY
=======
The Dutch East India Company (Dutch: Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie; VOC) was an early megacorporation, founded by a government-directed amalgamation of several rival Dutch trading companies (the so-called voorcompagnieën or pre-companies) in the early 17th century. It was originally established, on 20 March 1602, as a chartered company to trade with India and Indianized Southeast Asian countries when the Dutch government granted it a 21-year monopoly on the Dutch spice trade. The VOC was an early multinational/transnational corporation in its modern sense. The Company has been often labelled a trading company (i.e. a company of merchants who buy and sell goods produced by other people) or sometimes a shipping company. However, the VOC was in fact a proto-conglomerate company, diversifying into multiple commercial and industrial activities such as internat ...