Places to see in ( Paderborn - Germany )
Places to see in ( Paderborn - Germany )
Paderborn is a city in western Germany. Romanesque Paderborn Cathedral is known for its large crypt and the Drei-Hasen-Fenster, a stone window carving in the nearby cloister. Multimedia exhibits on computer and digital technologies are the focus of the Heinz Nixdorf MuseumsForum. In the northwest, Schloss Neuhaus is a centuries-old castle with formal gardens. Its grounds are home to art and natural history museums.
In the 8th century the First Holy Roman Emperor Charlemagne founded Paderborn around the many springs that feed the River Pader. Paderborn remains a city of Medieval wonders like a cathedral holding the relics of the 4th-century Saint Liborius.
1,200 years after his remains were brought to the city St Liborius is still celebrated by a cheerful city festival in summer that mixes a fair with a holy procession. The bishopric established by Charlemagne became the seat of Imperial Prince-Bishops who wielded both political and religious power, and whose marvellous Renaissance palace is still standing tall. In the 10th century Paderborn was chosen as a residence by Holy Roman Emperor Henry II, and the remnants of his palace and a Byzantine-style church are open to visitors.
The mesmerising cathedral has been the site of a church since Charlemagne founded a bishopric at this very location in the 8th century. As we see it now, Paderborn Cathedral’s architecture is both Romanesque and Gothic and was completed relatively quickly during the 13th century. The largest computer museum in the world is hosted by the former premises of Nixdorf Computer AG. The HNF guides you through five millennia of information and communication technology, from the origin of the written word in Ancient Mesopotamia to 21st-century concepts like artificial intelligence, the Internet and robotics.
With an incredible variety of sacred art from the 900s to the 1900s, Paderborn’s diocesan museum is the oldest in the German speaking world. In 1964 the foundation walls of the Paderborn’s Kaiserpfalz (seat of the Holy Roman Emperor) were discovered next to the cathedral.
Just beside the cathedral and attached to the Kaiserpfalz is the oldest known hall church north of the Alps .The Bartholomäuskapelle is a Byzantine-style temple that has no architectural equivalent in Germany . It dates to roughly 1017 and was built not long after the Kaiserpfalz.
The refined Baroque church in the centre of the city was completed in just ten years between 1682 and 1692. Originally the Marktkirche was a counter-reformation Jesuit church, and the lavish ornamentation on the pulpit and altar reflects that spirit. At the start of the 17th century on the orders of the Prince-Bishop Dietrich von Fürstenberg the city replaced its old town hall with a magnificent new building in the Weser Renaissance style.
The residence for Paderborn’s Prince-Bishops, Schloss Neuhaus was begun in the 1200s and was extended over the next 300 years by each of its famous inhabitants. In a showroom on a trading estate in Paderborn’s northern outskirts is a museum endowed with a massive collection of vintage tractors.
At Am Abdinghof 11 is one of the oldest and finest half-timbered houses in Paderborn. This gabled, three-storey house dates from 1560, and what makes it obligatory is the decoration on the facade. In case you still have an appetite for medieval religious architecture, the Busdorfkirche is another enigmatic building consecrated in 1036 by Bishop Meinwerk.
Paderborn’s answer to the problem of medieval water supply was to build small stone reservoirs or “Kümpe” in its squares. Now, Paderborn has the distinction of being on the shortest river in Germany. A left tributary of the Lippe, the Pader is only four kilometres long, despite being broad and having a high volume. Once a Benedictine monastery, the Abdinghofkirche was also founded in the 11th century by Bishop Meinwerk, and has two Romanesque towers looming over the Paderquellgebiet. For nine days beginning on the first Saturday after 23 July Paderborn is given over to a festival going back to 836 when the relics of St Liborius of Le Mans were brought to the city.
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Jesuits and Occult Teachings of Ignatius of Loyola - Nazi Germany Vril Society
The Jesuit Hand in Nazi Germany
January 28, 2013
Read at:
“[SS General Heinrich] Himmler owned an extremely large and excellent library on the Jesuit Order and for years would sit up late studying the extensive literature. Thus he built up the SS organization according to the principles of the Jesuits. The Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola served as the foundation; the supreme law was absolute obedience, the execution of any order whatsoever without question. Himmler himself, as Reichsfuhrer of the SS, was the general of the order. The structure of leadership was borrowed from the hierarchical order of the Catholic Church. He took over a medieval castle, the so-called Wevelsburg at Paderborn in [Roman Catholic] Westphalia, and had it repaired so that it might serve as a kind of ‘SS monastery’ [as all monasteries are merely military fortresses]. Here the general of the order would hold a secret consistory once a year attended by the top leadership of the order. They would take part in spiritual exercises and practice sessions in concentration [as does every professed Jesuit, while led by a guide, studies The Spiritual Exercises of St. Ignatius Loyola once a year for thirty days, much of the time spent in silence and “meditation”].
In the large meeting hall each member had his particular chair with his name engraved on a silver plaque. No doubt these mystical leanings of [Bavarian-born] Himmler go back in part to his attitude toward the Catholic Church, which might be called ‘love-hate;’ and in part to his strict upbringing by his [Jesuit Temporal Coadjutor] father with its stern Catholic code of conduct, from which he fled into . . . [Loyola’s] romanticism . . .” {27} [Emphasis added] Walter Schellenberg, 1950 SS/SD Nazi General The Labyrinth: Memoirs of Walter Schellenberg Eric Jon Phelps – Vatican Assassins III (page 1037)
Herman Rauschning7 tells us:
‘I learnt most of all from the Jesuit Order‘, Hitler told me. ‘So far, there has been nothing more imposing on earth than the hierarchical organization of the Catholic Church. A good part of that organization I have transported direct to my own party. . . . The Catholic Church must be held up as an example. … I will tell you a secret. I am founding an Order’.”
After the war this secret imparted by the Fuhrer was enlarged upon by the revelations of Walter Schellenberg8 who had been Chief of the German counter-espionage and Leader of the National Socialist Government of Danzig:
“The SS had been organized by Himmler according to the principles of the Jesuit Order. The rules of service and spiritual exercises prescribed by Ignatius de Loyola constituted a model which Himmler strove carefully to copy. Absolute obedience was the supreme rule; every order had to be executed without comment.” Edmond Paris – The Vatican Against Europe (p 252-253)
Hitler did not award the palm of Jesuitism to his chief of propaganda, though to the Gestapo’s chief, as he told his favourites: “I can see Himmler as our Ignatius of Loyola”Adolf Hitler: “Libres propos” (Flammarion, Paris 1952, p.164) Edmond Paris – The Secret History of the Jesuits
The conversion of Russia, which Rome had hoped to achieve through the Bolshevik Revolution, was now attempted through the use of a foreign army.
interviews with personalities of daily living in Paderborn. once religious sex scandal in Germany
again the German government and the globe, do not take appropriate action and stroger way.a new scandal of sexual abuse to the detriment of infants schools and more, to Catholicism in all these decades demonstrated a degrading internal decay and corruption, a scourge aberrant sickly beings at the service of an institution, that so-called peace plans, and what they call their land love, a, obseccion intolerable sexual sipocopatica of internal groups in the bosom of the church and other groups pedophiles and criminals, who are hiding under cassocks constructed formats or false personalities, churches throughout the world the stories and their religious doctrine, have created more confusion than wars and human disasters, if not their creators are intellectuals, as texts disque, sacred as the Bible, the Koran and other publications declare acts of war, confrontation with the truth, subtly cause competitive and ideological fanaticism, and throughout the generations implanted terror, fear, sadness and resignation of mind, to undermine the energy source of his followers, believers and fundamentalist fanaticism.
racism, classism and indifference are idem, part of this legacy of ideological manipulation that weighs CONTROLLED r than perhaps, part of a general anarchy religious moral foundations of implant, his speeches and edicts, are lost when the statistics in America and Europe than 100,000 child victims of rape or sexual assault seriously, and that in most cases are lost in complisencia impunity and governments.
Project Liberty, also binds to lament and cry for justice, all people used and abused in any way, for those religious institutions that once and for all should transform their cenos, or cores, and mutate into a renewed philosophy religious freedom and harmony, and let their fears and authoritarian dogmas, its domes corrupt, they have to cancel their debts and it is time that justice those challenges and increase terricola freedom of joy, peace and harmony and a well-deserved and renewed source of life and thought released ....
master of masters
perfect light and
king of kings
mr jesus super star
Catholic Church and Nazi Germany | Wikipedia audio article
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Catholic Church and Nazi Germany
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SUMMARY
=======
Popes Pius XI (1922–39) and Pius XII (1939–58) led the Roman Catholic Church through the rise and fall of Nazi Germany. Around a third of Germans were Catholic in the 1930s. The Church in Germany had spoken against the rise of Nazism, but the Catholic aligned Centre Party capitulated in 1933 and was banned. In the various 1933 elections the percentage of Catholics voting for the Nazis party was remarkably lower than the average. Nazi key ideologue Alfred Rosenberg was banned on the index of the Inquisition, presided by later pope Pius XII. Adolf Hitler and several key Nazis had been raised Catholic, but became hostile to the Church in adulthood. While Article 24 of the NSDAP party platform called for conditional toleration of Christian denominations and the 1933 Reichskonkordat treaty with the Vatican purported to guarantee religious freedom for Catholics, the Nazis were essentially hostile to Christianity and the Catholic Church faced persecution in Nazi Germany. Its press, schools and youth organisations were closed, much property confiscated and around one third of its clergy faced reprisals from authorities. Catholic lay leaders were targeted in the Night of the Long Knives purge. The Church hierarchy attempted to co-operate with the new government, but in 1937, the Papal Encyclical Mit brennender Sorge accused the government of fundamental hostility to the church.
Among the most courageous demonstrations of opposition inside Germany were the 1941 sermons of Bishop August von Galen of Münster. Nevertheless, wrote Alan Bullock [n]either the Catholic Church nor the Evangelical Church... as institutions, felt it possible to take up an attitude of open opposition to the regime. In every country under German occupation, priests played a major part in rescuing Jews, but Catholic resistance to mistreatment of Jews in Germany was generally limited to fragmented and largely individual efforts. Mary Fulbrook wrote that when politics encroached on the church, Catholics were prepared to resist, but that the record was otherwise patchy and uneven, and that, with notable exceptions, it seems that, for many Germans, adherence to the Christian faith proved compatible with at least passive acquiescence in, if not active support for, the Nazi dictatorship.Catholics fought on both sides in the Second World War. Hitler's invasion of predominantly Catholic Poland ignited the conflict in 1939. Here, especially in the areas of Poland annexed to the Reich—as in other annexed regions of Slovenia and Austria—Nazi persecution of the church was intense. Many clergy were targeted for extermination. Through his links to the German Resistance, Pope Pius XII warned the Allies of the planned Nazi invasion of the Low Countries in 1940. From that year, the Nazis gathered priest-dissidents in a dedicated clergy barracks at Dachau, where 95 percent of its 2,720 inmates were Catholic (mostly Poles, and 411 Germans) and 1,034 priests died there. Expropriation of church properties surged from 1941.
The Vatican, surrounded by Fascist Italy, was officially neutral during the war, but used diplomacy to aid victims and lobby for peace. Vatican Radio and other media spoke out against atrocities. While Nazi antisemitism embraced modern pseudo-scientific racial principles, ancient antipathies between Christianity and Judaism contributed to European antisemitism. During the Nazi era, the church rescued many thousands of Jews by issuing false documents, lobbying Axis officials, hiding them in monasteries, convents, schools and elsewhere; including in the Vatican and papal residence at Castel Gandolfo. The Pope's role during this period is contested. The Reich Security Main Office called Pius XII a mouthpiece of the Jews. His first encyclical, Summi Pontificatus, called the invasion of Poland an hour of darkness, his 1942 Christmas address denounced race murders and his Mystici corporis Christi encyclical (1943) denounc ...
Places to see in ( Bonn - Germany ) Namen Jesu Kirche
Places to see in ( Bonn - Germany ) Namen Jesu Kirche
The Namen-Jesu-Kirche is a post-Gothic church building in Bonngasse in Bonn's city center . The church is owned by the state of North Rhine-Westphalia and is used by the Old Catholic Church in Germany as a cathedral and city church. It stands as a monument under monument protection .
The discovery of a beech wood piece with the name of Jesus ( IHS ) had the electors of Cologne and Archbishop Maximilian Henry of Bavaria , who resided in Bonn, cause them a church in honor of the wonderful name for the Bonn Jesuit to build. The name Jesu church was built between 1686 and 1717. The foundation stone was laid under Maximilian Heinrich on September 14, 1686 . 1] On July 24, 1689 at the mortar - attack on the city in the Nine Years' War , the church was not destroyed, but very damaged. In the same year, the Jesuits were forcibly expelled from the city by the French because they were considered allies of the Elector Joseph Clemens of Bavaria and refused to leave the city. After the conquest by the alliesThe Jesuits returned. The construction work was resumed around the year 1692, so that on 3 December 1694, the feast of St. Francis Xavier , could enter the church; The construction was completed in 1698. In the following years, the furniture was purchased until 1704 last decorations on high altar, side altars and confessionals were made and the equipment was complete. In 1717 , the Archbishop of Cologne, Elector Joseph Clemens, consecrated the church.
Paul Clemen judges the construction as follows: The church is one of the most interesting North German Jesuit churches, in which the Romanizing and Gothic elements almost immediately appear next to the Baroque forms. The church was built according to plans by the Graubünden architect Giacomo de Candrea in the style of the so-called Jesuit Gothic, which combines Baroque elements with those of other styles.
The high altar was created by Bartholomäus Dierix around 1755. The high altar is adorned with an antependium held in white and gold, centered with a decorated cross . Above the altar , the tabernacle rises . The impressive structure, framed by a drapery held by putti , consists of two lateral pilasters with columns protruding from them. The structure ends up with a radiant-crowned sculpture , the god father in the clouds enthroned with a globein the hand and surrounded by putti and angels shows. In a richly carved frame is a painting of the 18th century with the representation of the Holy Family , above which the Electoral coat of arms with the spa hat is attached. In the foreground St. Joseph is sitting in a sitting position, while behind him is Mary holding the baby Jesus on her right arm. Thoughtfully, this considers a cross in his left.
( Bonn - Germany ) is well know as a tourist destination because of the variety of places you can enjoy while you are visiting Bonn . Through a series of videos we will try to show you recommended places to visit in Bonn - Germany
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Signs of Hope in Muslim-Christian Relations
THE BRIEN O'BRIEN AND MARY HASTEN LECTURE IN INTERRELIGIOUS DIALOGUE
Signs of Hope in Muslim-Christian Relations
September 27, 2018
Daniel A. Madigan, S.J., Ruesch Family Distinguished Jesuit Scholar and associate professor of theology, Georgetown University; Klaus Von Stosch, professor of systematic theology and chair, Center for Comparative Theology and Cultural Studies, University of Paderborn, Germany; and Joshua Ralston, lecturer in Muslim-Christian relations, School of Divinity, University of Edinburgh, Scotland
In this panel discussion, three prominent scholars involved in Muslim-Christian Dialogue in Europe and in the United States will share and exchange experiences and thoughts on positive developments in the relationship between Muslims and Christians in the West. No registration.
Cosponsored by the Boston College Department of Theology, School of Theology and Ministry, and The Church in the 21st Century Center
St Michael München
Catholic Jesuits church in Munich
Geischten Teilglocken In Kath. Pfarrkirche Hl. Geist (Jesuitenkirche) in Heidelberg
Nach der Rückführung der Pius-Glocke (die Glocken 8, 6, und 4 wurden zerstört) läutete sie mit der kleinen Rosenlächer-Glocke (Franz-Xaver-Glocke) noch einige Jahre bis zur grundlegenden Neukonzeptionierung des Geläutes.
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Siegen
Siegen is a city in Germany, in the south Westphalian part of North Rhine-Westphalia.
It is located in the district of Siegen-Wittgenstein in the Arnsberg region. The university town is the district seat, and is ranked as a higher centre in the South Westphalian urban agglomeration.
This video is targeted to blind users.
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Article text available under CC-BY-SA
Creative Commons image source in video
A Confederacy of Satan's Forces
There will be a universal bond of union, one great harmony, a confederacy of Satan's forces. 3SM 392 (1891).
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Protestantism shall give the hand of fellowship to the Roman power. 7BC 910.
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When this shall be gained, then, in the effort to secure complete uniformity, it will be only a step to the resort to force. GC 445.
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How the Roman church can clear herself from the charge of idolatry we cannot see. . . . And this is the religion which Protestants are beginning to look upon with so much favour, and which will eventually be united with Protestantism. This union will not, however, be effected by a change in Catholicism, for Rome never changes. She claims infallibility. It is Protestantism that will change. The adoption of liberal ideas on its part will bring it where it can clasp the hand of Catholicism. - RH June 1, 1886.
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The professed Protestant world will form a confederacy with the man of sin, and the church and the world will be in corrupt harmony. - 7BC 975 (1891).
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Romanism in the Old World, and apostate Protestantism in the New, will pursue a similar course toward those who honour all the divine precepts. - GC 616 (1911).
Blood libel | Wikipedia audio article
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Blood libel
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
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Blood libel (also blood accusation) is an antisemitic canard accusing Jews of kidnapping and murdering the children of Christians in order to use their blood as part of religious rituals. Historically, these claims—alongside those of well poisoning and host desecration—have been a major theme of the persecution of Jews in Europe.Blood libels typically say that Jews require human blood for the baking of matzos for Passover, although this element was allegedly absent in the earliest cases which claimed that then-contemporary Jews reenacted the crucifixion. The accusations often assert that the blood of the children of Christians is especially coveted, and, historically, blood libel claims have been made in order to account for the otherwise unexplained deaths of children. In some cases, the alleged victim of human sacrifice has become venerated as a martyr, a holy figure around whom a martyr sect might arise. Three of these – William of Norwich, Little Saint Hugh of Lincoln, and Simon of Trent – became objects of local sects and veneration, and in some cases they were added to the General Roman Calendar. One, Gavriil Belostoksky, was canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church.
In Jewish lore, blood libels were the impetus for the creation of the Golem of Prague by Rabbi Judah Loew ben Bezalel in the 16th century. According to Walter Laqueur:
Altogether, there have been about 150 recorded cases of blood libel (not to mention thousands of rumors) that resulted in the arrest and killing of Jews throughout history, most of them in the Middle Ages. In almost every case, Jews were murdered, sometimes by a mob, sometimes following torture and a trial.
The term 'blood libel' can also refer to any unpleasant and damaging false accusation, and it has taken on a broader metaphorical meaning. However, this usage remains controversial and it has been protested against by Jewish groups.
BRAZIL: RIO DE JANEIRO: POPE JOHN PAUL II WATCHES END OF CONFERENCE
Natural Sound
Pope John Paul the Second attended the closing session of a theological conference in the Brazilian city of Rio de Janeiro on Friday.
The three-day conference gathered bishops from around the world to discuss family issues.
The pontiff is in Brazil on a four-day official visit.
Pope John Paul the Second wrapped up the second-official day of his visit to Brazil by attending the closing ceremony of a three-day theological congress.
During the conference bishops from around the world gathered to discuss family issues.
Pope John Paul spoke to some 2-thousand 500 bishops who gathered at the Rio Centro convention centre.
The pontiff is in Rio to attend the Second World Meeting with Families - an event which the Vatican hopes will breath new life into its traditional views on the family.
The Pope - who arrived in Brazil on Thursday on a four-day trip, is due to attend a rally of Roman Catholic families from around the world in the Maracana soccer stadium on Saturday.
He is expected to hold an open-air mass for an estimated one-and-a-half (m) million worshippers on Sunday.
Brazilian bishops hope his trip will help bolster the Catholic church in Brazil where evangelical churches have made strong growth in recent years.
According to recent surveys, about 80 percent of Brazilians consider themselves Catholic but as few as 15 percent attend mass.
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Hour Of The Truth – An Open Letter to The Christian Nobility by Martin Luther (1520)(P2)
Episode 24 (recorded 8/13/2015)
On this Broadcast we will first address several interesting issues and then conclude reading the Open Letter to The Christian Nobility of the German Nation by Martin Luther (1520)
The basis of authority in these broadcasts is the 1611 King James Bible, the only uncorrupted WORD OF GOD in the English language today.
My Guest and Co-host today is Walt Stickle from
Make sure to visit that website for further studies on all subjects concerning the Jesuits and the NWO (Old World Order Restored)
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Mystery Babylon News Radio
Playlist New World Order 101
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Playlist KJV audio on new channel Jorg Glismann:
If you have any questions concerning other links or whatever question you have you can contact me via commenting on the video or sending a contact request to SKYPE user joggler77.
Almost forbidden books (PDF library!)
Baroque Papacy | Wikipedia audio article
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Baroque Papacy
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language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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SUMMARY
=======
The history of the papacy, the office held by the pope as head of the Roman Catholic Church, according to Catholic doctrine, spans from the time of Peter to the present day.
During the Early Church, the bishops of Rome enjoyed no temporal power until the time of Constantine. After the fall of Rome (the Middle Ages, about 476), the papacy was influenced by the temporal rulers of the surrounding Italian Peninsula; these periods are known as the Ostrogothic Papacy, Byzantine Papacy, and Frankish Papacy. Over time, the papacy consolidated its territorial claims to a portion of the peninsula known as the Papal States. Thereafter, the role of neighboring sovereigns was replaced by powerful Roman families during the saeculum obscurum, the Crescentii era, and the Tusculan Papacy.
From 1048 to 1257, the papacy experienced increasing conflict with the leaders and churches of the Holy Roman Empire and the Byzantine Empire (Eastern Roman Empire). The latter culminated in the East–West Schism, dividing the Western Church and Eastern Church. From 1257–1377, the pope, though the bishop of Rome, resided in Viterbo, Orvieto, and Perugia, and then Avignon. The return of the popes to Rome after the Avignon Papacy was followed by the Western Schism: the division of the western church between two and, for a time, three competing papal claimants.
The Renaissance Papacy is known for its artistic and architectural patronage, forays into European power politics, and theological challenges to papal authority. After the start of the Protestant Reformation, the Reformation Papacy and Baroque Papacy led the Catholic Church through the Counter-Reformation. The popes during the Age of Revolution witnessed the largest expropriation of wealth in the church's history, during the French Revolution and those that followed throughout Europe. The Roman Question, arising from Italian unification, resulted in the loss of the Papal States and the creation of Vatican City.
Neo-scholasticism | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Neo-scholasticism
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Neo-scholasticism (also known as neo-scholastic Thomism or neo-Thomism because of the great influence of the writings of Thomas Aquinas on the movement), is a revival and development of medieval scholasticism in Roman Catholic theology and philosophy which began in the second half of the 19th century.
History of the papacy | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
History of the papacy
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written
language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through
audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio
while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using
a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
In case you don't find one that you were looking for, put a comment.
This video uses Google TTS en-US-Standard-D voice.
SUMMARY
=======
The history of the papacy, the office held by the pope as head of the Roman Catholic Church, according to Catholic doctrine, spans from the time of Peter to the present day.
During the Early Church, the bishops of Rome enjoyed no temporal power until the time of Constantine. After the fall of Rome (the Middle Ages, about 476), the papacy was influenced by the temporal rulers of the surrounding Italian Peninsula; these periods are known as the Ostrogothic Papacy, Byzantine Papacy, and Frankish Papacy. Over time, the papacy consolidated its territorial claims to a portion of the peninsula known as the Papal States. Thereafter, the role of neighboring sovereigns was replaced by powerful Roman families during the saeculum obscurum, the Crescentii era, and the Tusculan Papacy.
From 1048 to 1257, the papacy experienced increasing conflict with the leaders and churches of the Holy Roman Empire and the Byzantine Empire (Eastern Roman Empire). The latter culminated in the East–West Schism, dividing the Western Church and Eastern Church. From 1257–1377, the pope, though the bishop of Rome, resided in Viterbo, Orvieto, and Perugia, and then Avignon. The return of the popes to Rome after the Avignon Papacy was followed by the Western Schism: the division of the western church between two and, for a time, three competing papal claimants.
The Renaissance Papacy is known for its artistic and architectural patronage, forays into European power politics, and theological challenges to papal authority. After the start of the Protestant Reformation, the Reformation Papacy and Baroque Papacy led the Catholic Church through the Counter-Reformation. The popes during the Age of Revolution witnessed the largest expropriation of wealth in the church's history, during the French Revolution and those that followed throughout Europe. The Roman Question, arising from Italian unification, resulted in the loss of the Papal States and the creation of Vatican City.
Council of Trent | Wikipedia audio article
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Council of Trent
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language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
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SUMMARY
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The Council of Trent (Latin: Concilium Tridentinum), held between 1545 and 1563 in Trent (or Trento, in northern Italy), was the 19th ecumenical council of the Catholic Church. Prompted by the Protestant Reformation, it has been described as the embodiment of the Counter-Reformation.The Council issued condemnations of what it defined to be heresies committed by proponents of Protestantism, and also issued key statements and clarifications of the Church's doctrine and teachings, including scripture, the Biblical canon, sacred tradition, original sin, justification, salvation, the sacraments, the Mass and the veneration of saints. The Council met for twenty-five sessions between 13 December 1545 and 4 December 1563. Pope Paul III, who convoked the Council, oversaw the first eight sessions (1545–47), while the twelfth to sixteenth sessions (1551–52) were overseen by Pope Julius III and the seventeenth to twenty-fifth sessions (1562–63) by Pope Pius IV.
The consequences of the Council were also significant as regards the Church's liturgy and practices. During its deliberations, the Council made the Vulgate the official example of the Biblical canon and commissioned the creation of a standard version, although this was not achieved until the 1590s. In 1565, a year after the Council finished its work, Pius IV issued the Tridentine Creed (after Tridentum, Trent's Latin name) and his successor Pius V then issued the Roman Catechism and revisions of the Breviary and Missal in, respectively, 1566, 1568 and 1570. These, in turn, led to the codification of the Tridentine Mass, which remained the Church's primary form of the Mass for the next four hundred years.
More than three hundred years passed until the next ecumenical council, the First Vatican Council, was convened in 1869.
Aktion T4 | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Aktion T4
00:03:10 1 Background
00:06:14 2 Implementation
00:10:51 3 Killing of children
00:15:08 4 Killing of adults
00:15:18 4.1 Invasion of Poland
00:19:24 4.2 Listing of targets from hospital records
00:21:14 5 Gassing
00:25:20 6 Number of euthanasia victims
00:26:45 7 Technology and personnel transfer to death camps
00:28:25 8 Opposition
00:30:14 8.1 Exposure
00:33:12 8.2 Church protests
00:38:52 9 Suspension of T4 killings
00:40:35 10 Post-war
00:40:44 10.1 Doctors' trial
00:43:24 10.2 Other perpetrators
00:47:03 11 Memorials
00:47:40 12 See also
00:47:49 13 Notes
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
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Aktion T4 (German, pronounced [akˈtsi̯oːn teː fiːɐ]) was a postwar name for mass murder through involuntary euthanasia in Nazi Germany. The name T4 is an abbreviation of Tiergartenstraße 4, a street address of the Chancellery department set up in the spring of 1940, in the Berlin borough of Tiergarten, which recruited and paid personnel associated with T4. Certain German physicians were authorized to select patients deemed incurably sick, after most critical medical examination and then administer to them a mercy death (Gnadentod). In October 1939 Adolf Hitler signed a euthanasia note backdated to 1 September 1939 which authorized his physician Karl Brandt and Reichsleiter Philipp Bouhler to implement the programme.
The killings took place from September 1939 until the end of the war in 1945; from 275,000 to 300,000 people were killed at extermination centres in psychiatric hospitals in Germany and Austria, occupied Poland and the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia (now the Czech Republic). The number of victims was originally recorded as 70,273 but this number has been increased by the discovery of victims listed in the archives of former East Germany. About half of those killed were taken from church-run asylums, often with the approval of the Protestant or Catholic authorities of the institutions. The Holy See announced on 2 December 1940 that the policy was contrary to the natural and positive Divine law and that the direct killing of an innocent person because of mental or physical defects is not allowed but the declaration was not upheld by some Catholic authorities in Germany. In the summer of 1941, protests were led in Germany by Bishop von Galen, whose intervention led to the strongest, most explicit and most widespread protest movement against any policy since the beginning of the Third Reich, according to Richard J. Evans.Several reasons have been suggested for the programme, including eugenics, compassion, reducing suffering, racial hygiene, economy and pressure on the welfare budget. Physicians in German and Austrian asylums continued many of the practices of Aktion T4 until the defeat of Germany in 1945, in spite of its official cessation in August 1941. The informal continuation of the policy led to 93,521 beds emptied by the end of 1941. Technology developed under Aktion T4 was taken over by the medical division of the Reich Interior Ministry, particularly the use of lethal gas to kill large numbers of people, along with the personnel who had participated in the development of the technology and later participated in Operation Reinhard.The technology and personnel developed were instrumental in implementing the Holocaust. The programme was authorized by Hitler but the killings have since come to be viewed as murders in Germany. The number of people killed was about 200,000 in Germany and Austria, with about 100,000 victims in other European countries.
Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:00:34 1 Approach, traditional Catholic view
00:01:52 1.1 Methods
00:03:44 1.2 Universality
00:04:45 2 Traditional periodization
00:04:54 2.1 First Period
00:05:11 2.2 Second Period
00:05:31 2.3 Third Period
00:05:55 2.4 Turning points
00:08:06 3 Sources
00:08:55 3.1 Remains
00:10:31 3.2 Tradition
00:11:18 4 Auxiliary sciences
00:14:10 5 Historians
00:14:40 5.1 Church historians during the First Period
00:27:41 5.2 The Church historians of the Second Period
00:32:52 5.3 The Church historians of the Third Period
00:33:33 5.3.1 From the middle of the 16th to the middle of the 17th century
00:34:36 5.3.2 From the middle of the 17th to the end of the 18th century
00:45:24 5.3.3 The 19th century
00:45:46 5.4 Catholic ecclesiastical historians
00:49:57 5.4.1 France
00:51:25 5.4.2 Belgium
00:52:17 5.4.3 Italy
00:53:51 5.4.4 Spain
00:54:53 5.4.5 Netherlands
00:55:15 5.4.6 England
00:55:28 5.4.7 Scotland
00:56:04 5.4.8 Ireland
00:56:35 5.4.9 United States
00:57:02 5.4.10 Australia
00:57:18 5.5 Protestant Church historians
00:59:08 5.6 Greek Orthodox writers
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I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
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Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church refers to the history of the Catholic Church as an institution, written from a particular perspective. There is a traditional approach to such historiography. The generally identified starting point is Eusebius of Caesarea, and his work Church History.
Since there is no assumption that contemporary historians of the Catholic Church who are also Catholics adopt this perspective, this “traditional approach” is a chapter of historiography, not yet closed, but applying to a definite area that is not central to the academic history of the 20th and 21st centuries.