Yo Soy: Reconfigurando el camino por Matías de Stéfano PARTE 1
Yo Soy: Reconfigurando el camino por Matías de Stéfano PARTE 1 de 3, que tuvo lugar en Valladolid durante la I Convención de Integración Espíritu-Materia, los días 17 y 18 de Junio 2016.
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LA INQUISICION DE LA IGLESIA CATOLICA - DOCUMENTARIES 2017 - BBC DOCUMENTARIES
La Inquisición española o Tribunal del Santo Oficio de la Inquisición fue una institución fundada en 1478 por los Reyes Católicos para mantener la ortodoxia católica en sus reinos. La Inquisición española tiene precedentes en instituciones similares existentes en Europa desde el siglo XII (véase el artículo Inquisición), especialmente en la fundada en Francia en el año 1184. La Inquisición española estaba bajo el control directo de la monarquía. Su abolición fue aprobada en las Cortes de Cádiz en 1812 por mayoría absoluta, pero no se abolió definitivamente hasta el 15 de julio de 1834, durante el reinado de Isabel II.
No hay unanimidad acerca de los motivos por los que los Reyes Católicos decidieron introducir en España la maquinaria inquisitorial. Los investigadores han planteado varias posibles razones:
El establecimiento de la unidad religiosa. Puesto que el objetivo de los Reyes Católicos era la creación de una maquinaria estatal eficiente, una de sus prioridades era lograr la unidad religiosa. Además, la Inquisición permitía a la monarquía intervenir activamente en asuntos religiosos, sin la intermediación del Papa.
Debilitar la oposición política local a los Reyes Católicos. Ciertamente, muchos de los que en la Corona de Aragón se resistieron a la implantación de la Inquisición lo hicieron invocando los fueros propios.
Acabar con la poderosa minoría judeoconversa. En el reino de Aragón fueron procesados miembros de familias influyentes, como Santa Fe, Santángel, Caballería y Sánchez. Esto se contradice, sin embargo, con el hecho de que el propio Fernando continuase contando en su administración con numerosos conversos.
Financiación económica. Puesto que una de las medidas que se tomaba con los procesados era la confiscación de sus bienes, no puede descartarse esa posibilidad.
El dominico sevillano Alonso de Ojeda convenció a la reina Isabel I, durante su estancia en Sevilla entre 1477 y 1478, de la existencia de prácticas judaizantes entre los conversos andaluces. Un informe, remitido a solicitud de los soberanos por Pedro González de Mendoza, arzobispo de Sevilla, y por el dominico Tomás de Torquemada, corroboró este aserto. Para descubrir y acabar con los falsos conversos, los Reyes Católicos decidieron que se introdujera la Inquisición en Castilla, y pidieron al Papa su consentimiento. El 1 de noviembre de 1478 el Papa Sixto IV promulgó la bula Exigit sinceras devotionis affectus, por la que quedaba constituida la Inquisición para la Corona de Castilla, y según la cual el nombramiento de los inquisidores era competencia exclusiva de los monarcas. Sin embargo, los primeros inquisidores, Miguel de Morillo y Juan de San Martín, no fueron nombrados hasta dos años después, el 27 de septiembre de 1480, en Medina del Campo.
En un principio, la actividad de la Inquisición se limitó a las diócesis de Sevilla y Córdoba, donde Alonso de Ojeda había detectado el foco de conversos judaizantes. El primer auto de fe se celebró en Sevilla el 6 de febrero de 1481: fueron quemadas vivas seis personas. El sermón lo pronunció el mismo Alonso de Ojeda de cuyos desvelos había nacido la Inquisición. Desde entonces, la presencia de la Inquisición en la Corona de Castilla se incrementó rápidamente; para 1492 existían tribunales en ocho ciudades castellanas: Ávila, Córdoba, Jaén, Medina del Campo, Segovia, Sigüenza, Toledo y Valladolid.
John of the Cross
Saint John of the Cross, O.C.D., was a major figure of the Counter-Reformation, a Spanish mystic, a Roman Catholic saint, a Carmelite friar and a priest who was born at Fontiveros, Old Castile.
John of the Cross was a reformer of the Carmelite Order and is considered, along with Saint Teresa of Ávila, as a founder of the Discalced Carmelites. He is also known for his writings. Both his poetry and his studies on the growth of the soul are considered the summit of mystical Spanish literature and one of the peaks of all Spanish literature. He was canonized as a saint in 1726 by Pope Benedict XIII. He is one of the thirty-six Doctors of the Church.
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Spanish conquest of Guatemala | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Spanish conquest of Guatemala
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
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Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Spanish conquest of Guatemala was a protracted conflict during the Spanish colonization of the Americas, in which Spanish colonisers gradually incorporated the territory that became the modern country of Guatemala into the colonial Viceroyalty of New Spain. Before the conquest, this territory contained a number of competing Mesoamerican kingdoms, the majority of which were Maya. Many conquistadors viewed the Maya as infidels who needed to be forcefully converted and pacified, disregarding the achievements of their civilization. The first contact between the Maya and European explorers came in the early 16th century when a Spanish ship sailing from Panama to Santo Domingo was wrecked on the east coast of the Yucatán Peninsula in 1511. Several Spanish expeditions followed in 1517 and 1519, making landfall on various parts of the Yucatán coast. The Spanish conquest of the Maya was a prolonged affair; the Maya kingdoms resisted integration into the Spanish Empire with such tenacity that their defeat took almost two centuries.Pedro de Alvarado arrived in Guatemala from the newly conquered Mexico in early 1524, commanding a mixed force of Spanish conquistadors and native allies, mostly from Tlaxcala and Cholula. Geographic features across Guatemala now bear Nahuatl placenames owing to the influence of these Mexican allies, who translated for the Spanish. The Kaqchikel Maya initially allied themselves with the Spanish, but soon rebelled against excessive demands for tribute and did not finally surrender until 1530. In the meantime the other major highland Maya kingdoms had each been defeated in turn by the Spanish and allied warriors from Mexico and already subjugated Maya kingdoms in Guatemala. The Itza Maya and other lowland groups in the Petén Basin were first contacted by Hernán Cortés in 1525, but remained independent and hostile to the encroaching Spanish until 1697, when a concerted Spanish assault led by Martín de Ursúa y Arizmendi finally defeated the last independent Maya kingdom.
Spanish and native tactics and technology differed greatly. The Spanish viewed the taking of prisoners as a hindrance to outright victory, whereas the Maya prioritised the capture of live prisoners and of booty. The indigenous peoples of Guatemala lacked key elements of Old World technology such as a functional wheel, horses, iron, steel, and gunpowder; they were also extremely susceptible to Old World diseases, against which they had no resistance. The Maya preferred raiding and ambush to large-scale warfare, using spears, arrows and wooden swords with inset obsidian blades; the Xinca of the southern coastal plain used poison on their arrows. In response to the use of Spanish cavalry, the highland Maya took to digging pits and lining them with wooden stakes.
John of the Cross | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
John of the Cross
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written
language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through
audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio
while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using
a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
In case you don't find one that you were looking for, put a comment.
This video uses Google TTS en-US-Standard-D voice.
SUMMARY
=======
John of the Cross (Spanish: San Juan de la Cruz; 1542 – 14 December 1591) was a major figure of the Counter-Reformation, a Spanish mystic, a Roman Catholic saint, a Carmelite friar and a priest, who was born at Fontiveros, Old Castile.
John of the Cross is known for his writings. Both his poetry and his studies on the growth of the soul are considered the summit of mystical Spanish literature and one of the peaks of all Spanish literature. He was canonized as a saint in 1726 by Pope Benedict XIII. He is one of the thirty-six Doctors of the Church.
Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written
language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through
audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio
while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using
a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
In case you don't find one that you were looking for, put a comment.
This video uses Google TTS en-US-Standard-D voice.
SUMMARY
=======
The Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire, or the Spanish–Aztec War (1519–21), was the conquest of the Aztec Empire by the Spanish Empire within the context of the Spanish colonization of the Americas. It was one of the most significant and complex events in world history. There are multiple 16th-century narratives of the events by Spanish conquerors, their indigenous allies and the defeated Aztecs. It was not solely a contest between a small contingent of Spaniards defeating the Aztec Empire but rather the creation of a coalition of Spanish invaders with tributaries to the Aztecs, and most especially the Aztecs' indigenous enemies and rivals. They combined forces to defeat the Mexica of Tenochtitlan over a two-year period. For the Spanish, the expedition to Mexico was part of a project of Spanish colonization of the New World after twenty-five years of permanent Spanish settlement and further exploration in the Caribbean.
The Spanish made landfall in Mexico in 1517. A Spanish settler in Cuba, Hernán Cortés, led an expedition (entrada) to Mexico, landing in February 1519, following an earlier expedition led by Juan de Grijalva to Yucatán in 1517. Two years later Cortés and his retinue set sail, thus beginning the expedition of exploration and conquest. The Spanish campaign against the Aztec Empire had its final victory on August 13, 1521, when a coalition army of Spanish forces and native Tlaxcalan warriors led by Cortés and Xicotencatl the Younger captured the emperor Cuauhtemoc and Tenochtitlan, the capital of the Aztec Empire. The fall of Tenochtitlan marks the beginning of Spanish rule in central Mexico, and they established their capital of Mexico City on the ruins of Tenochtitlan.
Cortés made alliances with tributaries city-states (altepetl) of the Aztec Empire as well as their political rivals, particularly the Tlaxcalteca and Texcocans, a former partner in the Aztec Triple Alliance. Other city-states also joined, including Huexotzinco and polities bordering Lake Texcoco, the inland lake system of the Valley of Mexico. Particularly important to the Spanish success was a multilingual (Nahuatl, a Maya dialect, and Spanish) indigenous slave woman, known to the Spanish conquistadors as Doña Marina, and generally as La Malinche. After eight months of battles and negotiations, which overcame the diplomatic resistance of the Aztec Emperor Moctezuma II to his visit, Cortés arrived in Tenochtitlan on November 8, 1519, where he took up residence with fellow Spaniards and their indigenous allies. When news reached Cortés of the death of several of his men during the Aztec attack on the Totonacs in Veracruz, he took Moctezuma captive, along with Cuitláhuac, his kinsman. Capturing the cacique or indigenous ruler was standard operating procedure for Spaniards in their expansion in the Caribbean, so capturing Moctezuma had considerable precedent, which might well have included those in Spain during the Christian reconquest of territory held by Muslims.When Cortés left Tenochtitlan to return to the coast and deal with the expedition of Pánfilo de Narváez, sent to rein in Cortés's expedition that had exceeded its specified limits, Cortés's right-hand man Pedro de Alvarado was left in charge. Alvarado allowed a significant Aztec feast to be celebrated in Tenochtitlan and on the pattern of the earlier massacre in Cholula, closed off the square and massacred the celebrating Aztec noblemen. The official biography of Cortés by Francisco López de Gómara contains a description of the massacre. The Alvarado massacre at the Main Temple of Tenochtitlan precipitated rebellion by the population of the city. Moctezuma was killed, although the sources do not agree on who murdered him. According to one account, when Moctezuma, now seen by the population as a mere puppet of the invading Spaniards, attempted to calm the outraged populace, he was killed by a projectile. According to an indigenous account, the S ...