[Wikipedia] Museum of Ancient Greek, Byzantine and Post-Byzantine Instruments
The Museum of Ancient Greek, Byzantine & Postbyzantine Instruments is a museum in Thessaloniki, Central Macedonia, Greece. The museum opened in 1997 in a restored three-storey building in the Ladadika district in the centre of Thessaloniki. It belongs to the Bank of Piraeus.
The three exhibition spaces display over 200 musical instruments, which existed between 2,800 BC and the beginning of the 20th century and have been accurately reconstructed with the help of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki to compose the museum’s initial collection. They were made on the basis of pictorial and literary evidence (pottery, sculpture, figurines, illuminated Byzantine manuscripts) using the same materials mentioned in the sources. Each instrument is accompanied by the pictorial evidence of its existence. In many cases it is also possible to hear the sounds they make.
Some notable examples include the seven-stringed forminx of the Minoan period, the double pipes with an air chamber (5th century BC). The bagpipes were played on the Greek islands, by the Greeks of the Black Sea, and in Thrace.
Apart from its exhibition space, the museum also has a music library, an electronic archive of scores, and a musicology research department.
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Museum of Ancient, Byzantine and Post Byzantine Musical Instruments - Chr. Halaris
Presentation of the Museum of Ancient, Byzantine and Post Byzantine Musical Instruments broadcasted on Head Line News on CNN Channel on 20 & 21.11.1997 for one day every 60 minutes.
The Museum of Ancient, Byzantine and Post Byzantine Musical Instruments of the Cultural Center of Macedonia - Thrace Bank was housed in the renovated buildings of the Bank of Macedonia-Thrace, in the area of Ladadika at 12-14 Katouni Street in Thessaloniki.
It was created by the composer-musicologist Christodoulos Halaris and was inaugurated on 07/11/1997 by the Minister of Culture, Evangelos Venizelos.
The museum's collection consisted of 240 replicas of musical instruments dating from 2800 BC until the early 20th century.
The instruments were reconstructed with the maximum possible accuracy based on visual evidence collected by Christodoulos Halaris in collaboration with Mr. Michalis Tiverios, Professor of Archaeology in the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, and archaeologist Cleopatra Kathariou.
Organological research, instruments design, invention of the suspension system used for the presentation of the instruments and museological study: Christodoulos Halaris.
Life size Painting of pictorial documentation:
Efstathios Leontis
Lutherie:
Nikos Basos (Stringed instruments and wooden percussion instruments), Yiannis Ntompridis (wooden wind instruments, Panayotis Tsepelidis (brass and percussions).
Decoration of percussion instruments: Fani Boudouroglou
Varnishing of instruments: Nikos Sklavos
Lighting: Giorgos Kolliadimas
This unique museum was a jewel to the town of Thessaloniki and the Orchestra of Fine Instruments of Ancient and Byzantine Repertoire of the museum, under the direction of Christodoulos Halaris gave numerous of concerts each year. The composition of the November 1997, as shown in the video was as follows:
Vozikis Costas: byzantine viola
Papasavoglou Stelios: byzantine viola
Soupila Erietta: bottle-shaped stringed instrument
Peikidou Marini: rebec
Vafiadou Ioanna: byzantine viola
Kaloterakis Philimon: kemane of Cappadocia
Grigoriadis Dimitris: oud
Krapis Constantinos: byzantine pandouris
Voulgaris Dimitris: flute
Papazoglou Costis: flute
In 1998, the Bank of Macedonia-Thrace and thus the museum was taken over by the Group of Piraeus Bank.
In 1999 with the decision of the Chairman of Piraeus Bank Michalis Sallas and Mrs. Sophia Staikou-Salla, Christodoulos Halaris was removed from his duties as general director, and the 24-member orchestra was layed off.
The Museum of Ancient and Byzantine institutions by decision of the Piraeus Bank Group, ceased operations in 2006.
In October 2010 Christodoulos Halaris created the Museum of Ancient and Byzantine instruments of Oia, Santorini, an initiative of the Community of Oia, the Community Benefit Corporation Oia and N.P.O. Mousourgia Imetera inaugurated on 10/17/2010.
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Athens | The Byzantine and Christian Μuseum
The Byzantine and Christian Museum of Athens was established in 1914 in order to collect, study, preserve and exhibit the Byzantine and Post-Byzantine cultural heritage found in Greece.
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Byzantine & Christian Museum, Athens (Greece), PART II.
Το Βυζαντινό και Χριστιανικό Μουσείο, Αθήνα (μέρος B΄)
Στο video παρουσιάζονται εν συντομία οι αλλαγές που συντελέστηκαν
στον περιβάλλοντα χώρο του Βυζαντινού και Χριστιανικού Μουσείου στα αμέσως προηγούμενα χρόνια: η αναδιαμόρφωση της αυλής και της εισόδου, η δημιουργία της νέας εισόδου επί της οδού βασιλέως Κωνσταντίνου, η δημιουργία του μικρού υπαίθριου αμφιθεάτρου, των κτηρίων που θα στεγάσουν το νέο καφέ και το νέο πωλητήριο και του πολιτιστικού πάρκου.
Φωτογραφίες: Αρχείο Βυζαντινού & Χριστιανικού Μουσείου
Σκηνοθεσία: Véronique Magnes
Μοντάζ: Γεώργιος Παντελεάκης
© Βυζαντινό & Χριστιανικό Μουσείο
The Byzantine & Christian Museum, Athens (Greece), Part IΙ
The video presents the changes that happened in the Byzantine Museum's open-air space during the past few years: the reconstruction of the main entrance and the courtyard, the opening of a new entrance in Vass. Konstantinou avenue, the construction of the open-air theatre, the remodeling of the buildings that will accommodate the coffee-bar and the museum-shop, the creation of the cultural park.
Photographs: Byzantine & Christian Museum's Archive
Directed by: Véronique Magnes
Edited by: Giorgos Panteleakis
© Byzantine & Christian Museum, Athens, Greece
Paradise
Song by John Prine. Performed at Songs of Resistance, November 4, 2017, at Tufts University, Medford, MA. Featuring Jeff Summit, Paul Lehrman, Ian Goldstein, Beth Bahia Cohen.
Μουσείο Βυζαντινού Πολιτισμού, Τοπίο και Μνήμες
Η μικρού μήκους ταινία παρουσιάζει την ιστορία του τοπίου και της χρήσης της περιοχής του Μουσείου Βυζαντινού Πολιτισμού στη Θεσσαλονίκη και στοχεύει να καταγράψει, να προβάλει και να διαφυλάξει τις προσωπικές αναμνήσεις και τη συλλογική μνήμη.
The Antikythera Mechanism: A Shocking Discovery from Ancient Greece.
As part of an international team, Dr Tony Freeth has been a central figure in an extraordinary voyage of discovery: every new revelation has reinforced a sense of shock about this highly sophisticated ancient Greek astronomical calculating machine. It is one of the true wonders of the ancient world.
02.Omada Krousis feat. Jason (Ομάδα Κρούσης)
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Byzantine | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Byzantine
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire and Byzantium, was the continuation of the Roman Empire in its eastern provinces during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, when its capital city was Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul, which had been founded as Byzantium). It survived the fragmentation and fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD and continued to exist for an additional thousand years until it fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453. During most of its existence, the empire was the most powerful economic, cultural, and military force in Europe. Both Byzantine Empire and Eastern Roman Empire are historiographical terms created after the end of the realm; its citizens continued to refer to their empire simply as the Roman Empire (Greek: Βασιλεία Ῥωμαίων, tr. Basileia Rhōmaiōn; Latin: Imperium Romanum), or Romania (Ῥωμανία), and to themselves as Romans.Several signal events from the 4th to 6th centuries mark the period of transition during which the Roman Empire's Greek East and Latin West divided. Constantine I (r. 324–337) reorganised the empire, made Constantinople the new capital, and legalised Christianity. Under Theodosius I (r. 379–395), Christianity became the Empire's official state religion and other religious practices were proscribed. Finally, under the reign of Heraclius (r. 610–641), the Empire's military and administration were restructured and adopted Greek for official use instead of Latin. Thus, although the Roman state continued and its traditions were maintained, modern historians distinguish Byzantium from ancient Rome insofar as it was centred on Constantinople, oriented towards Greek rather than Latin culture, and characterised by Orthodox Christianity.The borders of the empire evolved significantly over its existence, as it went through several cycles of decline and recovery. During the reign of Justinian I (r. 527–565), the Empire reached its greatest extent after reconquering much of the historically Roman western Mediterranean coast, including North Africa, Italy, and Rome itself, which it held for two more centuries. During the reign of Maurice (r. 582–602), the Empire's eastern frontier was expanded and the north stabilised. However, his assassination caused the Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628, which exhausted the empire's resources and contributed to major territorial losses during the Early Muslim conquests of the seventh century. In a matter of years the empire lost its richest provinces, Egypt and Syria, to the Arabs. During the Macedonian dynasty (10th–11th centuries), the empire again expanded and experienced the two-century long Macedonian Renaissance, which came to an end with the loss of much of Asia Minor to the Seljuk Turks after the Battle of Manzikert in 1071. This battle opened the way for the Turks to settle in Anatolia.
The empire recovered again during the Komnenian restoration, such that by the 12th century Constantinople was the largest and wealthiest European city. However, it was delivered a mortal blow during the Fourth Crusade, when Constantinople was sacked in 1204 and the territories that the empire formerly governed were divided into competing Byzantine Greek and Latin realms. Despite the eventual recovery of Constantinople in 1261, the Byzantine Empire remained only one of several small rival states in the area for the final two centuries of its existence. Its remaining territories were progressively annexed by the Ottomans over the 14th and 15th century. The Fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Empire in 1453 finally ended the Byzantine Empire. The last of the imperial Byzantine successor states, the Empire of Trebizond, would be conquered by the Ottomans eight years later in the 1461 Siege of Trebizond.
Byzantine Empire | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Byzantine Empire
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
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- improves your listening skills
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- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire and Byzantium, was the continuation of the Roman Empire in its eastern provinces during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, when its capital city was Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul, which had been founded as Byzantium). It survived the fragmentation and fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD and continued to exist for an additional thousand years until it fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453. During most of its existence, the empire was the most powerful economic, cultural, and military force in Europe. Both Byzantine Empire and Eastern Roman Empire are historiographical terms created after the end of the realm; its citizens continued to refer to their empire simply as the Roman Empire (Greek: Βασιλεία Ῥωμαίων, tr. Basileia Rhōmaiōn; Latin: Imperium Romanum), or Romania (Ῥωμανία), and to themselves as Romans.Several signal events from the 4th to 6th centuries mark the period of transition during which the Roman Empire's Greek East and Latin West divided. Constantine I (r. 324–337) reorganised the empire, made Constantinople the new capital, and legalised Christianity. Under Theodosius I (r. 379–395), Christianity became the Empire's official state religion and other religious practices were proscribed. Finally, under the reign of Heraclius (r. 610–641), the Empire's military and administration were restructured and adopted Greek for official use instead of Latin. Thus, although the Roman state continued and its traditions were maintained, modern historians distinguish Byzantium from ancient Rome insofar as it was centred on Constantinople, oriented towards Greek rather than Latin culture, and characterised by Orthodox Christianity.The borders of the empire evolved significantly over its existence, as it went through several cycles of decline and recovery. During the reign of Justinian I (r. 527–565), the Empire reached its greatest extent after reconquering much of the historically Roman western Mediterranean coast, including North Africa, Italy, and Rome itself, which it held for two more centuries. During the reign of Maurice (r. 582–602), the Empire's eastern frontier was expanded and the north stabilised. However, his assassination caused the Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628, which exhausted the empire's resources and contributed to major territorial losses during the Early Muslim conquests of the seventh century. In a matter of years the empire lost its richest provinces, Egypt and Syria, to the Arabs. During the Macedonian dynasty (10th–11th centuries), the empire again expanded and experienced the two-century long Macedonian Renaissance, which came to an end with the loss of much of Asia Minor to the Seljuk Turks after the Battle of Manzikert in 1071. This battle opened the way for the Turks to settle in Anatolia.
The empire recovered again during the Komnenian restoration, such that by the 12th century Constantinople was the largest and wealthiest European city. However, it was delivered a mortal blow during the Fourth Crusade, when Constantinople was sacked in 1204 and the territories that the empire formerly governed were divided into competing Byzantine Greek and Latin realms. Despite the eventual recovery of Constantinople in 1261, the Byzantine Empire remained only one of several small rival states in the area for the final two centuries of its existence. Its remaining territories were progressively annexed by the Ottomans over the 14th and 15th century. The Fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Empire in 1453 finally ended the Byzantine Empire. The last of the imperial Byzantine successor states, the Empire of Trebizond, would be conquered by the Ottomans eight years later in the 1461 Siege of Trebizond.
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Byzantine Empire | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Byzantine Empire
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire and Byzantium, was the continuation of the Roman Empire in its eastern provinces during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, when its capital city was Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul, which had been founded as Byzantium). It survived the fragmentation and fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD and continued to exist for an additional thousand years until it fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453. During most of its existence, the empire was the most powerful economic, cultural, and military force in Europe. Both Byzantine Empire and Eastern Roman Empire are historiographical terms created after the end of the realm; its citizens continued to refer to their empire simply as the Roman Empire (Greek: Βασιλεία Ῥωμαίων, tr. Basileia Rhōmaiōn; Latin: Imperium Romanum), or Romania (Ῥωμανία), and to themselves as Romans.Several signal events from the 4th to 6th centuries mark the period of transition during which the Roman Empire's Greek East and Latin West divided. Constantine I (r. 324–337) reorganised the empire, made Constantinople the new capital, and legalised Christianity. Under Theodosius I (r. 379–395), Christianity became the Empire's official state religion and other religious practices were proscribed. Finally, under the reign of Heraclius (r. 610–641), the Empire's military and administration were restructured and adopted Greek for official use instead of Latin. Thus, although the Roman state continued and its traditions were maintained, modern historians distinguish Byzantium from ancient Rome insofar as it was centred on Constantinople, oriented towards Greek rather than Latin culture, and characterised by Orthodox Christianity.The borders of the empire evolved significantly over its existence, as it went through several cycles of decline and recovery. During the reign of Justinian I (r. 527–565), the Empire reached its greatest extent after reconquering much of the historically Roman western Mediterranean coast, including North Africa, Italy, and Rome itself, which it held for two more centuries. During the reign of Maurice (r. 582–602), the Empire's eastern frontier was expanded and the north stabilised. However, his assassination caused the Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628, which exhausted the empire's resources and contributed to major territorial losses during the Early Muslim conquests of the seventh century. In a matter of years the empire lost its richest provinces, Egypt and Syria, to the Arabs. During the Macedonian dynasty (10th–11th centuries), the empire again expanded and experienced the two-century long Macedonian Renaissance, which came to an end with the loss of much of Asia Minor to the Seljuk Turks after the Battle of Manzikert in 1071. This battle opened the way for the Turks to settle in Anatolia.
The empire recovered again during the Komnenian restoration, such that by the 12th century Constantinople was the largest and wealthiest European city. However, it was delivered a mortal blow during the Fourth Crusade, when Constantinople was sacked in 1204 and the territories that the empire formerly governed were divided into competing Byzantine Greek and Latin realms. Despite the eventual recovery of Constantinople in 1261, the Byzantine Empire remained only one of several small rival states in the area for the final two centuries of its existence. Its remaining territories were progressively annexed by the Ottomans over the 14th and 15th century. The Fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Empire in 1453 finally ended the Byzantine Empire. The last of the imperial Byzantine successor states, the Empire of Trebizond, would be conquered by the Ottomans eight years later in the 1461 Siege of Trebizond.
vgainw stous dromous - Pantelis Kastanidis (live at piccadilly)
prwti ektelesi : pantelis kastanidis
pantelis kastanidis and the band live at piccadilly (thessaloniki) 19-02-2013
Keys : Giouras Xristos
Kithara : Farinis Anastasio
Drums : Ketoglidis Kostas
Bass : Joe
Στίχοι:
Θανασης Γκαραβελας
Μουσική:
Γαβριήλ Γαβριήλογλου
Romani people | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:03:21 1 Names
00:03:30 1.1 Exonyms
00:06:08 1.2 Endonyms
00:06:46 1.3 Romani usage
00:08:07 1.4 English usage
00:09:46 1.5 Other designations
00:11:58 2 Population and subgroups
00:12:08 2.1 Romani population
00:12:58 2.2 Romani subgroups
00:18:33 2.3 Diaspora
00:21:24 3 Origin
00:21:58 3.1 iShahnameh/i legend
00:22:59 3.2 Linguistic evidence
00:25:40 3.3 Genetic evidence
00:31:39 3.4 Possible migration route
00:33:20 4 History
00:33:29 4.1 Arrival in Europe
00:35:02 4.2 Early Modern history
00:38:53 4.3 Modern history
00:39:32 4.3.1 World War II
00:40:50 4.3.2 Post-1945
00:42:21 5 Society and traditional culture
00:45:06 5.1 Belonging and exclusion
00:46:00 5.2 Religion
00:46:22 5.2.1 Beliefs
00:47:39 5.2.2 Deities and saints
00:48:39 5.2.3 Ceremonies and practices
00:49:48 5.2.4 Balkans
00:52:35 5.2.5 Other regions
00:54:29 5.3 Music
00:57:41 6 Contemporary art and culture
00:58:47 7 Language
01:01:08 8 Persecutions
01:01:17 8.1 Historical persecution
01:05:19 8.2 Forced assimilation
01:08:05 8.3 Holocaust
01:10:10 9 Contemporary issues
01:14:35 9.1 Forced repatriation
01:16:00 10 Organizations and projects
01:16:32 11 Artistic representations
01:18:42 12 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
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Speaking Rate: 0.7631725640854313
Voice name: en-AU-Wavenet-C
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Romani (also spelled Romany , ), colloquially known as Gypsies or Roma, are an Indo-Aryan ethnic group, traditionally itinerant, living mostly in Europe and the Americas and originating from the northern Indian subcontinent, from the Rajasthan, Haryana, and Punjab regions of modern-day India.Genetic findings appear to confirm that the Romani came from a single group that left northwestern India about 1,500 years ago. Genetic research published in the European Journal of Human Genetics revealed that over 70% of males belong to a single lineage that appears unique to the Roma. They are a dispersed people, but their most concentrated populations are located in Europe, especially Central, Eastern and Southern Europe (including Turkey, Spain and Southern France). The Romani originated in northern India and arrived in Mid-West Asia and Europe around 1,000 years ago. They have been associated with another Indo-Aryan group, the Dom people: the two groups have been said to have separated from each other or, at least, to share a similar history. Specifically, the ancestors of both the Romani and the Dom left North India sometime between the 6th and 11th century.The Romani are widely known among English-speaking people by the exonym Gypsies (or Gipsies), which some people consider pejorative due to its connotations of illegality and irregularity. Beginning in 1888 the Gypsy Lore Society started to publish a journal that was meant to dispel rumors about their lifestyle.Since the 19th century, some Romani have also migrated to the Americas. There are an estimated one million Roma in the United States; and 800,000 in Brazil, most of whose ancestors emigrated in the 19th century from Eastern Europe. Brazil also includes a notable Romani community descended from people deported by the Portuguese Empire during the Portuguese Inquisition. In migrations since the late 19th century, Romani have also moved to other countries in South America and to Canada.In February 2016, during the International Roma Conference, the Indian Minister of External Affairs stated that the people of the Roma community were children of India. The conference ended with a recommendation to the Government of India to recognize the Roma community spread across 30 countries as a part of the Indian diaspora.The Romani language is divided into several dialects which together have an estimated number of speakers of more than two million. The total number of Romani people is at least twice as high (several times as high according to high estimates). Ma ...
Hellenistic | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:03:22 1 Etymology
00:05:18 2 Sources
00:07:36 3 Background
00:11:30 4 The Diadochi
00:19:41 5 Southern Europe
00:19:50 5.1 Kingdom of Epirus
00:21:29 5.2 Kingdom of Macedon
00:24:41 5.3 Rest of Greece
00:29:39 5.4 Balkans
00:31:53 5.5 Western Mediterranean
00:35:30 6 Hellenistic Near East
00:36:41 6.1 Ptolemaic Kingdom
00:40:33 6.2 Seleucid Empire
00:45:11 6.3 Attalid Pergamum
00:46:47 6.4 Galatia
00:48:48 6.5 Bithynia
00:50:10 6.6 Cappadocia
00:51:32 6.7 Kingdom of Pontus
00:53:42 6.8 Armenia
00:55:45 6.9 Parthia
00:58:35 6.10 Nabatean Kingdom
00:59:59 6.11 Judea
01:03:26 7 Greco-Bactrians
01:06:29 8 Indo-Greek kingdoms
01:10:03 9 Other states and Hellenistic influences
01:15:53 10 Rise of Rome
01:24:46 11 Culture
01:28:57 11.1 Hellenization and acculturation
01:34:11 11.2 Religion
01:38:36 11.3 Literature
01:41:22 11.4 Philosophy
01:44:02 11.5 Sciences
01:49:29 11.6 Military science
01:52:16 11.7 Art
01:56:08 12 Hellenistic period and modern culture
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
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Speaking Rate: 0.9217657792146551
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-E
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Hellenistic period covers the period of Mediterranean history between the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC and the emergence of the Roman Empire as signified by the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the subsequent conquest of Ptolemaic Egypt the following year. The Ancient Greek word Hellas (Ἑλλάς, Ellás) is the original word for Greece, from which the word Hellenistic was derived.During the Hellenistic period Greek cultural influence and power reached the peak of its geographical expansion, being dominant in the Mediterranean World and most of West and Central Asia, even in parts of the Indian subcontinent, experiencing prosperity and progress in the arts, exploration, literature, theatre, architecture, music, mathematics, philosophy, and science. It is often considered a period of transition, sometimes even of decadence or degeneration, compared to the enlightenment of the Greek Classical era. The Hellenistic period saw the rise of New Comedy, Alexandrian poetry, the Septuagint and the philosophies of Stoicism, Epicureanism, and Pyrrhonism. Greek science was advanced by the works of the mathematician Euclid and the polymath Archimedes. The religious sphere expanded to include new gods such as the Greco-Egyptian Serapis, eastern deities such as Attis and Cybele and a syncretism between Hellenistic culture and Buddhism in Bactria and Northwest India.
After Alexander the Great's invasion of the Achaemenid Empire in 330 BC and its disintegration shortly after, the Hellenistic kingdoms were established throughout south-west Asia (Seleucid Empire, Kingdom of Pergamon), north-east Africa (Ptolemaic Kingdom) and South Asia (Greco-Bactrian Kingdom, Indo-Greek Kingdom). The Hellenistic period was characterized by a new wave of Greek colonization which established Greek cities and kingdoms in Asia and Africa. This resulted in the export of Greek culture and language to these new realms, spanning as far as modern-day India. Equally, however, these new kingdoms were influenced by the indigenous cultures, adopting local practices where beneficial, necessary, or convenient. Hellenistic culture thus represents a fusion of the Ancient Greek world with that of the Near East, Middle East, Northeast Africa and Southwest Asia. This mixture gave rise to a common Attic-based Greek dialect, known as Koine Greek, which became the lingua franca through the Hellenistic world.
Scholars and historians are divided as to what event signals the end of the Hellenistic era. The Hellenistic period may be seen to end either with the final conquest of the Greek heartlands by Rome in 146 BC following the Achaean War, with the final defeat of the Ptolemaic Kingdom at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC, or even the move by Roman emperor Constantin ...
Hellenistic | Wikipedia audio article
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Hellenistic
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Hellenistic period covers the period of Mediterranean history between the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC and the emergence of the Roman Empire as signified by the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the subsequent conquest of Ptolemaic Egypt the following year. The Ancient Greek word Hellas (Ἑλλάς, Ellás) is the original word for Greece, from which the word Hellenistic was derived.At this time, Greek cultural influence and power was at its peak in Europe, North Africa and Western Asia, experiencing prosperity and progress in the arts, exploration, literature, theatre, architecture, music, mathematics, philosophy, and science. It is often considered a period of transition, sometimes even of decadence or degeneration, compared to the enlightenment of the Greek Classical era. The Hellenistic period saw the rise of New Comedy, Alexandrian poetry, the Septuagint and the philosophies of Stoicism and Epicureanism. Greek science was advanced by the works of the mathematician Euclid and the polymath Archimedes. The religious sphere expanded to include new gods such as the Greco-Egyptian Serapis, eastern deities such as Attis and Cybele and a syncretism between Hellenistic culture and Buddhism in Bactria and Northwest India.
After Alexander the Great's invasion of the Achaemenid Empire in 330 BC and its disintegration shortly after, the Hellenistic kingdoms were established throughout south-west Asia (Seleucid Empire, Kingdom of Pergamon), north-east Africa (Ptolemaic Kingdom) and South Asia (Greco-Bactrian Kingdom, Indo-Greek Kingdom). The Hellenistic period was characterized by a new wave of Greek colonization which established Greek cities and kingdoms in Asia and Africa. This resulted in the export of Greek culture and language to these new realms, spanning as far as modern-day India. Equally, however, these new kingdoms were influenced by the indigenous cultures, adopting local practices where beneficial, necessary, or convenient. Hellenistic culture thus represents a fusion of the Ancient Greek world with that of the Near East, Middle East, and Southwest Asia. This mixture gave rise to a common Attic-based Greek dialect, known as Koine Greek, which became the lingua franca through the Hellenistic world.
Scholars and historians are divided as to what event signals the end of the Hellenistic era. The Hellenistic period may be seen to end either with the final conquest of the Greek heartlands by Rome in 146 BC following the Achean War, with the final defeat of the Ptolemaic Kingdom at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC, or even the move by Roman emperor Constantine the Great of the capital of the Roman Empire to Constantinople in 330 AD. Hellenistic is distinguished from Hellenic in that the first encompasses the entire sphere of direct ancient Greek influence, while the latter refers to Greece itself.
Hellenistic world | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:02:39 1 Etymology
00:04:13 2 Sources
00:06:10 3 Background
00:09:22 4 The Diadochi
00:16:09 5 Southern Europe
00:16:17 5.1 Kingdom of Epirus
00:17:39 5.2 Kingdom of Macedon
00:20:18 5.3 Rest of Greece
00:24:21 5.4 Balkans
00:26:11 5.5 Western Mediterranean
00:29:08 6 Hellenistic Near East
00:30:08 6.1 Ptolemaic Kingdom
00:33:18 6.2 Seleucid Empire
00:37:06 6.3 Attalid Pergamum
00:38:27 6.4 Galatia
00:40:07 6.5 Bithynia
00:41:18 6.6 Cappadocia
00:42:27 6.7 Kingdom of Pontus
00:44:15 6.8 Armenia
00:45:58 6.9 Parthia
00:48:18 6.10 Nabatean Kingdom
00:49:28 6.11 Judea
00:52:18 7 Greco-Bactrians
00:54:50 8 Indo-Greek kingdoms
00:57:46 9 Other states and Hellenistic influences
01:02:32 10 Rise of Rome
01:09:46 11 Culture
01:13:10 11.1 Hellenization and acculturation
01:17:29 11.2 Religion
01:21:04 11.3 Literature
01:23:21 11.4 Philosophy
01:25:33 11.5 Sciences
01:30:02 11.6 Military science
01:32:21 11.7 Art
01:35:33 12 Hellenistic period and modern culture
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
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Speaking Rate: 0.9590217207400314
Voice name: en-AU-Wavenet-B
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Hellenistic period covers the period of Mediterranean history between the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BCE and the emergence of the Roman Empire as signified by the Battle of Actium in 31 BCE and the subsequent conquest of Ptolemaic Egypt the following year. The Ancient Greek word Hellas (Ἑλλάς, Ellás) is the original word for Greece, from which the word Hellenistic was derived.At this time, Greek cultural influence and power was at its peak in Europe, North Africa and Western Asia, experiencing prosperity and progress in the arts, exploration, literature, theatre, architecture, music, mathematics, philosophy, and science. It is often considered a period of transition, sometimes even of decadence or degeneration, compared to the enlightenment of the Greek Classical era. The Hellenistic period saw the rise of New Comedy, Alexandrian poetry, the Septuagint and the philosophies of Stoicism, Epicureanism, and Pyrrhonism. Greek science was advanced by the works of the mathematician Euclid and the polymath Archimedes. The religious sphere expanded to include new gods such as the Greco-Egyptian Serapis, eastern deities such as Attis and Cybele and a syncretism between Hellenistic culture and Buddhism in Bactria and Northwest India.
After Alexander the Great's invasion of the Achaemenid Empire in 330 BC and its disintegration shortly after, the Hellenistic kingdoms were established throughout south-west Asia (Seleucid Empire, Kingdom of Pergamon), north-east Africa (Ptolemaic Kingdom) and South Asia (Greco-Bactrian Kingdom, Indo-Greek Kingdom). The Hellenistic period was characterized by a new wave of Greek colonization which established Greek cities and kingdoms in Asia and Africa. This resulted in the export of Greek culture and language to these new realms, spanning as far as modern-day India. Equally, however, these new kingdoms were influenced by the indigenous cultures, adopting local practices where beneficial, necessary, or convenient. Hellenistic culture thus represents a fusion of the Ancient Greek world with that of the Near East, Middle East, and Southwest Asia. This mixture gave rise to a common Attic-based Greek dialect, known as Koine Greek, which became the lingua franca through the Hellenistic world.
Scholars and historians are divided as to what event signals the end of the Hellenistic era. The Hellenistic period may be seen to end either with the final conquest of the Greek heartlands by Rome in 146 BC following the Achean War, with the final defeat of the Ptolemaic Kingdom at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC, or even the move by Roman emperor Constantine the Great of the capital of the Roman Empire to Constantinople in 330 AD. Hellenistic is distinguished from Hellenic in that the first ...
Hellenistic civilization | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Hellenistic civilization
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Hellenistic period covers the period of Mediterranean history between the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC and the emergence of the Roman Empire as signified by the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the subsequent conquest of Ptolemaic Egypt the following year. The Ancient Greek word Hellas (Ἑλλάς, Ellás) is the original word for Greece, from which the word Hellenistic was derived.At this time, Greek cultural influence and power was at its peak in Europe, North Africa and Western Asia, experiencing prosperity and progress in the arts, exploration, literature, theatre, architecture, music, mathematics, philosophy, and science. It is often considered a period of transition, sometimes even of decadence or degeneration, compared to the enlightenment of the Greek Classical era. The Hellenistic period saw the rise of New Comedy, Alexandrian poetry, the Septuagint and the philosophies of Stoicism and Epicureanism. Greek science was advanced by the works of the mathematician Euclid and the polymath Archimedes. The religious sphere expanded to include new gods such as the Greco-Egyptian Serapis, eastern deities such as Attis and Cybele and a syncretism between Hellenistic culture and Buddhism in Bactria and Northwest India.
After Alexander the Great's invasion of the Achaemenid Empire in 330 BC and its disintegration shortly after, the Hellenistic kingdoms were established throughout south-west Asia (Seleucid Empire, Kingdom of Pergamon), north-east Africa (Ptolemaic Kingdom) and South Asia (Greco-Bactrian Kingdom, Indo-Greek Kingdom). The Hellenistic period was characterized by a new wave of Greek colonization which established Greek cities and kingdoms in Asia and Africa. This resulted in the export of Greek culture and language to these new realms, spanning as far as modern-day India. Equally, however, these new kingdoms were influenced by the indigenous cultures, adopting local practices where beneficial, necessary, or convenient. Hellenistic culture thus represents a fusion of the Ancient Greek world with that of the Near East, Middle East, and Southwest Asia. This mixture gave rise to a common Attic-based Greek dialect, known as Koine Greek, which became the lingua franca through the Hellenistic world.
Scholars and historians are divided as to what event signals the end of the Hellenistic era. The Hellenistic period may be seen to end either with the final conquest of the Greek heartlands by Rome in 146 BC following the Achean War, with the final defeat of the Ptolemaic Kingdom at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC, or even the move by Roman emperor Constantine the Great of the capital of the Roman Empire to Constantinople in 330 AD. Hellenistic is distinguished from Hellenic in that the first encompasses the entire sphere of direct ancient Greek influence, while the latter refers to Greece itself.
Corfu | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:03:25 1 Name
00:04:28 2 Geography
00:06:59 2.1 Diapontia islands
00:07:24 2.2 Lazaretto Island
00:08:39 2.3 Flora
00:09:29 2.4 Fauna
00:09:44 2.4.1 Birds
00:10:13 2.4.2 Mammals
00:11:24 2.4.3 Amphibians and reptiles
00:12:57 2.5 Climate
00:13:13 3 History
00:13:21 3.1 Early history
00:18:39 3.2 Roman and medieval history
00:23:14 3.3 Venetian rule
00:28:12 3.3.1 Venetian policies and legacy
00:31:28 3.4 19th century
00:33:23 3.4.1 British Lord High Commissioners during the protectorate
00:35:26 3.5 First World War
00:36:18 3.6 Interwar period
00:36:39 3.7 Second World War
00:36:48 3.7.1 Italian occupation and resistance
00:38:15 3.7.2 German bombing and occupation
00:40:02 3.7.3 Liberation
00:40:51 3.8 Post–World War and modern Corfu
00:42:03 4 Architecture
00:42:11 4.1 Venetian influence
00:43:55 4.2 The Achilleion
00:46:37 4.3 Kaiser's Bridge
00:47:43 5 Urban landscape
00:47:52 5.1 Old town
00:49:12 5.2 Ano and Kato Plateia and the music pavilion
00:50:22 5.3 Palaia Anaktora and its gardens
00:52:16 5.4 Churches
00:52:54 5.5 Pontikonisi
00:53:35 6 Archaeology
00:53:44 6.1 Palaiopolis
00:54:36 6.2 Kardaki Temple
00:55:45 6.3 Temple of Artemis
00:57:44 6.4 Temple of Hera
00:58:58 6.5 Tomb of Menecrates
01:00:22 6.6 Other archaeological sites
01:00:46 7 Castles
01:01:11 7.1 Palaio Frourio
01:02:17 7.2 Neo Frourio
01:03:08 7.3 Angelokastro
01:05:08 7.4 Gardiki Castle
01:06:02 7.5 Kassiopi Castle
01:07:31 8 Municipality
01:07:52 8.1 Province
01:08:15 9 Education
01:08:24 9.1 Ionian Academy
01:09:04 9.2 Ionian University
01:09:42 9.3 Student activism
01:10:33 10 Culture
01:11:15 10.1 Museums and libraries
01:14:41 10.2 Patron Saint Spyridon
01:16:44 10.3 Music
01:16:52 10.3.1 Musical history
01:18:11 10.3.2 The three Philharmonics
01:19:44 10.3.3 Ionian University music department
01:20:21 10.4 Theatres and operatic tradition
01:20:30 10.4.1 Teatro di San Giacomo
01:22:16 10.4.2 Municipal Theatre of Corfu
01:23:20 10.5 Festivities
01:23:28 10.5.1 Easter
01:26:05 10.5.2 Ta Karnavalia
01:26:48 11 Cultural depictions
01:26:57 11.1 Corfu in myth
01:27:40 11.2 Corfu in literature
01:28:55 11.3 Corfu in film
01:32:00 11.4 Corfu in popular culture
01:32:31 12 Tourism
01:34:03 13 Transport
01:36:29 14 Economy
01:38:22 15 International relations
01:38:39 16 Notable people
01:38:48 16.1 Ancient
01:39:17 16.2 Modern
01:39:25 17 Gallery
01:39:33 18 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.9643311909682891
Voice name: en-AU-Wavenet-A
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Corfu (, also US: ) or Kerkyra (Greek: Κέρκυρα, romanized: Kérkyra, pronounced [ˈcercira] (listen); Ancient Greek: Κόρκυρα, romanized: Kórkyra, pronounced [kórkyra]; Medieval Greek: Κορυφώ, romanized: Koryfó; Latin: Corcyra) is a Greek island in the Ionian Sea. It is the second largest of the Ionian Islands, and, including its small satellite islands, forms the margin of the northwestern frontier of Greece. The island is part of the Corfu regional unit, and is administered as a single municipality, which also includes the smaller islands of Ereikoussa, Mathraki and Othonoi. The municipality has an area of 610,9 km2, the island proper 592,8 km2. The principal city of the island and seat of the municipality (pop. 32,095) is also named Corfu. Corfu is home to the Ionian University.
The island is bound up with the history of Greece from the beginnings of Greek mythology. Its history is full of battles and conquests. Ancient Korkyra took part in the Battle of Sybota which was a catalyst for the Peloponnesian War, and, according to Thucydides, the largest naval battle between Greek city states until that time. Thucydides also reports that Korkyra was one of the three great naval powers of fifth century BC Greece, along with Athens and Corinth. Ruins of ancient Greek temples and other archaeological sites of the ancient ...