The Pen Museum, Birmingham UK
The Pen Museum is a volunteer-run source of amazing history around the manufacture of writing tools in Birmingham. In its time, the city produced 75% of the world's writing nibs, and a visit brings you face to face with vintage nibs, and the machines that make them. Amazing.
PEN ROOM MUSEUM BIRMINGHAM
The Pen Rooms / The Birmingham Pen Trade Heritage Museum, follows the history of writing, calligraphy and the manufacture of the pen from past times to the present day and how birmigham, became for over a century the world leaders in fountain pen manufacturing trade.
the museum is filled with nearly every writing impliment you can think of.
for more information visit.
related video's
the museum is small but filled with lots of information and history, consists of two rooms filled with litterally thousands and thousands of pens quills and nibs of all kinds, you can even make your own fountain pen nib if you wish, write your own name with a feathered quill or a fountain pen that you can dip in ink and more. to be honest i thought i would be visiting the museum for just over half an hour and spent 2 hours looking at all the display cabinnets.
main images inside the museum was taken from leaflet and website with permission of the museum. thank you.
The Pen Museum - Faces of The Jewellery Quarter Episode 18
Places to see in ( Birmingham - UK )
Places to see in ( Birmingham - UK )
Birmingham is a major city in England’s West Midlands region, with multiple Industrial Revolution-era landmarks that speak to its 18th-century history as a manufacturing powerhouse. It’s also home to a network of canals, many of which radiate from Sherborne Wharf and are now lined with trendy cafes and bars. In the city centre, the Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery is known for pre-Raphaelite masterpieces.
Birmingham is a city and metropolitan borough in the West Midlands, England. Birmingham is the largest and most populous British city outside London. A medium-sized market town in the medieval period, Birmingham grew to international prominence in the 18th century at the heart of the Midlands Enlightenment and subsequent Industrial Revolution, which saw the town at the forefront of worldwide advances in science, technology, and economic development, producing a series of innovations that laid many of the foundations of modern industrial society.
Today Birmingham's economy is dominated by the service sector. The city is a major international commercial centre, ranked as a gamma+ world city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network; and an important transport, retail, events and conference hub. Its metropolitan economy is the second largest in the United Kingdom with a GDP of $121.1bn (2014), and its six universities make it the largest centre of higher education in the country outside London. Birmingham's major cultural institutions – including the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra, the Birmingham Royal Ballet, the Birmingham Repertory Theatre, the Library of Birmingham and the Barber Institute of Fine Arts – enjoy international reputations, and the city has vibrant and influential grassroots art, music, literary and culinary scenes. Birmingham is the fourth-most visited city in the UK by foreign visitors.
Birmingham's sporting heritage can be felt worldwide, with the concept of the Football League and lawn tennis both originating from the city. Its most successful football club Aston Villa has won seven league titles and one European Cup with the other professional club being Birmingham City.
People from Birmingham are called Brummies, a term derived from the city's nickname of Brum. This originates from the city's dialect name, Brummagem, which may in turn have been derived from one of the city's earlier names, Bromwicham. There is a distinctive Brummie accent and dialect.
Alot to see in ( Birmingham - UK ) such as :
Cadbury World
Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery
Museum of the Jewellery Quarter
Thinktank, Birmingham Science Museum
National Sea Life Centre
Birmingham Back to Backs
Gas Street Basin
Barber Institute of Fine Arts
Bull Ring, Birmingham
Aston Hall
St Martin in the Bull Ring
Pen Museum
Birmingham Wildlife Conservation Park
Soho House
The Electric, Birmingham
Ikon Gallery
Blakesley Hall
Castle Bromwich Hall Gardens
Sarehole Mill
Birmingham Botanical Gardens
Hall of Memory, Birmingham
Lapworth Museum of Geology
Royal Birmingham Society of Artists
Edgbaston Reservoir
Clent Hills
Council House, Birmingham
Woodgate Valley Country Park
Winterbourne Botanic Garden
Birmingham Oratory
Bartley Reservoir
St. Paul's Gallery
Pype Hayes Park
Worcester and Birmingham Canal
Waseley Hills Country Park
Birmingham Central Mosque
Cannon Hill Park
Library of Birmingham
Electric Cinema, Notting Hill
Sheldon Country Park
National Motorcycle Museum
Handsworth Park
Ash End House Childrens Farm
Perry Hall Park
The Coffin Works
Eastside City Park
St Paul's Church, Birmingham
St Chad's Cathedral, Birmingham
Kings Heath Park
Small Heath Park
Moseley Bog
( Birmingham - UK) is well know as a tourist destination because of the variety of places you can enjoy while you are visiting the city of Birmingham . Through a series of videos we will try to show you recommended places to visit in Birmingham - UK
Join us for more :
Places to see in ( Birmingham - UK )
Places to see in ( Birmingham - UK )
Birmingham is a major city in England’s West Midlands region, with multiple Industrial Revolution-era landmarks that speak to its 18th-century history as a manufacturing powerhouse. It’s also home to a network of canals, many of which radiate from Sherborne Wharf and are now lined with trendy cafes and bars. In the city centre, the Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery is known for pre-Raphaelite masterpieces.
Birmingham is a city and metropolitan borough in the West Midlands, England. Birmingham is the largest and most populous British city outside London. A medium-sized market town in the medieval period, Birmingham grew to international prominence in the 18th century at the heart of the Midlands Enlightenment and subsequent Industrial Revolution, which saw the town at the forefront of worldwide advances in science, technology, and economic development, producing a series of innovations that laid many of the foundations of modern industrial society.
Today Birmingham's economy is dominated by the service sector. The city is a major international commercial centre, ranked as a gamma+ world city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network; and an important transport, retail, events and conference hub. Its metropolitan economy is the second largest in the United Kingdom with a GDP of $121.1bn (2014), and its six universities make it the largest centre of higher education in the country outside London. Birmingham's major cultural institutions – including the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra, the Birmingham Royal Ballet, the Birmingham Repertory Theatre, the Library of Birmingham and the Barber Institute of Fine Arts – enjoy international reputations, and the city has vibrant and influential grassroots art, music, literary and culinary scenes. Birmingham is the fourth-most visited city in the UK by foreign visitors.
Birmingham's sporting heritage can be felt worldwide, with the concept of the Football League and lawn tennis both originating from the city. Its most successful football club Aston Villa has won seven league titles and one European Cup with the other professional club being Birmingham City.
People from Birmingham are called Brummies, a term derived from the city's nickname of Brum. This originates from the city's dialect name, Brummagem, which may in turn have been derived from one of the city's earlier names, Bromwicham. There is a distinctive Brummie accent and dialect.
Alot to see in ( Birmingham - UK ) such as :
Cadbury World
Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery
Museum of the Jewellery Quarter
Thinktank, Birmingham Science Museum
National Sea Life Centre
Birmingham Back to Backs
Gas Street Basin
Barber Institute of Fine Arts
Bull Ring, Birmingham
Aston Hall
St Martin in the Bull Ring
Pen Museum
Birmingham Wildlife Conservation Park
Soho House
The Electric, Birmingham
Ikon Gallery
Blakesley Hall
Castle Bromwich Hall Gardens
Sarehole Mill
Birmingham Botanical Gardens
Hall of Memory, Birmingham
Lapworth Museum of Geology
Royal Birmingham Society of Artists
Edgbaston Reservoir
Clent Hills
Council House, Birmingham
Woodgate Valley Country Park
Winterbourne Botanic Garden
Birmingham Oratory
Bartley Reservoir
St. Paul's Gallery
Pype Hayes Park
Worcester and Birmingham Canal
Waseley Hills Country Park
Birmingham Central Mosque
Cannon Hill Park
Library of Birmingham
Electric Cinema, Notting Hill
Sheldon Country Park
National Motorcycle Museum
Handsworth Park
Ash End House Childrens Farm
Perry Hall Park
The Coffin Works
Eastside City Park
St Paul's Church, Birmingham
St Chad's Cathedral, Birmingham
Kings Heath Park
Small Heath Park
Moseley Bog
( Birmingham - UK) is well know as a tourist destination because of the variety of places you can enjoy while you are visiting the city of Birmingham . Through a series of videos we will try to show you recommended places to visit in Birmingham - UK
Join us for more :
Places to see in ( Birmingham - UK )
Places to see in ( Birmingham - UK )
Birmingham is a major city in England’s West Midlands region, with multiple Industrial Revolution-era landmarks that speak to its 18th-century history as a manufacturing powerhouse. It’s also home to a network of canals, many of which radiate from Sherborne Wharf and are now lined with trendy cafes and bars. In the city centre, the Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery is known for pre-Raphaelite masterpieces.
Birmingham is a city and metropolitan borough in the West Midlands, England. Birmingham is the largest and most populous British city outside London. A medium-sized market town in the medieval period, Birmingham grew to international prominence in the 18th century at the heart of the Midlands Enlightenment and subsequent Industrial Revolution, which saw the town at the forefront of worldwide advances in science, technology, and economic development, producing a series of innovations that laid many of the foundations of modern industrial society.
Today Birmingham's economy is dominated by the service sector. The city is a major international commercial centre, ranked as a gamma+ world city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network; and an important transport, retail, events and conference hub. Its metropolitan economy is the second largest in the United Kingdom with a GDP of $121.1bn (2014), and its six universities make it the largest centre of higher education in the country outside London. Birmingham's major cultural institutions – including the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra, the Birmingham Royal Ballet, the Birmingham Repertory Theatre, the Library of Birmingham and the Barber Institute of Fine Arts – enjoy international reputations, and the city has vibrant and influential grassroots art, music, literary and culinary scenes. Birmingham is the fourth-most visited city in the UK by foreign visitors.
Birmingham's sporting heritage can be felt worldwide, with the concept of the Football League and lawn tennis both originating from the city. Its most successful football club Aston Villa has won seven league titles and one European Cup with the other professional club being Birmingham City.
People from Birmingham are called Brummies, a term derived from the city's nickname of Brum. This originates from the city's dialect name, Brummagem, which may in turn have been derived from one of the city's earlier names, Bromwicham. There is a distinctive Brummie accent and dialect.
Alot to see in ( Birmingham - UK ) such as :
Cadbury World
Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery
Museum of the Jewellery Quarter
Thinktank, Birmingham Science Museum
National Sea Life Centre
Birmingham Back to Backs
Gas Street Basin
Barber Institute of Fine Arts
Bull Ring, Birmingham
Aston Hall
St Martin in the Bull Ring
Pen Museum
Birmingham Wildlife Conservation Park
Soho House
The Electric, Birmingham
Ikon Gallery
Blakesley Hall
Castle Bromwich Hall Gardens
Sarehole Mill
Birmingham Botanical Gardens
Hall of Memory, Birmingham
Lapworth Museum of Geology
Royal Birmingham Society of Artists
Edgbaston Reservoir
Clent Hills
Council House, Birmingham
Woodgate Valley Country Park
Winterbourne Botanic Garden
Birmingham Oratory
Bartley Reservoir
St. Paul's Gallery
Pype Hayes Park
Worcester and Birmingham Canal
Waseley Hills Country Park
Birmingham Central Mosque
Cannon Hill Park
Library of Birmingham
Electric Cinema, Notting Hill
Sheldon Country Park
National Motorcycle Museum
Handsworth Park
Ash End House Childrens Farm
Perry Hall Park
The Coffin Works
Eastside City Park
St Paul's Church, Birmingham
St Chad's Cathedral, Birmingham
Kings Heath Park
Small Heath Park
Moseley Bog
( Birmingham - UK) is well know as a tourist destination because of the variety of places you can enjoy while you are visiting the city of Birmingham . Through a series of videos we will try to show you recommended places to visit in Birmingham - UK
Join us for more :
Places to see in ( Birmingham - UK )
Places to see in ( Birmingham - UK )
Birmingham is a major city in England’s West Midlands region, with multiple Industrial Revolution-era landmarks that speak to its 18th-century history as a manufacturing powerhouse. It’s also home to a network of canals, many of which radiate from Sherborne Wharf and are now lined with trendy cafes and bars. In the city centre, the Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery is known for pre-Raphaelite masterpieces.
Birmingham is a city and metropolitan borough in the West Midlands, England. Birmingham is the largest and most populous British city outside London. A medium-sized market town in the medieval period, Birmingham grew to international prominence in the 18th century at the heart of the Midlands Enlightenment and subsequent Industrial Revolution, which saw the town at the forefront of worldwide advances in science, technology, and economic development, producing a series of innovations that laid many of the foundations of modern industrial society.
Today Birmingham's economy is dominated by the service sector. The city is a major international commercial centre, ranked as a gamma+ world city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network; and an important transport, retail, events and conference hub. Its metropolitan economy is the second largest in the United Kingdom with a GDP of $121.1bn (2014), and its six universities make it the largest centre of higher education in the country outside London. Birmingham's major cultural institutions – including the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra, the Birmingham Royal Ballet, the Birmingham Repertory Theatre, the Library of Birmingham and the Barber Institute of Fine Arts – enjoy international reputations, and the city has vibrant and influential grassroots art, music, literary and culinary scenes. Birmingham is the fourth-most visited city in the UK by foreign visitors.
Birmingham's sporting heritage can be felt worldwide, with the concept of the Football League and lawn tennis both originating from the city. Its most successful football club Aston Villa has won seven league titles and one European Cup with the other professional club being Birmingham City.
People from Birmingham are called Brummies, a term derived from the city's nickname of Brum. This originates from the city's dialect name, Brummagem, which may in turn have been derived from one of the city's earlier names, Bromwicham. There is a distinctive Brummie accent and dialect.
Alot to see in ( Birmingham - UK ) such as :
Cadbury World
Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery
Museum of the Jewellery Quarter
Thinktank, Birmingham Science Museum
National Sea Life Centre
Birmingham Back to Backs
Gas Street Basin
Barber Institute of Fine Arts
Bull Ring, Birmingham
Aston Hall
St Martin in the Bull Ring
Pen Museum
Birmingham Wildlife Conservation Park
Soho House
The Electric, Birmingham
Ikon Gallery
Blakesley Hall
Castle Bromwich Hall Gardens
Sarehole Mill
Birmingham Botanical Gardens
Hall of Memory, Birmingham
Lapworth Museum of Geology
Royal Birmingham Society of Artists
Edgbaston Reservoir
Clent Hills
Council House, Birmingham
Woodgate Valley Country Park
Winterbourne Botanic Garden
Birmingham Oratory
Bartley Reservoir
St. Paul's Gallery
Pype Hayes Park
Worcester and Birmingham Canal
Waseley Hills Country Park
Birmingham Central Mosque
Cannon Hill Park
Library of Birmingham
Electric Cinema, Notting Hill
Sheldon Country Park
National Motorcycle Museum
Handsworth Park
Ash End House Childrens Farm
Perry Hall Park
The Coffin Works
Eastside City Park
St Paul's Church, Birmingham
St Chad's Cathedral, Birmingham
Kings Heath Park
Small Heath Park
Moseley Bog
( Birmingham - UK) is well know as a tourist destination because of the variety of places you can enjoy while you are visiting the city of Birmingham . Through a series of videos we will try to show you recommended places to visit in Birmingham - UK
Join us for more :
Places to see in ( Birmingham - UK )
Places to see in ( Birmingham - UK )
Birmingham is a major city in England’s West Midlands region, with multiple Industrial Revolution-era landmarks that speak to its 18th-century history as a manufacturing powerhouse. It’s also home to a network of canals, many of which radiate from Sherborne Wharf and are now lined with trendy cafes and bars. In the city centre, the Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery is known for pre-Raphaelite masterpieces.
Birmingham is a city and metropolitan borough in the West Midlands, England. Birmingham is the largest and most populous British city outside London. A medium-sized market town in the medieval period, Birmingham grew to international prominence in the 18th century at the heart of the Midlands Enlightenment and subsequent Industrial Revolution, which saw the town at the forefront of worldwide advances in science, technology, and economic development, producing a series of innovations that laid many of the foundations of modern industrial society.
Today Birmingham's economy is dominated by the service sector. The city is a major international commercial centre, ranked as a gamma+ world city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network; and an important transport, retail, events and conference hub. Its metropolitan economy is the second largest in the United Kingdom with a GDP of $121.1bn (2014), and its six universities make it the largest centre of higher education in the country outside London. Birmingham's major cultural institutions – including the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra, the Birmingham Royal Ballet, the Birmingham Repertory Theatre, the Library of Birmingham and the Barber Institute of Fine Arts – enjoy international reputations, and the city has vibrant and influential grassroots art, music, literary and culinary scenes. Birmingham is the fourth-most visited city in the UK by foreign visitors.
Birmingham's sporting heritage can be felt worldwide, with the concept of the Football League and lawn tennis both originating from the city. Its most successful football club Aston Villa has won seven league titles and one European Cup with the other professional club being Birmingham City.
People from Birmingham are called Brummies, a term derived from the city's nickname of Brum. This originates from the city's dialect name, Brummagem, which may in turn have been derived from one of the city's earlier names, Bromwicham. There is a distinctive Brummie accent and dialect.
Alot to see in ( Birmingham - UK ) such as :
Cadbury World
Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery
Museum of the Jewellery Quarter
Thinktank, Birmingham Science Museum
National Sea Life Centre
Birmingham Back to Backs
Gas Street Basin
Barber Institute of Fine Arts
Bull Ring, Birmingham
Aston Hall
St Martin in the Bull Ring
Pen Museum
Birmingham Wildlife Conservation Park
Soho House
The Electric, Birmingham
Ikon Gallery
Blakesley Hall
Castle Bromwich Hall Gardens
Sarehole Mill
Birmingham Botanical Gardens
Hall of Memory, Birmingham
Lapworth Museum of Geology
Royal Birmingham Society of Artists
Edgbaston Reservoir
Clent Hills
Council House, Birmingham
Woodgate Valley Country Park
Winterbourne Botanic Garden
Birmingham Oratory
Bartley Reservoir
St. Paul's Gallery
Pype Hayes Park
Worcester and Birmingham Canal
Waseley Hills Country Park
Birmingham Central Mosque
Cannon Hill Park
Library of Birmingham
Electric Cinema, Notting Hill
Sheldon Country Park
National Motorcycle Museum
Handsworth Park
Ash End House Childrens Farm
Perry Hall Park
The Coffin Works
Eastside City Park
St Paul's Church, Birmingham
St Chad's Cathedral, Birmingham
Kings Heath Park
Small Heath Park
Moseley Bog
( Birmingham - UK) is well know as a tourist destination because of the variety of places you can enjoy while you are visiting the city of Birmingham . Through a series of videos we will try to show you recommended places to visit in Birmingham - UK
Join us for more :
the Jewellery Quarter, Birmingham
Places to see in ( Birmingham - UK )
Places to see in ( Birmingham - UK )
Birmingham is a major city in England’s West Midlands region, with multiple Industrial Revolution-era landmarks that speak to its 18th-century history as a manufacturing powerhouse. It’s also home to a network of canals, many of which radiate from Sherborne Wharf and are now lined with trendy cafes and bars. In the city centre, the Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery is known for pre-Raphaelite masterpieces.
Birmingham is a city and metropolitan borough in the West Midlands, England. Birmingham is the largest and most populous British city outside London. A medium-sized market town in the medieval period, Birmingham grew to international prominence in the 18th century at the heart of the Midlands Enlightenment and subsequent Industrial Revolution, which saw the town at the forefront of worldwide advances in science, technology, and economic development, producing a series of innovations that laid many of the foundations of modern industrial society.
Today Birmingham's economy is dominated by the service sector. The city is a major international commercial centre, ranked as a gamma+ world city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network; and an important transport, retail, events and conference hub. Its metropolitan economy is the second largest in the United Kingdom with a GDP of $121.1bn (2014), and its six universities make it the largest centre of higher education in the country outside London. Birmingham's major cultural institutions – including the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra, the Birmingham Royal Ballet, the Birmingham Repertory Theatre, the Library of Birmingham and the Barber Institute of Fine Arts – enjoy international reputations, and the city has vibrant and influential grassroots art, music, literary and culinary scenes. Birmingham is the fourth-most visited city in the UK by foreign visitors.
Birmingham's sporting heritage can be felt worldwide, with the concept of the Football League and lawn tennis both originating from the city. Its most successful football club Aston Villa has won seven league titles and one European Cup with the other professional club being Birmingham City.
People from Birmingham are called Brummies, a term derived from the city's nickname of Brum. This originates from the city's dialect name, Brummagem, which may in turn have been derived from one of the city's earlier names, Bromwicham. There is a distinctive Brummie accent and dialect.
Alot to see in ( Birmingham - UK ) such as :
Cadbury World
Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery
Museum of the Jewellery Quarter
Thinktank, Birmingham Science Museum
National Sea Life Centre
Birmingham Back to Backs
Gas Street Basin
Barber Institute of Fine Arts
Bull Ring, Birmingham
Aston Hall
St Martin in the Bull Ring
Pen Museum
Birmingham Wildlife Conservation Park
Soho House
The Electric, Birmingham
Ikon Gallery
Blakesley Hall
Castle Bromwich Hall Gardens
Sarehole Mill
Birmingham Botanical Gardens
Hall of Memory, Birmingham
Lapworth Museum of Geology
Royal Birmingham Society of Artists
Edgbaston Reservoir
Clent Hills
Council House, Birmingham
Woodgate Valley Country Park
Winterbourne Botanic Garden
Birmingham Oratory
Bartley Reservoir
St. Paul's Gallery
Pype Hayes Park
Worcester and Birmingham Canal
Waseley Hills Country Park
Birmingham Central Mosque
Cannon Hill Park
Library of Birmingham
Electric Cinema, Notting Hill
Sheldon Country Park
National Motorcycle Museum
Handsworth Park
Ash End House Childrens Farm
Perry Hall Park
The Coffin Works
Eastside City Park
St Paul's Church, Birmingham
St Chad's Cathedral, Birmingham
Kings Heath Park
Small Heath Park
Moseley Bog
( Birmingham - UK) is well know as a tourist destination because of the variety of places you can enjoy while you are visiting the city of Birmingham . Through a series of videos we will try to show you recommended places to visit in Birmingham - UK
Join us for more :
The Jewellery Quarter Review
A look at some of the great things, business and history of the world famous Jewellery Quarter in Birmingham.
The Pen Room is featured on BBC TV
The BBC TV programme 'Great British Railway Journeys' visited the Pen Room in September 2012 to find out about Joseph Gillott. This story explains why they were interested in him and includes an exclusive interview with Michael Portillo, the presenter of the programme.
The pen room
During the 19th Century, 75% of everything written in the world was with a 'Birmingham' pen. Birmingham was at the forefront of this trade until it declined in the 1950's with the invention of the biro and fountain pen. At one time there were about 100 factories in the Jewellery Quarter area. The development of the steel pen reduced the cost of writing and enabled the spread of literacy throughout the world.
Museum of the Jewellery Quarter
The Museum of the Jewellery Quarter is built around a perfectly preserved jewellery workshop offering a unique glimpse of working life in Birmingham’s famous Jewellery Quarter. Find out more about the museum and plan your visit:
Birmingham Museum visit - Nov 2018
The Coffin Works and Jewellery Quarter museum
History Tour of the Jewellery Quarter, Birmingham
Chris Upton's history tour of the Jewellery Quarter in Birmingham, on ITV's Central Tonight. Chris is a senior history lecturer at Newman University College.
Museum of the Jewellery Quarter Great Barr Birmingham West Midlands
Museum of the Jewellery Quarter may encourage you to leave the house more often and explore the many attractions of Great Barr Birmingham West Midlands. Even if you know the area well we are here to help you and can offer advice to help you make the right decision. Simply visit our website.
Birmingham Museums Presents True to Life Exhibition
This is a film of the celebration event inspired by the exhibition 'True to Life? New Photography from the Middle East' (June 2014 to Jan 2015, now ended). The event was curated by Mohammed Ali (Soul City Arts) and featured Mark Gonzales and Amerah Saleh, alongside drummer Andy Mason. The film was produced by OldDeadEye. Both the event and exhibition were supported by the Art Fund (
The True to Life? exhibition was at Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery from Jun 2014 – Jan 2015.
For other exhibitions at Birmingham Museums visit:
Birmingham Museum of the Jewellery Quarter