Pilgrims walk in St. Wolfgang , Austria
via YouTube Capture
Wolfgangsee - St. Gilgen, Strobl und St. Wolfgang
ankommen. auftanken. aufleben.
Tauchen Sie ein in die Vielfalt der Region Wolfgangsee!
3 Orte - 3 Worte ... gemütlich | gastlich | genial
Im Frühling, Sommer, Herbst und Winter sowie im Advent finden Sie am Wolfgangsee was Sie suchen!
Sportlerherzen erfreuen sich an tollen Lauf- und Radstrecken, Wanderlustige können Berge besteigen oder einfache Panorama-Rundwege genießen.
Für Kletterfreunde gibt es Klettergärten und Klettersteige. Auch für die Kleinen gibt's viel zu erleben und unterm Jahr finden unzählige Veranstaltungen statt.
Unser größter Reichtum aber ist unsere einzigartige, malerische Landschaft. Schon Kaiser Franz Josef hat gesagt, In Wien bin i' Kaiser und im Salzkammergut ... da bin i' Mensch - Besuchen Sie uns am Wolfgangsee und seien Sie Mensch! Wir freuen uns auf Sie!
Lake Wolfgang (Wolfgangsee), Austria
Lake Wolfgang (Wolfgangsee) is one of the most beautiful lakes in Austria and has drawn lovers to the world-famous Salzkammergut Region for centuries. The lake is up to 114 meters deep and covers an area of thirteen square-kilometers. The eleven kilometers long and up to two and a half kilometers wide lake is located on the northern border of the Alps at 550 meters above sea level. Doing a boat ride at lake Wolfgang (Wolfgangsee) is not just a wonderful experience, it’s also a very useful way to get around between the main villages St Wolfgang, St Gilgen and Strobl. A ticket purchased for the boat allows a great opportunity to travel to the various drop off locations on the beautiful lake with access to a cablecar and on the cogwheel railway ride to the top of a mountain.
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Gordon Ramsay's Top 5 Fish Recipes
Gordon showcases some unique recipes and methods of cooking with five of our favorite fish recipes from the archive. We hope you enjoy!
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Die Macher: Wolf-Dieter Storl – Pionier für Permakultur
Wer Wolf-Dieter Storl als Pionier für Permakultur bezeichnet, liegt goldrichtig und dennoch daneben. Es gibt Menschen, für die selbst der zutreffendste Begriff falsch wird, wenn er als einzige Bezeichnung herhalten muss.
Wolf-Dieter Storl ist vor allem ein Suchender. Er erfindet nicht, er findet. Seine Technik ist dabei uralt. Er hört zu und sieht hin, ohne zu kommentieren.
Diese Art zu forschen kann man als angewandte Weisheit bezeichnen und in der Tat kommt der Mann, der heute zurückgezogen im Allgäu lebt, rüber wie ein Schamane. Das ist kein Zufall, sondern das Ergebnis jahrzehntelanger Wanderschaft.
Geboren wurden Wolf-Dieter Storl im zerbombten Nachkriegsdeutschland. Seine Jugend verbrachte er in den 60ern und 70ern in den USA, nachdem die Eltern aus der noch jungen Bundesrepublik ausgewandert waren.
Storl sog die amerikanische Kultur wie ein Schwamm auf. Er lebte und erlebte die unterschiedlichsten Facetten sogenannter Amerikaner, die vor allem eines gemeinsam hatten, ihre enorme Unterschiedlichkeit.
US-Amerika, so erkannte Storl früh, ist wie ein Flickenteppich, bei dem die zusammengenähten Fetzen oft nichts miteinander zu tun haben.
Storl lebte wie ein Hobo mit Hippies, Konservativen, Religiösen und Indianern. Er probierte synthetische und natürliche Drogen aus und verfiel immer wieder der Faszination des anderen Geschlechts.
Über all die Jahre lernte er vor allem die unberührte Natur kennen. Vor allem Pflanzen haben es ihm angetan. Welche sind essbar? Welche verfügen über spezielle heilende Eigenschaften? Storl eignete sich über Jahre Wissen an, das man nicht in Büchern findet, sondern das einem von Ureinwohnern verraten wird.
KenFM besuchte den Wissenschaftler, der optisch eher einer Figur aus Herr der Ringe ähnelt, in seinem steinalten Bauernhof im Allgäu. Es ergab sich ein faszinierendes Gespräch über Gott und die Welt. Der Nicht-Esoteriker Wolf-Dieter Storl lebt nicht in der Vergangenheit oder einer Fantasiewelt. Im Gegenteil. Er ist ganz weit vorn im Hier und Jetzt.
Sein aktuelles Buch „Mein amerikanischer Kulturschock: Meine Jugend unter Hillbillies, Blumenkindern und Rednecks“, das Anlass für den Besuch dieses Mannes war, kann einerseits helfen, das Phänomen Storl zumindest schemenhaft zu erfassen, andererseits versteht der Leser aber in jedem Fall, wie es Donald Trump ins Weiße Haus schaffen konnte. Storl gelingt es, dessen Wähler zu dekodieren und die leben im amerikanischen Hinterland und ticken völlig anders, als in den intellektuellen Hochburgen der USA.
Weitere Informationen zu Wolf-Dieter Storl gibt es auf seiner Website: storl.de
Das Buch „Mein amerikanischer Kulturschock: Meine Jugend unter Hillbillies, Blumenkindern und Rednecks“ ist hier bestellbar:
Inhaltsübersicht:
0:00:06 Wolf-Dieter Storl – Von Sachsen über Amerika in das Allgäu
0:27:07 Nahrungsmittelengpässe in der Ostzone als Wegweiser in die Botanik
0:42:19 Fügungen des Schicksals – das Studium der Anthropologie
0:47:25 Die grüne Revolution und kulturelle Vielfalt
1:12:30 Drogen als Kulturfaktor
1:35:18 Die amerikanischen Ureinwohner
1:51:10 Heimkehr nach Europa über Umwege
2:19:26 Ethnobotanik – Die Rückführung des Menschen zu seinen Wurzeln
2:25:43 Gartentour – Was ist eigentlich Permakultur?
+++
KenFM jetzt auch als kostenlose App für Android- und iOS-Geräte verfügbar! Über unsere Homepage kommt Ihr zu den Stores von Apple und Google. Hier der Link:
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Dir gefällt unser Programm? Informationen zu Unterstützungsmöglichkeiten hier:
Reportage about Hospice
Camera: Thomas Jambor
Editing: Andreas Pimeshofer
Report: Andrea Dirnbauer
Period of Production: April 2010 - May 2010
Client: TV Mürz
Length: 9:34 Minutes
TV-Report about Hospice in Austria:
Hospice is a topic to deal with great care.
This report shows the hospice movement in Austria and the related tasks of the workers and carers.
No, Not Despairingly Come I to Thee (Kedron - Spratt)
No, Not Despairingly Come I to Thee (Kedron - Spratt)
Text by: Horatius Bonar 1808-1889
Tune: Kedron by: Ann B Spratt 1829-?
Source: Methodist 1939 Hymnal #
Here is my complete recording of the Methodist 1939 Hymnal:
1. No, not despairingly
come I to Thee;
no, not distrustingly
Bend I the knee:
sin hath gone over me,
yet is this still my plea,
Jesus hath died.
2. Ah! mine iniquity
crimson hath been,
infinite, infinite—sin upon sin:
sin of not loving Thee,
sin of not trusting Thee—
infinite sin.
3. Lord, I confess to Thee
sadly my sin;
all I am tell with Thee,
all I have been:
purge Thou my sin away,
wash Thou my soul this day;
Lord, make me clean.
4. Faithful and just art Thou,
forgiving all;
loving and kind art Thou
when poor ones call:
Lord, let the cleansing blood,
blood of the Lamb of God,
pass o’er my soul.
5. Then all is peace and light
this soul within;
thus shall I walk with Thee,
the loved Unseen;
leaning on Thee, my God,
guided along the road,
nothing between.
SUBSCRIBE TO MY YOUTUBE CHANNEL:
FOLLOW ME ON SOCIAL MEDIA:
HYMN PLAYLISTS:
Complete playlist of my hymn recording:
Presbyterian 1955 Hymnbook:
Broadman 1940 Hymnal:
Episcopal 1940 Hymnal:
Lutheran 1941 Hymnal:
Methodist 1939 Hymnal:
Pilgrim 1935 Hymnal:
Ira Sankey 1200 Hymnal:
THESE ARE THE HYMNALS I HAVE RECORDED:
Presbyterian 1955 Hymnbook:
Episcopal 1940 Hymnal:
Broadman 1940 Hymnal:
Lutheran 1941 Hymnal:
Methodist 1939 Hymnal:
Pilgrim 1935 Hymnal:
Your Heavens Stretch Before Me (Beacon Hill)
Your Heavens Stretch Before Me (Beacon Hill)
Text by: Linda Bonney Olin 2016
Tune: Beacon Hill by: Harry Silverdale Mason 1924
Here is my complete recordings of Linda Bonney Olin:
1. Your heavens stretch before me, as I view the nighttime skies.
How boundless is the darkness! How far the starry lights!
Lord God who made the planets, placing each upon its course,
O you have set your glory above the universe. R.
R. What, then, are humans, that you care for us?
’Mid creation’s splendor, mere specks of dust!
Yet you appoint us to rule your domain.
O Lord, how majestic is your holy name!
2. Your sea rolls on beyond me, as across the deep I gaze.
How vast the heaving ocean! How numberless its waves!
Lord God who made the water and the current and the tide,
O you wield power greater than all of nature’s might. R.
3. Your land spreads out below me, as on mountain peak I stand.
How varied are its wonders! How rich, complex, and grand!
Lord God who made its creatures to such intricate design,
O you cannot be fathomed by any mortal mind. R.
SUBSCRIBE TO MY YOUTUBE CHANNEL:
FOLLOW ME ON SOCIAL MEDIA:
HYMN PLAYLISTS:
Complete playlist of my hymn recording:
Presbyterian 1955 Hymnbook:
Broadman 1940 Hymnal:
Episcopal 1940 Hymnal:
Lutheran 1941 Hymnal:
Methodist 1939 Hymnal:
Pilgrim 1935 Hymnal:
Ira Sankey 1200 Hymnal:
THESE ARE THE HYMNALS I HAVE RECORDED:
Presbyterian 1955 Hymnbook:
Episcopal 1940 Hymnal:
Broadman 1940 Hymnal:
Lutheran 1941 Hymnal:
Methodist 1939 Hymnal:
Pilgrim 1935 Hymnal:
'Eisschmelze' (Melting Ice) - A Time-Lapse Project Thing.
The first part was captured over a period of about 1 1/2 hours . The second part was captured over a period of about 3 hours.
If you were wondering, the reason the titles are in German is simply because the music was composed by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, who was born Austria.
The German might not be entirely correct, since I used Google Translate. Sorry.
Role of Christianity in civilization | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Role of Christianity in civilization
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The role of Christianity in civilization has been intricately intertwined with the history and formation of Western society. Throughout its long history, the Church has been a major source of social services like schooling and medical care; inspiration for art, culture and philosophy; and influential player in politics and religion. In various ways it has sought to affect Western attitudes to vice and virtue in diverse fields. Festivals like Easter and Christmas are marked as public holidays; the Gregorian Calendar has been adopted internationally as the civil calendar; and the calendar itself is measured from the date of Jesus's birth.
The cultural influence of the Church has been vast. Church scholars preserved literacy in Western Europe following the Fall of the Western Roman Empire. During the Middle Ages, the Church rose to replace the Roman Empire as the unifying force in Europe. The cathedrals of that age remain among the most iconic feats of architecture produced by Western civilization. Many of Europe's universities were also founded by the church at that time. Many historians state that universities and cathedral schools were a continuation of the interest in learning promoted by monasteries. The university is generally regarded as an institution that has its origin in the Medieval Christian setting, born from Cathedral schools. The Reformation brought an end to religious unity in the West, but the Renaissance masterpieces produced by Catholic artists like Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci and Raphael at that time remain among the most celebrated works of art ever produced. Similarly, Christian sacred music by composers like Pachelbel, Vivaldi, Bach, Handel, Mozart, Haydn, Beethoven, Mendelssohn, Liszt, and Verdi is among the most admired classical music in the Western canon.
The Bible and Christian theology have also strongly influenced Western philosophers and political activists. The teachings of Jesus, such as the Parable of the Good Samaritan, are among the important sources for modern notions of Human Rights and the welfare measures commonly provided by governments in the West. Long held Christian teachings on sexuality and marriage and family life have also been both influential and (in recent times) controversial. Christianity played a role in ending practices such as human sacrifice, slavery, infanticide and polygamy. Christianity in general affected the status of women by condemning marital infidelity, divorce, incest, polygamy, birth control, infanticide (female infants were more likely to be killed), and abortion. While official Church teaching considers women and men to be complementary (equal and different), some modern advocates of ordination of women and other feminists argue that teachings attributed to St. Paul and those of the Fathers of the Church and Scholastic theologians advanced the notion of a divinely ordained female inferiority. Nevertheless, women have played prominent roles in Western history through and as part of the church, particularly in education and healthcare, but also as influential theologians and mystics.
Christians have made a myriad contributions to human progress in a broad and diverse range of fields, both historically and in modern times, including the science and technology, medicine, fine arts and architecture, politics, literatures, Music, philanthropy, philosophy, ethics, theatre and business. According to 100 Years of Nobel Prizes a review of Nobel prizes award between 1901 and 2000 reveals that (65.4%) of Nobel Prizes Laureates, have identified Christianity in its various forms as their religious preference. Eastern Christians (particularly Nestorian Christians) have also contributed to the Arab Islamic Civilization during the Ummayad and the Abbasid periods by translating works of Greek philosophers to Syriac and afterwards to Arabic. They also excelled in philosophy, science, theolo ...
Timeline of the Catholic Church | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Timeline of the Catholic Church
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written
language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through
audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio
while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using
a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
In case you don't find one that you were looking for, put a comment.
This video uses Google TTS en-US-Standard-D voice.
SUMMARY
=======
As traditionally the oldest form of Christianity, along with the ancient or first millennial Orthodox Church, the non-Chalcedonian or Oriental Churches and the Church of the East, the history of the Roman Catholic Church is integral to the history of Christianity as a whole. It is also, according to church historian, Mark A. Noll, the world's oldest continuously functioning international institution. This article covers a period of just under two thousand years.
Over time, schisms have disrupted the unity of Christianity. The major divisions occurred in c.144 with Marcionism, 318 with Arianism, 1054 to 1449 (see East–West Schism) during which time the Orthodox Churches of the East parted ways with the Western Church over doctrinal issues (see the filioque) and papal primacy, and in 1517 with the Protestant Reformation. This Church has been the driving force behind some of the major events of world history including the Christianization of Western and Central Europe and Latin America, the spreading of literacy and the foundation of the universities, hospitals, the Western tradition of monasticism, the development of art and music, literature, architecture, contributions to the scientific method, just war theory and trial by jury. It has played a powerful role in global affairs, including the Reconquista, the Crusades, the Inquisition, the Investiture Controversy, the establishment of the Holy Roman Empire, and the Fall of Communism in Eastern Europe in the late 20th century.
Armenian Genocide | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Armenian Genocide
00:02:02 1 Terminology
00:06:55 2 Background
00:07:04 2.1 Armenians under Ottoman rule
00:10:42 2.2 Reform, 1840s–1880s
00:15:41 2.3 Armenian national liberation movement
00:16:43 2.4 Hamidian massacres, 1894–1896
00:19:16 3 Prelude to the Genocide
00:19:26 3.1 The Young Turk Revolution of 1908
00:21:07 3.2 The Adana massacre of 1909
00:22:08 3.3 Conflict in the Balkans and Russia
00:23:49 4 World War I
00:25:15 4.1 Labour battalions
00:26:46 4.2 Van, April 1915
00:28:45 4.3 Arrest and deportation of Armenian notables, April 1915
00:30:20 4.4 Deportations
00:32:30 4.4.1 Death marches
00:36:36 4.4.2 Concentration camps
00:38:31 4.5 The Special Organization
00:39:46 4.6 Massacres
00:39:55 4.6.1 Mass burnings
00:41:11 4.6.2 Drowning
00:42:48 4.6.3 Use of poison and drug overdoses
00:45:13 4.7 Confiscation of property
00:48:33 4.8 Trials
00:48:41 4.8.1 Turkish courts-martial
00:51:12 4.8.2 Detainees in Malta
00:53:29 4.8.3 Trial of Soghomon Tehlirian
00:54:27 4.9 International aid to victims
00:55:43 5 Armenian population, deaths, survivors, 1914 to 1923
00:58:33 6 Eyewitness accounts and reports
00:59:32 6.1 The U.S. Mission in the Ottoman Empire
01:01:25 6.1.1 Ambassador Morgenthau's Story
01:02:21 6.2 Allied forces in the Middle East
01:04:01 6.2.1 Arnold Toynbee: iThe Treatment of Armenians/i
01:05:06 6.3 Austrian and German joint mission
01:11:53 6.3.1 Armin T. Wegner
01:13:28 6.4 Ottoman Empire and Turkey
01:21:23 6.5 Russian military
01:22:10 6.6 Scandinavian missionaries and diplomats
01:27:11 6.7 Persia
01:28:27 7 Studies on the Genocide
01:31:38 8 Recognition of the Genocide
01:34:14 8.1 Republic of Turkey and the Genocide
01:38:01 8.1.1 Controversies
01:44:41 8.2 The Republic of Armenia and the Genocide
01:46:09 9 Cultural loss
01:48:02 10 Reparations to the victims
01:48:12 10.1 Reparations on the grounds of international law
01:50:51 10.2 Sèvres Treaty
01:51:33 10.3 Lawsuits
01:52:15 11 Commemoration
01:52:24 11.1 Memorials
01:54:14 11.2 Portrayal in the media
01:58:34 12 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Armenian Genocide (Armenian: Հայոց ցեղասպանություն, Hayots tseghaspanutyun), also known as the Armenian Holocaust, was the Ottoman government's systematic extermination of 1.5 million Armenians, mostly citizens within the Ottoman Empire. The starting date is conventionally held to be 24 April 1915, the day that Ottoman authorities rounded up, arrested, and deported from Constantinople (now Istanbul) to the region of Ankara 235 to 270 Armenian intellectuals and community leaders, the majority of whom were eventually murdered. The genocide was carried out during and after World War I and implemented in two phases—the wholesale killing of the able-bodied male population through massacre and subjection of army conscripts to forced labour, followed by the deportation of women, children, the elderly, and the infirm on death marches leading to the Syrian Desert. Driven forward by military escorts, the deportees were deprived of food and water and subjected to periodic robbery, rape, and massacre. Other ethnic groups were similarly targeted for extermination in the Assyrian genocide and the Greek genocide, and their treatment is considered by some historians to be part of the same genocidal policy. Most Armenian diaspora communities around the world came into being as a direct result of the genocide.Raphael Lemkin was moved specifically by the annihilation of the Armenians to define systematic and premeditated exterminations within legal parameters and coin the word genocide in 1943. The Armenian Genocide is acknowledged to have been one of the first modern genocides, because scholars point to the organized manner in which the killings were carried out. It is the second most-studied case of genocide after the Holocaust.Turkey denies the word genocide is an accurate term for these crimes. In recent years, Turkey has been faced with repeated calls ...
Venice | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:02:57 1 Etymology
00:04:27 2 History
00:04:35 2.1 Origins
00:10:32 2.2 Expansion
00:17:10 2.3 Decline
00:19:05 2.4 Modern age
00:21:18 2.5 Subsidence
00:21:37 2.5.1 Foundations
00:22:36 2.5.2 History
00:25:52 3 Geography
00:26:00 3.1 Sestieri
00:27:41 3.2 Climate
00:28:21 4 Government
00:31:15 5 Economy
00:34:40 5.1 Tourism
00:37:28 5.1.1 Minimising the effects of tourism
00:42:00 5.2 Foreign words of Venetian origin
00:42:39 6 Transportation
00:42:48 6.1 In the historic centre
00:45:00 6.1.1 Waterways
00:45:55 6.2 Public transport
00:46:14 6.2.1 Lagoon area
00:46:55 6.2.2 Lido and Pellestrina islands
00:47:25 6.2.3 Mainland
00:48:41 6.3 Trains
00:49:53 6.4 Ports
00:50:49 6.5 Airports
00:52:23 7 Sport
00:53:54 8 Education
00:55:04 9 Demographics
00:58:37 10 Culture
00:58:46 10.1 Literature
01:01:32 10.1.1 In literature and adapted works
01:02:50 10.2 Art and printing
01:05:25 10.3 Venetian architecture
01:07:00 10.4 Rococo style
01:08:35 10.5 Glass
01:10:05 10.6 Cinema, media, and popular culture
01:10:30 10.7 Festivals
01:11:58 10.7.1 In films
01:13:48 10.8 Music
01:15:18 10.8.1 The orchestra
01:15:37 10.8.2 In popular music
01:15:55 10.8.3 In video games
01:16:52 10.9 Photography
01:17:30 10.10 Cuisine
01:19:12 10.11 Fashion and shopping
01:20:46 11 Notable people
01:28:28 12 International relations
01:29:08 12.1 Twin towns and sister cities
01:29:40 12.2 Cooperation agreements
01:30:13 13 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.9824804618800687
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-E
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Venice (, VEN-iss; Italian: Venezia [veˈnɛttsja] (listen); Venetian: Venesia, Venexia [veˈnɛsja]) is a city in northeastern Italy and the capital of the Veneto region.
It is situated across a group of 118 small islands that are separated by canals and linked by over 400 bridges. The islands are located in the shallow Venetian Lagoon, an enclosed bay that lies between the mouths of the Po and the Piave rivers (more exactly between the Brenta and the Sile). Parts of Venice are renowned for the beauty of their settings, their architecture, and artwork. The lagoon and a part of the city are listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.In 2018, 260,897 people resided in Comune di Venezia, of whom around 55,000 live in the historical city of Venice (Centro storico). Together with Padua and Treviso, the city is included in the Padua-Treviso-Venice Metropolitan Area (PATREVE), which is considered a statistical metropolitan area, with a total population of 2.6 million.The name is derived from the ancient Veneti people who inhabited the region by the 10th century BC. The city was historically the capital of the Republic of Venice. Venice has been known as the La Dominante, Serenissima, Queen of the Adriatic, City of Water, City of Masks, City of Bridges, The Floating City, and City of Canals.
The 697–1797 Republic of Venice was a major financial and maritime power during the Middle Ages and Renaissance, and a staging area for the Crusades and the Battle of Lepanto, as well as a very important center of commerce (especially silk, grain, and spice) and art in the 13th century up to the end of the 17th century. The city-state of Venice is considered to have been the first real international financial center, emerging in the 9th century and reaching its greatest prominence in the 14th century. This made Venice a wealthy city throughout most of its history.It is also known for its several important artistic movements, especially the Renaissance period. After the Napoleonic Wars and the Congress of Vienna, the Republic was annexed by the Austrian Empire, until it became part of the Kingdom of Italy in 1866, following a referendum held as a result of the Third Italian War of Independence. Venice has played an important role in the history of symphonic and operatic music, and it is t ...
Antisemitism | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Antisemitism
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Antisemitism (also spelled anti-Semitism or anti-semitism) is hostility to, prejudice, or discrimination against Jews. A person who holds such positions is called an antisemite. Antisemitism is generally considered to be a form of racism. It has also been characterized as a political ideology which serves as an organizing principle and unites disparate groups which are opposed to liberalism.Antisemitism may be manifested in many ways, ranging from expressions of hatred of or discrimination against individual Jews to organized pogroms by mobs, state police, or even military attacks on entire Jewish communities. Although the term did not come into common usage until the 19th century, it is now also applied to historic anti-Jewish incidents. Notable instances of persecution include the Rhineland massacres preceding the First Crusade in 1096, the Edict of Expulsion from England in 1290, the massacres of Spanish Jews in 1391, the persecutions of the Spanish Inquisition, the expulsion from Spain in 1492, the Cossack massacres in Ukraine from 1648 to 1657, various anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire between 1821 and 1906, the 1894–1906 Dreyfus affair in France, the Holocaust in German-occupied Europe during World War II, official Soviet anti-Jewish policies, and Arab and Muslim involvement in the Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries.
The root word Semite gives the false impression that antisemitism is directed against all Semitic people, e.g., including Arabs and Assyrians. The compound word antisemite was popularized in Germany in 1879 as a scientific-sounding term for Judenhass (Jew-hatred), and this has been its common use since then.
Protestant | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Protestant
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Protestantism is the second largest form of Christianity with collectively more than 900 million adherents worldwide or nearly 40% of all Christians. It originated with the 16th century Reformation, a movement against what its followers perceived to be errors in the Roman Catholic Church. Ever since, Protestants reject the Roman Catholic doctrine of papal supremacy and sacraments, but disagree among themselves regarding the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist. They emphasize the priesthood of all believers, justification by faith alone (sola fide) rather than by good works, and the highest authority of the Bible alone (rather than with sacred tradition) in faith and morals (sola scriptura). The Five solae summarise basic theological differences in opposition to the Roman Catholic Church.Protestantism is popularly considered to have begun in Germany in 1517 when Martin Luther published his Ninety-five Theses as a reaction against abuses in the sale of indulgences by the Roman Catholic Church, which purported to offer remission of sin to their purchasers. However, the term derives from the letter of protestation from German Lutheran princes in 1529 against an edict of the Diet of Speyer condemning the teachings of Martin Luther as heretical. Although there were earlier breaks and attempts to reform the Roman Catholic Church—notably by Peter Waldo, John Wycliffe, and Jan Hus—only Luther succeeded in sparking a wider, lasting, and modern movement. In the 16th century, Lutheranism spread from Germany into Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Latvia, Estonia, and Iceland. Reformed (or Calvinist) denominations spread in Germany, Hungary, the Netherlands, Scotland, Switzerland and France by reformers such as John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli, and John Knox. The political separation of the Church of England from the pope under King Henry VIII began Anglicanism, bringing England and Wales into this broad Reformation movement.Protestants have developed their own culture, with major contributions in education, the humanities and sciences, the political and social order, the economy and the arts, and many other fields.Protestantism is diverse, being more divided theologically and ecclesiastically than either the Roman Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox Church, or Oriental Orthodoxy. Without structural unity or central human authority, Protestants developed the concept of an invisible church, in contrast to the Roman Catholic view of the Catholic Church as the visible one true Church founded by Jesus Christ. Some denominations do have a worldwide scope and distribution of membership, while others are confined to a single country. A majority of Protestants are members of a handful of Protestant denominational families: Adventists, Anabaptists, Anglicans, Baptists, Reformed, Lutherans, Methodists, and Pentecostals. Nondenominational, evangelical, charismatic, independent and other churches are on the rise, and constitute a significant part of Protestant Christianity. Proponents of the branch theory consider Protestantism one of the three major divisions of Christendom, together with the Roman Catholic Church and Orthodoxy (both Eastern and Oriental).
History of Germany | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:06:46 1 Prehistory
00:08:00 2 Germanic tribes, 750 BC – 768 AD
00:08:13 2.1 Migration and conquest
00:11:16 2.2 Stem Duchies and Marches
00:12:56 2.3 Frankish Empire
00:16:44 3 Middle Ages
00:16:52 3.1 Foundation of the Holy Roman Empire
00:18:17 3.2 Otto the Great
00:20:54 3.3 Hanseatic League
00:21:36 3.4 Eastward expansion
00:22:10 3.5 Church and state
00:26:25 3.6 Change and reform
00:28:11 3.7 Towns and cities
00:30:00 3.8 Women
00:31:15 3.9 Science and culture
00:32:56 4 Early modern Germany
00:33:11 4.1 Reformation
00:35:56 4.2 Thirty Years War, 1618–1648
00:37:55 4.3 Culture and literacy
00:39:54 4.4 Science
00:40:53 5 1648–1815
00:41:58 5.1 Wars
00:44:14 5.2 Smaller states
00:46:45 5.3 Nobility
00:47:38 5.4 Peasants and rural life
00:50:59 5.5 Bourgeois values spread to rural Germany
00:52:39 5.6 Enlightenment
00:55:39 5.6.1 Women
00:56:50 5.7 French Revolution, 1789–1815
01:00:44 6 1815–1867
01:00:55 6.1 Overview
01:01:53 6.2 German Confederation
01:02:50 6.3 Society and economy
01:02:59 6.3.1 Population
01:04:19 6.3.2 Industrialization
01:05:54 6.3.3 Urbanization
01:07:00 6.3.4 Railways
01:08:46 6.3.5 Newspapers and magazines
01:09:51 6.3.6 Science and culture
01:12:27 6.3.7 Religion
01:15:35 6.4 Politics of restoration and revolution
01:15:45 6.4.1 After Napoleon
01:17:43 6.4.2 1848
01:18:32 6.4.3 1850s
01:19:12 6.4.4 Bismarck takes charge, 1862–1866
01:21:13 6.4.5 North German Federation, 1866–1871
01:21:54 7 German Empire, 1871–1918
01:22:06 7.1 Overview
01:23:53 7.2 Age of Bismarck
01:24:01 7.2.1 The new empire
01:27:33 7.2.2 Classes
01:27:41 7.2.2.1 Aristocracy
01:29:50 7.2.2.2 Middle class
01:30:35 7.2.2.3 Working class
01:31:52 7.2.3 Kulturkampf
01:34:14 7.2.4 Foreign policy
01:37:06 7.3 Wilhelminian Era
01:37:14 7.3.1 Wilhelm II.
01:38:08 7.3.2 Alliances and diplomacy
01:41:05 7.3.3 Economy
01:43:20 7.3.4 Women
01:44:33 7.3.5 Colonies
01:45:24 7.4 World War I
01:45:33 7.4.1 Causes
01:47:13 7.4.2 Western Front
01:48:17 7.4.3 Eastern Front
01:49:13 7.4.4 1918
01:50:01 7.5 Homefront
01:51:17 7.6 Revolution 1918
01:54:40 8 Weimar Republic, 1919–1933
01:54:52 8.1 Overview
01:56:08 8.2 The early years
01:59:27 8.3 Reparations
02:00:47 8.4 Economic collapse and political problems, 1929–1933
02:02:58 8.5 Science and culture
02:04:48 9 Nazi Germany, 1933–1945
02:06:25 9.1 Establishment of the Nazi regime
02:10:20 9.2 Antisemitism and the Holocaust
02:12:30 9.3 Military
02:13:23 9.4 Women
02:15:27 9.5 Foreign policy
02:18:01 9.6 World War II
02:20:34 10 Germany during the Cold War, 1945–1990
02:21:45 10.1 Post-war chaos
02:26:02 10.2 East Germany
02:30:08 10.3 West Germany (Bonn Republic)
02:31:10 10.3.1 Economic miracle
02:32:28 10.3.2 1948 currency reform
02:34:38 10.3.3 Adenauer
02:35:34 10.3.4 Erhard
02:37:26 10.3.5 Grand coalition
02:38:06 10.3.6 Guest workers
02:39:09 10.3.7 Brandt and Ostpolitik
02:40:33 10.3.8 Economic crisis of 1970s
02:43:13 10.4 Kohl
02:43:59 10.5 Reunification
02:45:13 11 Federal Republic of Germany, 1990–present
02:45:24 11.1 Schröder
02:46:21 11.2 Merkel
02:49:01 12 Historiography
02:49:10 12.1 Sonderweg debate
02:50:38 13 See also
02:50:47 14 Notes
02:50:55 14.1 Footnotes
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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Speaking Rate: 0.9630936642269607
Voice name: en-AU-Wavenet-C
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The concept of Germany as a distinct region in central Europe can be traced to Roman commander Julius Caesar, who referred to the unconquered area east of the Rhine as Germania, thus distinguishing it from Gaul (France), which he had conquered. The victory of the Germanic tribes in the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest (AD 9) prevented annexation by the Roman Empire, although the Roman provinces of Germania Superior and Germania Inferior were established along the Rhine. Following the Fall of the Western Roman Empire, the Franks conqu ...
United States cuisine | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
United States cuisine
00:02:15 1 History
00:02:23 1.1 Pre-colonial cuisine
00:02:32 1.1.1 Seafood
00:03:31 1.1.2 Cooking methods
00:04:46 1.2 Colonial period
00:06:53 1.2.1 Common ingredients
00:08:20 1.2.1.1 Livestock and game
00:09:19 1.2.1.2 Fats and oils
00:10:00 1.2.1.3 Alcoholic drinks
00:10:58 1.2.1.4 Southern variations
00:11:54 1.3 Post-colonial cuisine
00:12:29 1.4 20th-century American farmhouse
00:15:57 1.5 Modern cuisine
00:16:22 1.5.1 Processed food
00:18:52 1.5.2 Ethnic influences
00:21:09 1.5.3 New American
00:21:42 2 Regional cuisines
00:22:12 2.1 Northeast
00:22:21 2.1.1 New England
00:31:36 2.1.2 Delaware Valley and Mid-Atlantic
00:46:52 2.2 Midwest
00:56:25 2.3 Southern United States
00:58:52 2.3.1 Early history
01:00:49 2.3.2 Common features
01:01:32 2.3.3 Desserts
01:02:31 2.3.4 Cajun cuisine
01:06:27 2.3.5 African American influences
01:07:40 2.3.6 Florida cuisine
01:11:26 2.3.7 Other small game
01:11:57 2.4 Cuisine in the West
01:12:47 2.4.1 Northwest
01:16:24 2.4.2 Southwest and Southern California
01:28:43 2.5 Pacific and Hawaiian cuisine
01:32:22 2.6 Common dishes found on a regional level
01:32:32 3 Ethnic and immigrant influence
01:35:42 3.1 Early ethnic influences
01:38:14 3.2 Later ethnic and immigrant influence
01:40:40 4 Notable American chefs
01:42:26 5 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
American cuisine reflects the history of the United States, blending the culinary contributions of various groups of people from around the world, including indigenous American Indians, African Americans, Asians, Europeans, Pacific Islanders, and South Americans. Early Native Americans utilized a number of cooking methods in early American Cuisine that have been blended with early European cooking methods to form the basis of American cuisine. The European settlement of the Americas yielded the introduction of a number of various ingredients, spices, herbs, and cooking styles to the latter. The various styles continued expanding well into the 19th and 20th centuries, proportional to the influx of immigrants from many different nations; this influx nurtured a rich diversity in food preparation throughout the country.
When the colonists came to the colonies, they farmed animals for clothing and meat in a similar fashion to what they had done in Europe. They had cuisine similar to their previous Dutch and British cuisines. The American colonial diet varied depending on the settled region in which someone lived. Commonly hunted game included deer, bear, buffalo, and wild turkey. A number of fats and oils made from animals served to cook much of the colonial foods. Prior to the Revolution, New Englanders consumed large quantities of rum and beer, as maritime trade provided them relatively easy access to the goods needed to produce these items: rum was the distilled spirit of choice, as the main ingredient, molasses, was readily available from trade with the West Indies. In comparison to the northern colonies, the southern colonies were quite diverse in their agricultural diet.
During the 18th and 19th centuries, Americans developed many new foods. During the Progressive Era of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, c. 1890s–1920s, food production and presentation became more industrialized. One characteristic of American cooking is the fusion of multiple ethnic or regional approaches into completely new cooking styles. A wave of celebrity chefs began with Julia Child and Graham Kerr in the 1970s, with many more following after the rise of cable channels, such as the Food Network and Cooking Channel, in the late 20th century.
Protestant | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Protestant
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Protestantism is the second largest form of Christianity with collectively more than 900 million adherents worldwide or nearly 40% of all Christians. It originated with the 16th century Reformation, a movement against what its followers perceived to be errors in the Roman Catholic Church. Ever since, Protestants reject the Roman Catholic doctrine of papal supremacy and sacraments, but disagree among themselves regarding the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist. They emphasize the priesthood of all believers, justification by faith alone (sola fide) rather than by good works, and the highest authority of the Bible alone (rather than with sacred tradition) in faith and morals (sola scriptura). The Five solae summarise basic theological differences in opposition to the Roman Catholic Church.Protestantism is popularly considered to have begun in Germany in 1517 when Martin Luther published his Ninety-five Theses as a reaction against abuses in the sale of indulgences by the Roman Catholic Church, which purported to offer remission of sin to their purchasers. However, the term derives from the letter of protestation from German Lutheran princes in 1529 against an edict of the Diet of Speyer condemning the teachings of Martin Luther as heretical. Although there were earlier breaks and attempts to reform the Roman Catholic Church—notably by Peter Waldo, John Wycliffe, and Jan Hus—only Luther succeeded in sparking a wider, lasting, and modern movement. In the 16th century, Lutheranism spread from Germany into Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Latvia, Estonia, and Iceland. Reformed (or Calvinist) denominations spread in Germany, Hungary, the Netherlands, Scotland, Switzerland and France by reformers such as John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli, and John Knox. The political separation of the Church of England from the pope under King Henry VIII began Anglicanism, bringing England and Wales into this broad Reformation movement.Protestants have developed their own culture, with major contributions in education, the humanities and sciences, the political and social order, the economy and the arts, and many other fields.Protestantism is diverse, being more divided theologically and ecclesiastically than either the Roman Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox Church, or Oriental Orthodoxy. Without structural unity or central human authority, Protestants developed the concept of an invisible church, in contrast to the Roman Catholic view of the Catholic Church as the visible one true Church founded by Jesus Christ. Some denominations do have a worldwide scope and distribution of membership, while others are confined to a single country. A majority of Protestants are members of a handful of Protestant denominational families: Adventists, Anabaptists, Anglicans, Baptists, Reformed, Lutherans, Methodists, and Pentecostals. Nondenominational, evangelical, charismatic, independent and other churches are on the rise, and constitute a significant part of Protestant Christianity. Proponents of the branch theory consider Protestantism one of the three major divisions of Christendom, together with the Roman Catholic Church and Orthodoxy (both Eastern and Oriental).
Protestants | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:03:23 1 Terminology
00:03:32 1.1 Protestant
00:05:13 1.2 Evangelical
00:07:14 1.3 Reformational
00:07:55 2 Theology
00:08:04 2.1 Main principles
00:11:39 2.2 Trinity
00:12:26 2.3 Five solae
00:16:26 2.4 Christ's presence in the Eucharist
00:19:59 3 History
00:20:08 3.1 Pre-Reformation
00:23:38 3.2 Reformation proper
00:33:20 3.3 Post-Reformation
00:38:15 4 Radical Reformation
00:41:26 5 Denominations
00:44:39 5.1 United and uniting churches
00:46:37 6 Major branches
00:48:37 6.1 Adventism
00:50:06 6.2 Anabaptism
00:52:24 6.3 Anglicanism
00:54:17 6.4 Baptists
00:56:40 6.5 Calvinism
00:58:14 6.6 Lutheranism
01:00:14 6.7 Methodism
01:01:32 6.8 Pentecostalism
01:03:33 6.9 Other Protestants
01:06:56 7 Interdenominational movements
01:08:29 7.1 Evangelicalism
01:10:11 7.2 Charismatic movement
01:13:01 7.3 Neo-charismatic churches
01:14:28 8 Other Protestant developments
01:15:06 8.1 Arminianism
01:17:31 8.2 Pietism
01:18:30 8.3 Puritanism, English dissenters and nonconformists
01:20:42 8.4 Neo-orthodoxy and paleo-orthodoxy
01:22:13 8.5 Christian fundamentalism
01:23:01 8.6 Modernism and liberalism
01:23:43 9 Protestant culture
01:25:23 9.1 Thought and work ethic
01:29:22 9.2 Science
01:31:49 9.3 Government
01:34:52 9.4 Rights and liberty
01:38:38 9.5 Social teaching
01:39:41 9.6 Arts
01:41:08 10 Catholic responses
01:44:55 11 Ecumenism
01:47:21 12 Spread and demographics
01:51:52 13 See also
01:52:20 13.1 Tied movements
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
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Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.897959125860806
Voice name: en-GB-Wavenet-B
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Protestantism is the second largest form of Christianity with collectively between 800 million and more than 900 million adherents worldwide or nearly 40% of all Christians. It originated with the 16th century Reformation, a movement against what its followers perceived to be errors in the Roman Catholic Church. Protestants reject the Roman Catholic doctrine of papal supremacy and sacraments, but disagree among themselves regarding the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist. They emphasize the priesthood of all believers, justification by faith alone (sola fide) rather than also by good works, and the highest authority of the Bible alone (rather than also with sacred tradition) in faith and morals (sola scriptura). The five solae summarise basic theological differences in opposition to the Roman Catholic Church.Protestantism is popularly considered to have begun in Germany in 1517 when Martin Luther published his Ninety-five Theses as a reaction against abuses in the sale of indulgences by the Roman Catholic Church, which purported to offer the remission of the temporal punishment of sins to their purchasers. However, the term derives from the letter of protestation from German Lutheran princes in 1529 against an edict of the Diet of Speyer condemning the teachings of Martin Luther as heretical. Although there were earlier breaks and attempts to reform the Roman Catholic Church—notably by Peter Waldo, John Wycliffe, and Jan Hus—only Luther succeeded in sparking a wider, lasting, and modern movement. In the 16th century, Lutheranism spread from Germany into Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Latvia, Estonia, and Iceland. Reformed (or Calvinist) denominations spread in Germany, Hungary, the Netherlands, Scotland, Switzerland and France by reformers such as John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli, and John Knox. The political separation of the Church of England from the pope under King Henry VIII began Anglicanism, bringing England and Wales into this broad Reformation movement.Protestants have developed their own culture, with major contributions in education, the humanities and sciences, the political and social order, the economy and the arts, and many other fields.Protestantism is diverse, being more divided theologically and ecclesiastically than either the Roman ...
Protestantism | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Protestantism
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written
language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through
audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio
while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using
a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
In case you don't find one that you were looking for, put a comment.
This video uses Google TTS en-US-Standard-D voice.
SUMMARY
=======
Protestantism is the second largest form of Christianity with collectively more than 900 million adherents worldwide or nearly 40% of all Christians. It originated with the 16th century Reformation, a movement against what its followers perceived to be errors in the Roman Catholic Church. Ever since, Protestants reject the Roman Catholic doctrine of papal supremacy and sacraments, but disagree among themselves regarding the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist. They emphasize the priesthood of all believers, justification by faith alone (sola fide) rather than by good works, and the highest authority of the Bible alone (rather than with sacred tradition) in faith and morals (sola scriptura). The Five solae summarize basic theological differences in opposition to the Roman Catholic Church.Protestantism is popularly considered to have begun in Germany in 1517 when Martin Luther published his Ninety-five Theses as a reaction against abuses in the sale of indulgences by the Roman Catholic Church, which purported to offer remission of sin to their purchasers. However, the term derives from the letter of protestation from German Lutheran princes in 1529 against an edict of the Diet of Speyer condemning the teachings of Martin Luther as heretical. Although there were earlier breaks and attempts to reform the Roman Catholic Church—notably by Peter Waldo, John Wycliffe, and Jan Hus—only Luther succeeded in sparking a wider, lasting, and modern movement. In the 16th century, Lutheranism spread from Germany into Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Latvia, Estonia, and Iceland. Reformed (or Calvinist) denominations spread in Germany, Hungary, the Netherlands, Scotland, Switzerland and France by reformers such as John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli, and John Knox. The political separation of the Church of England from the pope under King Henry VIII began Anglicanism, bringing England and Wales into this broad Reformation movement.Protestants have developed their own culture, with major contributions in education, the humanities and sciences, the political and social order, the economy and the arts, and many other fields.Protestantism is diverse, being more divided theologically and ecclesiastically than either the Roman Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox Church, or Oriental Orthodoxy. Without structural unity or central human authority, Protestants developed the concept of an invisible church, in contrast to the Roman Catholic view of the Catholic Church as the visible one true Church founded by Jesus Christ. Some denominations do have a worldwide scope and distribution of membership, while others are confined to a single country. A majority of Protestants are members of a handful of Protestant denominational families: Adventists, Anabaptists, Anglicans, Baptists, Reformed, Lutherans, Methodists, and Pentecostals. Nondenominational, evangelical, charismatic, independent and other churches are on the rise, and constitute a significant part of Protestant Christianity. Proponents of the branch theory consider Protestantism one of the three major divisions of Christendom, together with the Roman Catholic Church and Orthodoxy (both Eastern and Oriental).