The Samaritan Museum

Samaritans Museum Nablus Palestine

Samaritans Museum Nablus Palestine

Palestine Travel Show: Part IV

We end this episode of the Palestine Travel Show by discovering the best of Ramallah with a visit to Arafat's Tomb, the Darwish museum, sampling famous ice cream and the party scene. We also join a peaceful protest in Bilin and end the day by discovering the origin of the good samaritan.

THE ANCIENT KINGDOM OF ISRAEL WAS SAMARITAN (PALESTINIAN) NOT JEWISH !!!

THIS VIDEO IS NOT MADE BY ME BUT BY 'ONE' AND UPLOADED HERE FOR EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES.. A revealing video that puts straight the historical record, known by all serious histrorians and archeologists but hidden from the general public for political reasons. It is time to deliver the archeologic, historical and genetic evidence that those we call Palestinians today are in fact the descendants of the inhabitants of the ancient Kingdom of Israel as the Palestinian minority that still follows their ancestral religion (the Samaritans) clearly demonstrates apart from the overwhelming historical and archeological evidence. Thanks to One for making this video.

Panoramic view of Nablus City Palestine

Panoramic view of Nablus City Palestine

Mandatory Palestine | Wikipedia audio article

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Mandatory Palestine

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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates



SUMMARY
=======
Mandatory Palestine (Arabic: فلسطين‎ Filasṭīn; Hebrew: פָּלֶשְׂתִּינָה (אי)‬ Pālēśtīnā (EY), where EY indicates Eretz Yisrael, Land of Israel) was a geopolitical entity established between 1920 and 1923 in the region of Palestine as part of the Partition of the Ottoman Empire under the terms of the British Mandate for Palestine.
During the First World War (1914–18), an Arab uprising and the British Empire's Egyptian Expeditionary Force under General Edmund Allenby drove the Turks out of the Levant during the Sinai and Palestine Campaign. The United Kingdom had agreed in the McMahon–Hussein Correspondence that it would honour Arab independence if they revolted against the Ottomans, but the two sides had different interpretations of this agreement, and in the end, the UK and France divided up the area under the Sykes–Picot Agreement—an act of betrayal in the eyes of the Arabs. Further complicating the issue was the Balfour Declaration of 1917, promising British support for a Jewish national home in Palestine. At the war's end the British and French set up a joint Occupied Enemy Territory Administration in what had been Ottoman Syria. The British achieved legitimacy for their continued control by obtaining a mandate from the League of Nations in June 1922. The formal objective of the League of Nations mandate system was to administer parts of the defunct Ottoman Empire, which had been in control of the Middle East since the 16th century, until such time as they are able to stand alone. The civil Mandate administration was formalised with the League of Nations' consent in 1923 under the British Mandate for Palestine, which covered two administrative areas. The land west of the Jordan River, known as Palestine, was under direct British administration until 1948. The land east of the Jordan, a semi-autonomous region known as Transjordan, under the rule of the Hashemite family from the Hijaz, gained independence in 1946.During the British Mandate period the area experienced the ascent of two major nationalist movements, one among the Jews and the other among the Arabs. The competing national interests of the Arab and Jewish populations of Palestine against each other and against the governing British authorities matured into the Arab Revolt of 1936–1939 and the Jewish insurgency in Palestine before culminating in the Civil War of 1947–1948. The aftermath of the Civil War and the consequent 1948 Arab–Israeli War led to the establishment of the 1949 cease-fire agreement, with partition of the former Mandatory Palestine between the newborn state of Israel with a Jewish majority, the Arab West Bank annexed by the Jordanian Kingdom and the Arab All-Palestine Government in the Gaza Strip under the protectorate of Egypt.

History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel | Wikipedia audio article

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History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel

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SUMMARY
=======
The Jewish people originated in the land of Israel, and have maintained physical, cultural, and religious ties to it ever since. Although they had first emerged centuries earlier as an outgrowth of southern Canaanites, and the Jewish Bible claims that a Jewish monarchy existed starting in the 10th century BCE, the first appearance of the name Israel in the secular (non-Biblical) historic record is the Egyptian Merneptah Stele, circa 1200 BCE. During the Biblical period, two kingdoms occupied the highland zone, the Kingdom of Israel (Samaria) in the north, and the Kingdom of Judah in the south. The Kingdom of Israel was conquered by the Neo-Assyrian Empire (circa 722 BCE), and the Kingdom of Judah by the Neo-Babylonian Empire (586 BCE). Upon the defeat of the Babylonian Empire by the Achaemenid Empire under Cyrus the Great (538 BCE), the Jewish elite returned to Jerusalem, and the Second Temple was built.
In 332 BCE the Macedonian Greeks under Alexander the Great conquered Israel, starting a long religious struggle that split the Jewish population into traditional (orthodox) and Hellenized components.
In 165 BCE, after the religion-driven Maccabean Revolt, the independent orthodox Hasmonean Kingdom was established. In 64 BCE the Romans conquered Israel, turning it into a Roman province. Although coming under the sway of various empires and home to a variety of ethnicities, the area of ancient Israel was predominantly Jewish until the Jewish–Roman wars of 66–136 CE, during which the Romans expelled most of the Jews from the area and replaced it with the Roman province of Palaestina, beginning the Jewish Diaspora. After this time, Jews became a minority in most regions, except Galilee, and the area became increasingly Christian after the 3rd century, though the percentages of Christians and Jews are unknown, the former perhaps coming to predominate in urban areas, the latter remaining in rural areas Jewish settlements declined from over 160 to 50 by the time of the Muslim conquest. Michael Avi-Yonah calculated that Jews constituted 10–15% of Palestine's population by the time of the Persian invasion of 614, while Moshe Gil claims that Jews constituted the majority of the population until the 7th century Muslim conquest (638 CE).In 1099 the Crusaders conquered Jerusalem and nearby coastal areas, losing and recapturing it for almost 200 years until their final ouster from Acre in 1291. In 1517 the Ottoman Empire conquered it, ruling it until the British conquered it in 1917, and ruled it under the British Mandate until 1948, when the Jewish State of Israel was proclaimed, which was made possible by the Zionist movement and its promotion of mass Jewish immigration.

Timeline of the name Palestine | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Timeline of the name Palestine


00:03:20 1 Historical references
00:03:30 1.1 Ancient period
00:03:39 1.1.1 Egyptian period
00:04:39 1.1.2 Assyrian period
00:06:26 1.2 Classical antiquity
00:06:35 1.2.1 Persian (Achaemenid) Empire period
00:08:36 1.2.2 Hellenic kingdoms (Ptolemaic/Seleucid/Hasmonean) period
00:09:27 1.2.3 Roman Jerusalem period
00:16:06 1.2.4 Roman Aelia Capitolina period
00:24:55 1.3 Late Antiquity period
00:25:04 1.3.1 Late Roman Empire (Byzantine) period
00:35:59 1.4 Middle Ages
00:36:07 1.4.1 Rashidun, Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates period
00:42:25 1.4.2 Fatimid Caliphate period
00:44:47 1.4.3 Crusaders period
00:46:15 1.4.4 Ayyubid and Mamluk periods
00:52:21 1.5 Early modern period
00:52:30 1.5.1 Early Ottoman period
01:16:22 1.6 Modern period
01:16:31 1.6.1 Late Ottoman period
01:58:46 1.6.2 Formation of the British Mandate
02:03:59 2 Biblical references
02:08:56 3 Etymological considerations
02:09:36 4 See also
02:09:57 5 Bibliography
02:18:07 6 Notes



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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates



SUMMARY
=======
This article presents a list of notable historical references to the name Palestine as a place name in the Middle East throughout the history of the region, including its cognates such as Filastin and Palaestina.
The term Peleset (transliterated from hieroglyphs as P-r-s-t) is found in five inscriptions referring to a neighboring people or land starting from circa 1150 BC during the Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt. The first known mention is at the temple at Medinet Habu which refers to the Peleset among those who fought with Egypt in Ramesses III's reign, and the last known is 300 years later on Padiiset's Statue. The Assyrians called the same region Palashtu/Palastu or Pilistu, beginning with Adad-nirari III in the Nimrud Slab in c. 800 BC through to an Esarhaddon treaty more than a century later. Neither the Egyptian nor the Assyrian sources provided clear regional boundaries for the term.The first appearance of the term Palestine was in 5th century BC Ancient Greece when Herodotus wrote of a district of Syria, called Palaistinê between Phoenicia and Egypt in The Histories. Herodotus was describing the coastal region, but is also considered to have applied the term to the inland region such as the Judean mountains and the Jordan Rift Valley. Later Greek writers such as Aristotle, Polemon and Pausanias also used the word, which was followed by Roman writers such as Ovid, Tibullus, Pomponius Mela, Pliny the Elder, Dio Chrysostom, Statius, Plutarch as well as Roman Judean writers Philo of Alexandria and Josephus. The word was never used in an official context during the Hellenistic period, and is not found on any Hellenistic coin or inscription, first coming into official use in the early second century AD. It has been contended that in the first century authors still associated the term with the southern coastal region.In 135 AD, the Greek Syria Palaestina was used in naming a new Roman province from the merger of Roman Syria and Roman Judaea after the Roman authorities crushed the Bar Kokhba Revolt. Circumstantial evidence links Hadrian to the renaming of the province, which took place around the same time as Jerusalem was refounded as Aelia Capitolina, but the precise date of the change in province name is uncertain. The common view that the name change was intended sever the connection of the Jews to their historical homeland is disputed.During the Byzantine period c. 390, the imperial province of Syria Palaestina was reorganized into: Palaestina Prima, Palaestina Secunda, and Palaestina Salutaris. Following the Muslim conquest, place names that were in use by the Byzantine administration generally continued to be used in Arabic. The use of the name Palestine became common in Early Modern English, was used in English and Arabic during the Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem. In the 20th century the name was used by the British to refer to Mandatory Palestine, a mandate from the former O ...

Sinai and Palestine Campaign | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:



00:05:36 1 Background
00:08:23 1.1 Egypt's contribution to the war effort
00:11:27 2 Defence of the Suez Canal (1915–16)
00:14:57 2.1 British defences extended
00:19:35 2.2 Raid on Jifjafa
00:21:35 2.3 Occupation of Romani
00:26:49 2.4 Sinai reconnaissances May and June 1916
00:30:26 2.5 Battle of Romani
00:33:38 3 Arab Revolt
00:35:18 4 Sinai campaign of manoeuvre warfare
00:40:53 4.1 Medical support
00:42:06 4.2 Condition of the horses
00:43:55 4.3 Creation of Eastern Frontier Force
00:46:25 4.4 Raid on Bir el Mazar
00:48:31 4.5 Raid on Maghara Hills
00:50:11 4.6 Aerial bombing of Beersheba
00:52:32 4.7 Railway building: Sinai
00:54:02 4.8 Battle of Magdhaba, December 1916
00:57:12 4.9 Battle of Rafa, January 1917
00:59:18 4.10 End of Sinai Campaign
01:03:21 5 Palestine campaign begins
01:08:10 5.1 Sykes–Picot and Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne
01:10:19 5.2 Eastern Force reorganisation
01:13:48 5.3 Ottoman Army units
01:15:40 6 Gaza campaign
01:15:50 6.1 First Battle of Gaza, 26 March
01:17:28 6.2 Hiatus
01:20:55 6.3 Second Battle of Gaza, 17–19 April
01:23:20 6.4 Stalemate
01:25:22 6.4.1 Raid on Ottoman railway
01:26:01 6.4.2 Battle of Buqqar Ridge
01:27:11 7 Southern Palestine Offensive
01:27:22 7.1 Battle of Beersheba, 31 October
01:31:33 7.2 After the capture of Beersheba
01:34:09 7.3 Advance to Jaffa and Judean Hills
01:36:45 7.4 Capture of Jerusalem
01:39:04 8 Winter 1917–18
01:39:16 8.1 Administration of captured territory
01:42:01 8.2 Consolidation of EEF territorial gains
01:44:22 8.3 Westerners versus Easterners
01:48:43 9 Judean Hills operations
01:50:00 9.1 Action of Berukin, 9–11 April
01:54:40 9.2 Summer in the Judean hills
02:02:55 10 Jordan Valley operations
02:03:06 10.1 Capture of Jericho, February 1918
02:04:10 10.2 Occupation of the Jordan Valley
02:04:59 10.3 First Transjordan advance
02:07:10 10.4 Second Transjordan advance
02:08:09 10.5 German and Ottoman attack
02:08:53 11 Focus moves to the Western Front
02:10:21 11.1 Reorganisation of EEF infantry
02:14:07 11.2 Reorganisation of EEF cavalry
02:17:43 11.3 Yildirim Army Group
02:22:33 11.3.1 Arrival of a new German commander
02:24:55 12 Arab attacks
02:25:24 13 Megiddo offensive
02:28:59 14 Syrian campaign
02:29:09 14.1 Pursuit to Damascus
02:31:37 14.2 Capture of Aleppo
02:32:34 15 Summary
02:38:46 16 See also
02:38:59 17 Notes



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I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates


SUMMARY
=======
The Sinai and Palestine Campaign of the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I was fought by the Arab Revolt and the British Empire, against the Ottoman Empire and its Imperial German allies. It started with an Ottoman attempt at raiding the Suez Canal in 1915, and ended with the Armistice of Mudros in 1918, leading to the cession of Ottoman Syria and Palestine.
Fighting began in January 1915, when a German-led Ottoman force invaded the Sinai Peninsula, then part of the British Protectorate of Egypt, to unsuccessfully raid the Suez Canal. After the Gallipoli Campaign, British Empire veterans formed the Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) and Ottoman Empire veterans formed the Fourth Army, to fight for the Sinai Peninsula in 1916. During this campaign the Anzac Mounted Division and the 52nd (Lowland) Division succeeded in pushing German-led Ottoman Army units out of the area, beginning with the Battle of Romani and pursuit in August, the Battle of Magdhaba in December, and in January 1917 the newly formed Desert Column completed the recapture of the Sinai at the Battle of Rafa. These three victories, resulting in the recapture of substantial Egyptian territory, were followed in March and April, by two EEF defeats on Ottoman territory, at the First and Second Battles of Gaza in southern Palestine.
After a period of stalemate in Southern Palestine from April to ...

Around the world : Israel

Israel, officially the State of Israel is a parliamentary republic in the Middle East, along the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. It borders Lebanon in the north, Syria in the northeast, Jordan and the West Bank in the east, Egypt and the Gaza Strip on the southwest, and the Gulf of Aqaba in the Red Sea to the south, and it contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area.[1][6] Israel is defined as a Jewish and Democratic State in its Basic Laws and is the world's only Jewish-majority state .
Following the adoption of a resolution by the United Nations General Assembly on 29 November 1947, recommending the adoption and implementation of the United Nations partition plan of Mandatory Palestine, on 14 May 1948 David Ben-Gurion, the Executive Head of the World Zionist Organization and president of the Jewish Agency for Palestine, declared the establishment of a Jewish state in Eretz Israel, to be known as the State of Israel, a state independent upon the termination of the British Mandate for Palestine, 15 May 1948. Neighboring Arab states invaded the next day in support of the Palestinian Arabs. Israel has since fought several wars with neighboring Arab states, in the course of which it has occupied the West Bank, Sinai Peninsula (between 1967 and 1982), Gaza Strip and the Golan Heights. Portions of these territories, including East Jerusalem, have been annexed by Israel, but the border with the neighboring West Bank has not yet been permanently defined.[neutrality is disputed Israel has signed peace treaties with Egypt and Jordan, but efforts to resolve the Israeli--Palestinian conflict have so far not resulted in peace.
Israel's financial centre is Tel Aviv, while Jerusalem is the country's most populous city and its capital (although not recognized internationally as such). The population of Israel, as defined by the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, was estimated in 2012 to be 7,933,200 people, of whom 5,978,600 are Jewish. Arabs form the country's second-largest ethnic group with 1,636,600 people (including Druze and Bedouins). The great majority of Israeli Arabs are settled-Muslims, with smaller but significant numbers of semi-settled Negev Bedouins and Arab Christians. Other minorities include various ethnic and ethno-religious denominations such as Druze, Circassians, Black Hebrew Israelites, Samaritans, Maronites and others.
Israel is a representative democracy with a parliamentary system, proportional representation and universal suffrage. The Prime Minister serves as head of government and the Knesset serves as Israel's unicameral legislative body. Israel has one of the highest life expectancies in the world. It is a developed country, an OECD member,and its economy, based on the nominal gross domestic product, was the 40th-largest in the world in 2011, Israel has the highest standard of living in the Middle East .

Shechem

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Shechem

Shechem /ˈʃɛkəm/, also spelled Sichem (/ˈsɪkəm/; Hebrew: שְׁכֶם / שְׁכָם, Standard Š(ə)ḫem Tiberian Šəḵem, shoulder), was a Canaanite city mentioned in the Amarna letters, and is mentioned in the Hebrew Bible as an Israelite city of the tribe of Manasseh and the first capital of the Kingdom of Israel.Traditionally associated with Nablus, it is now identified with the nearby site of Tell Balata in Balata al-Balad in the West Bank.

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Mandatory Palestine | Wikipedia audio article

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Mandatory Palestine

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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates



SUMMARY
=======
Mandatory Palestine (Arabic: فلسطين‎ Filasṭīn; Hebrew: פָּלֶשְׂתִּינָה (אי)‬ Pālēśtīnā (EY), where EY indicates Eretz Yisrael, Land of Israel) was a geopolitical entity established between 1920 and 1923 in the region of Palestine as part of the Partition of the Ottoman Empire under the terms of the British Mandate for Palestine.
During the First World War (1914–18), an Arab uprising and the British Empire's Egyptian Expeditionary Force under General Edmund Allenby drove the Turks out of the Levant during the Sinai and Palestine Campaign. The United Kingdom had agreed in the McMahon–Hussein Correspondence that it would honour Arab independence if they revolted against the Ottomans, but the two sides had different interpretations of this agreement, and in the end, the UK and France divided up the area under the Sykes–Picot Agreement—an act of betrayal in the eyes of the Arabs. Further complicating the issue was the Balfour Declaration of 1917, promising British support for a Jewish national home in Palestine. At the war's end the British and French set up a joint Occupied Enemy Territory Administration in what had been Ottoman Syria. The British achieved legitimacy for their continued control by obtaining a mandate from the League of Nations in June 1922. The formal objective of the League of Nations mandate system was to administer parts of the defunct Ottoman Empire, which had been in control of the Middle East since the 16th century, until such time as they are able to stand alone. The civil Mandate administration was formalised with the League of Nations' consent in 1923 under the British Mandate for Palestine, which covered two administrative areas. The land west of the Jordan River, known as Palestine, was under direct British administration until 1948. The land east of the Jordan, a semi-autonomous region known as Transjordan, under the rule of the Hashemite family from the Hijaz, gained independence in 1946.During the British Mandate period the area experienced the ascent of two major nationalist movements, one among the Jews and the other among the Arabs. The competing national interests of the Arab and Jewish populations of Palestine against each other and against the governing British authorities matured into the Arab Revolt of 1936–1939 and the Jewish insurgency in Palestine before culminating in the Civil War of 1947–1948. The aftermath of the Civil War and the consequent 1948 Arab–Israeli War led to the establishment of the 1949 cease-fire agreement, with partition of the former Mandatory Palestine between the newborn state of Israel with a Jewish majority, the Arab West Bank annexed by the Jordanian Kingdom and the Arab All-Palestine Government in the Gaza Strip under the protectorate of Egypt.

Desert of Israel on the way from Jericho to Ramallah

Jerusalem Dateline: 1/13/17 72 Nations Gather in Paris to Decide Israel’s Future

This week on Jerusalem Dateline: 72 nations meet in Paris to decide Israel’s future; plus terror strikes Jerusalem again killing four; and Mike Huckabee addresses what new U.S. admin means for Israel; and the passing of a very special friend ...

Samaritans | Wikipedia audio article

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Samaritans

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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates



SUMMARY
=======
The Samaritans (; Samaritan Hebrew: ࠔࠠࠌࠝࠓࠩࠉࠌ, translit. Shamerim (שַמֶרִים‬), Guardians/Keepers/Watchers (of the Torah)) are an ethnoreligious group of the Levant originating from the Israelites (or Hebrews) of the Ancient Near East.
Ancestrally, Samaritans claim descent from the tribe of Ephraim and tribe of Manasseh (two sons of Joseph) as well as from the Levites, who have links to ancient Samaria (now constituting the majority of the territory known as the West Bank) from the period of their entry into Canaan, while some Orthodox Jews suggest that it was from the beginning of the Babylonian captivity up to the Samaritan polity under the rule of Baba Rabba. Samaritans used to include descendants who ascribed to the Benjamin tribe, but this line became extinct in the 1960s. According to Samaritan tradition, the split between them and the Judean-led Southern Israelites began during the biblical time of the priest Eli when the Southern Israelites split off from the central Israelite tradition, as they perceive it.In the Talmud, a central post-exilic religious text of Rabbinic Judaism, the Samaritans are called Cutheans (Hebrew: כּוּתִים‎, Kutim), referring to the ancient city of Kutha, geographically located in what is today Iraq. In the biblical account, however, Kuthah was one of several cities from which people were brought to Samaria, and they worshiped Nergal. Modern genetics partially support both the claims of the Samaritans and the account in the Hebrew Bible (and Talmud), suggesting that the genealogy of the Samaritans lies in some combination of these two accounts. Genetically, modern Samaritan populations are found to have much greater affinity genetically to Jews than to neighbouring Palestinian Arabs. This suggests that the Samaritans remained a genetically isolated population.The Samaritans are adherents of Samaritanism, a religion closely related to Judaism. Samaritans believe that their worship, which is based on the Samaritan Pentateuch, is the true religion of the ancient Israelites from before the Babylonian captivity, preserved by those who remained in the Land of Israel, as opposed to Judaism, which they see as a related but altered and amended religion, brought back by those returning from the Babylonian Captivity. The Samaritans believe that Mount Gerizim was the original Holy Place of Israel from the time that Joshua conquered Canaan. The major issue between Jews and Samaritans has always been the location of the Chosen Place to worship God: Mount Zion in Jerusalem according to the Jewish faith or Mount Gerizim according to the Samaritan faith.Once a large community, the Samaritan population appears to have shrunk significantly in the wake of the bloody suppression of the Samaritan Revolts (mainly in 529 CE and 555 CE) against the Byzantine Empire. Conversion to Christianity under the Byzantines also reduced their numbers. Conversions to Islam took place as well, and by the mid–Middle Ages, Benjamin of Tudela estimated only around 1,900 Samaritans remained in Palestine and Syria. As of January 1, 2017, the population was 796, divided between Qiryat Luza on Mount Gerizim and the city of Holon, just outside Tel Aviv. Most Samaritans in Holon and Qiryat Luza today speak Hebrew and Arabic. For liturgical purposes, Samaritan Hebrew, Samaritan Aramaic, and Arabic are used, all written with the Samaritan alphabet, a variant of the Paleo-Hebrew alphabet, which is distinct from the Hebrew alphabet. Hebrew and later Aramaic were languages in use by the Jewish and Samaritan inhabitants of Judea (the name by which Israel was known during part of the Second Temple era) before the Roman exile.Samaritans have a stand-alone religious status in Israel, and there are occasional conversions from Judaism to Samaritanism and vice versa due to marriages. While the Israeli Rabbinic authorities consider Samaritanism to be a bra ...

Timeline of Jerusalem | Wikipedia audio article

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Timeline of Jerusalem

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language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.

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SUMMARY
=======
This is a timeline of major events in the History of Jerusalem; a city that had been fought over sixteen times in its history. During its long history, Jerusalem has been destroyed twice, besieged 23 times, attacked 52 times, and captured and recaptured 44 times.

Israel | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Israel


00:04:12 1 Etymology
00:06:29 2 History
00:06:37 2.1 Prehistory
00:07:17 2.2 Antiquity
00:10:05 2.3 Classical period
00:12:24 2.4 Middle Ages and modern history
00:17:33 2.5 Zionism and British Mandate
00:21:39 2.6 After World War II
00:26:19 2.7 Early years of the State of Israel
00:33:26 2.8 Further conflict and peace process
00:42:28 3 Geography and environment
00:44:59 3.1 Tectonics and seismicity
00:46:34 3.2 Climate
00:48:29 4 Demographics
00:51:50 4.1 Major urban areas
00:53:33 4.2 Language
00:55:06 4.3 Religion
00:57:54 4.4 Education
01:02:04 5 Government and politics
01:04:08 5.1 Legal system
01:06:36 5.2 Administrative divisions
01:07:28 5.3 Israeli-occupied territories
01:14:03 5.4 Foreign relations
01:18:39 5.5 International humanitarian efforts
01:21:02 5.6 Military
01:25:21 6 Economy
01:28:35 6.1 Science and technology
01:32:38 6.2 Transportation
01:34:19 6.3 Tourism
01:34:59 6.4 Energy
01:37:06 7 Culture
01:37:47 7.1 Literature
01:39:23 7.2 Music and dance
01:40:28 7.3 Cinema and theatre
01:41:18 7.4 Media
01:41:52 7.5 Museums
01:43:11 7.6 Cuisine
01:44:40 7.7 Sports
01:48:04 8 See also



Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.

Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain

Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.

You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:


You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:




The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates



SUMMARY
=======
Israel (; Hebrew: יִשְׂרָאֵל‬; Arabic: إِسْرَائِيل‎), officially the State of Israel, is a country in Western Asia, located on the southeastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea and the northern shore of the Red Sea. It has land borders with Lebanon to the north, Syria to the northeast, Jordan on the east, the Palestinian territories of the West Bank and Gaza Strip to the east and west, respectively, and Egypt to the southwest. The country contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area. Israel's economic and technological center is Tel Aviv, while its seat of government and proclaimed capital is Jerusalem, although the state's sovereignty over Jerusalem has only partial recognition.Israel has evidence of the earliest migration of hominids out of Africa. Canaanite tribes are archaeologically attested since the Middle Bronze Age, while the Kingdoms of Israel and Judah emerged during the Iron Age. The Neo-Assyrian Empire destroyed Israel around 720 BCE. Judah was later conquered by the Babylonian, Persian and Hellenistic empires and had existed as Jewish autonomous provinces. The successful Maccabean Revolt led to an independent Hasmonean kingdom by 110 BCE, which in 63 BCE however became a client state of the Roman Republic that subsequently installed the Herodian dynasty in 37 BCE, and in 6 CE created the Roman province of Judea. Judea lasted as a Roman province until the failed Jewish revolts resulted in widespread destruction, expulsion of Jewish population and the renaming of the region from Iudaea to Syria Palaestina. Jewish presence in the region has persisted to a certain extent over the centuries. In the 7th century CE, the Levant was taken from the Byzantine Empire by the Arabs and remained in Muslim control until the First Crusade of 1099, followed by the Ayyubid conquest of 1187. The Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt extended its control over the Levant in the 13th century until its defeat by the Ottoman Empire in 1517. During the 19th century, national awakening among Jews led to the establishment of the Zionist movement in the diaspora followed by waves of immigration to Ottoman Syria and later British Mandate Palestine.
In 1947, the United Nations (UN) adopted a Partition Plan for Palestine recommending the creation of independent Arab and Jewish states and an internationalized Jerusalem. The plan was accepted by the Jewish Agency, and rejected by Arab leaders. The following year, the Jewish Agency declared the independence of the State of Israel, and the subsequent 1948 Arab–Israeli War saw Israel's establishment over most of the former Mandate territory, while the West Bank and Gaza were held by neighboring Arab states. Israel has since fought several wars with Arab countries, and since the Six-Day War in 1967 he ...

Synagogue | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Synagogue

Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written
language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.

Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain

Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through
audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio
while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using
a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.


You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:


In case you don't find one that you were looking for, put a comment.
This video uses Google TTS en-US-Standard-D voice.



SUMMARY
=======
A synagogue (pronounced ; from Greek συναγωγή, synagogē, 'assembly', Hebrew: בית כנסת‬ bet kenesset, 'house of assembly' or בית תפילה‬ bet tefila, house of prayer, Yiddish: שול shul, Ladino: אסנוגה esnoga or קהל kahal), is a Jewish or Samaritan house of worship.
Synagogues have a large place for prayer (the main sanctuary) and may also have smaller rooms for study and sometimes a social hall and offices. Some have a separate room for Torah study, called the בית מדרש‬ beth midrash house of study.
Synagogues are consecrated spaces used for the purpose of prayer, Tanakh (the entire Hebrew Bible, including the Torah) reading, study and assembly; however, a synagogue is not necessary for worship. Halakha holds that communal Jewish worship can be carried out wherever ten Jews (a minyan) assemble. Worship can also be carried out alone or with fewer than ten people assembled together. However, halakha considers certain prayers as communal prayers and therefore they may be recited only by a minyan. In terms of its specific ritual and liturgical functions, the synagogue does not replace the long-since destroyed Temple in Jerusalem.

Israel | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Israel


00:04:12 1 Etymology
00:06:29 2 History
00:06:37 2.1 Prehistory
00:07:17 2.2 Antiquity
00:10:05 2.3 Classical period
00:12:24 2.4 Middle Ages and modern history
00:17:33 2.5 Zionism and British Mandate
00:21:39 2.6 After World War II
00:26:19 2.7 Early years of the State of Israel
00:33:26 2.8 Further conflict and peace process
00:42:28 3 Geography and environment
00:44:59 3.1 Tectonics and seismicity
00:46:34 3.2 Climate
00:48:29 4 Demographics
00:51:50 4.1 Major urban areas
00:53:33 4.2 Language
00:55:06 4.3 Religion
00:57:53 4.4 Education
01:02:04 5 Government and politics
01:04:08 5.1 Legal system
01:06:36 5.2 Administrative divisions
01:07:28 5.3 Israeli-occupied territories
01:14:03 5.4 Foreign relations
01:18:39 5.5 International humanitarian efforts
01:21:02 5.6 Military
01:25:21 6 Economy
01:28:34 6.1 Science and technology
01:32:38 6.2 Transportation
01:34:18 6.3 Tourism
01:34:59 6.4 Energy
01:37:06 7 Culture
01:37:47 7.1 Literature
01:39:23 7.2 Music and dance
01:40:28 7.3 Cinema and theatre
01:41:18 7.4 Media
01:41:52 7.5 Museums
01:43:11 7.6 Cuisine
01:44:40 7.7 Sports
01:48:04 8 See also



Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.

Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain

Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.

You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:


You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:




The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates



SUMMARY
=======
Israel (; Hebrew: יִשְׂרָאֵל‬; Arabic: إِسْرَائِيل‎), officially the State of Israel, is a country in Western Asia, located on the southeastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea and the northern shore of the Red Sea. It has land borders with Lebanon to the north, Syria to the northeast, Jordan on the east, the Palestinian territories of the West Bank and Gaza Strip to the east and west, respectively, and Egypt to the southwest. The country contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area. Israel's economic and technological center is Tel Aviv, while its seat of government and proclaimed capital is Jerusalem, although the state's sovereignty over Jerusalem has only partial recognition.Israel has evidence of the earliest migration of hominids out of Africa. Canaanite tribes are archaeologically attested since the Middle Bronze Age, while the Kingdoms of Israel and Judah emerged during the Iron Age. The Neo-Assyrian Empire destroyed Israel around 720 BCE. Judah was later conquered by the Babylonian, Persian and Hellenistic empires and had existed as Jewish autonomous provinces. The successful Maccabean Revolt led to an independent Hasmonean kingdom by 110 BCE, which in 63 BCE however became a client state of the Roman Republic that subsequently installed the Herodian dynasty in 37 BCE, and in 6 CE created the Roman province of Judea. Judea lasted as a Roman province until the failed Jewish revolts resulted in widespread destruction, expulsion of Jewish population and the renaming of the region from Iudaea to Syria Palaestina. Jewish presence in the region has persisted to a certain extent over the centuries. In the 7th century CE, the Levant was taken from the Byzantine Empire by the Arabs and remained in Muslim control until the First Crusade of 1099, followed by the Ayyubid conquest of 1187. The Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt extended its control over the Levant in the 13th century until its defeat by the Ottoman Empire in 1517. During the 19th century, national awakening among Jews led to the establishment of the Zionist movement in the diaspora followed by waves of immigration to Ottoman Syria and later British Mandate Palestine.
In 1947, the United Nations (UN) adopted a Partition Plan for Palestine recommending the creation of independent Arab and Jewish states and an internationalized Jerusalem. The plan was accepted by the Jewish Agency, and rejected by Arab leaders. The following year, the Jewish Agency declared the independence of the State of Israel, and the subsequent 1948 Arab–Israeli War saw Israel's establishment over most of the former Mandate territory, while the West Bank and Gaza were held by neighboring Arab states. Israel has since fought several wars with Arab countries, and since the Six-Day War in 1967 he ...

Jerusalem | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:



00:06:00 1 Names: history and etymology
00:06:11 1.1 Ancient Egyptian sources
00:06:42 1.2 Etymology
00:07:58 1.3 Hebrew Bible and Jewish sources
00:08:39 1.4 Oldest inscriptions
00:09:23 1.5 Jebus, Zion, City of David
00:10:14 1.6 Greek, Roman and Byzantine names
00:10:41 1.7 Salem
00:11:44 1.8 Arabic names
00:12:36 2 History
00:13:58 2.1 Overview of Jerusalem's historical periods
00:14:09 2.2 Age
00:16:30 2.3 Prehistory
00:17:05 2.4 Ancient period
00:20:02 2.4.1 Biblical account
00:22:01 2.5 Classical antiquity
00:29:38 2.6 Middle Ages
00:36:51 2.7 Ottoman rule (16th–19th centuries)
00:41:53 2.8 British Mandate (1917–1948)
00:44:16 2.9 Divided city: Jordanian and Israeli rule (1948–1967)
00:50:29 2.10 Israeli rule (1967–present)
00:55:22 3 Political status
00:58:08 3.1 International status
00:59:17 3.2 Status under Israeli rule
01:02:25 3.3 Jerusalem as capital of Israel
01:07:18 3.3.1 Government precinct and national institutions
01:08:24 3.4 Jerusalem as capital of Palestine
01:09:56 4 Municipal administration
01:12:03 5 Geography
01:14:46 5.1 Climate
01:17:23 6 Demographics
01:17:33 6.1 Demographic history
01:18:47 6.2 Current demographics
01:27:24 6.3 Urban planning issues
01:28:45 7 Religious significance
01:32:43 8 Economy
01:37:22 8.1 High-rise construction
01:39:56 9 Transportation
01:42:56 10 Education
01:48:07 11 Culture
01:55:18 11.1 Media
01:56:04 11.2 Sports
01:58:25 12 Twin towns and sister cities
01:58:49 13 See also



Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.

Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain

Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.

Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:

Other Wikipedia audio articles at:

Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:

Speaking Rate: 0.8409203579626446
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-C


I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates


SUMMARY
=======
Jerusalem (; Hebrew: יְרוּשָׁלַיִם Yerushaláyim; Arabic: القُدس‎ al-Quds) is a city in the Middle East, located on a plateau in the Judaean Mountains between the Mediterranean and the Dead Sea. It is one of the oldest cities in the world, and is considered holy to the three major Abrahamic religions—Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Both Israel and the Palestinian Authority claim Jerusalem as their capital, as Israel maintains its primary governmental institutions there and the State of Palestine ultimately foresees it as its seat of power; however, neither claim is widely recognized internationally.During its long history, Jerusalem has been destroyed at least twice, besieged 23 times, captured and recaptured 44 times, and attacked 52 times,. The part of Jerusalem called the City of David shows first signs of settlement in the 4th millennium BCE, in the shape of encampments of nomadic shepherds. Jerusalem was named as Urusalim on ancient Egyptian tablets, probably meaning City of Shalem after a Canaanite deity, during the Canaanite period (14th century BCE). During the Israelite period, significant construction activity in Jerusalem began in the 9th century BCE (Iron Age II), and in the 8th century the city developed into the religious and administrative center of the Kingdom of Judah. In 1538, the city walls were rebuilt for a last time around Jerusalem under Suleiman the Magnificent. Today those walls define the Old City, which has been traditionally divided into four quarters—known since the early 19th century as the Armenian, Christian, Jewish, and Muslim Quarters. The Old City became a World Heritage Site in 1981, and is on the List of World Heritage in Danger.Since 1860 Jerusalem has grown far beyond the Old City's boundaries. In 2015, Jerusalem had a population of some 850,000 residents, comprising approximately 200,000 secular Jewish Israelis, 350,000 Haredi Jews and 300,000 Palestinians. In 2011, the population numbered 801,000, of which Jews comprised 497,000 (62%), Muslims 281,000 (35%), Christians 14,000 (around 2%) and 9,000 (1%) were not classified by religion.According to the Bible, King David conquered the city from the Jebusites and established it as the capital of the united kingdom of Israel ...

Jerusalem | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Jerusalem


00:04:36 1 Names: history and etymology
00:04:47 1.1 Ancient Egyptian sources
00:05:14 1.2 Etymology
00:06:25 1.3 Hebrew Bible and Jewish sources
00:07:00 1.4 Oldest inscriptions
00:07:38 1.5 Jebus, Zion, City of David
00:08:22 1.6 Greek, Roman and Byzantine names
00:08:45 1.7 Salem
00:09:37 1.8 Arabic names
00:10:22 2 History
00:11:29 2.1 Overview of Jerusalem's historical periods
00:11:40 2.2 Age
00:13:37 2.3 Prehistory
00:14:07 2.4 Ancient period
00:16:30 2.4.1 Biblical account
00:18:06 2.5 Classical antiquity
00:24:17 2.6 Middle Ages
00:30:11 2.7 Ottoman rule (16th–19th centuries)
00:34:19 2.8 British Mandate (1917–1948)
00:36:16 2.9 Divided city: Jordanian and Israeli rule (1948–1967)
00:41:19 2.10 Israeli rule (1967–present)
00:45:19 3 Political status
00:47:37 3.1 International status
00:48:35 3.2 Status under Israeli rule
00:51:10 3.3 Jerusalem as capital of Israel
00:54:59 3.3.1 Government precinct and national institutions
00:55:53 3.4 Jerusalem as capital of Palestine
00:57:10 4 Municipal administration
00:58:53 5 Geography
01:01:06 5.1 Climate
01:03:14 6 Demographics
01:03:23 6.1 Demographic history
01:04:25 6.2 Current demographics
01:11:27 6.3 Urban planning issues
01:12:35 7 Religious significance
01:15:50 8 Economy
01:19:37 8.1 High-rise construction
01:21:42 9 Transportation
01:24:08 10 Education
01:28:22 11 Culture
01:34:13 11.1 Media
01:34:53 11.2 Sports
01:36:49 12 Twin towns and sister cities
01:37:10 13 See also



Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.

Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain

Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.

You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:


You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:




The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates



SUMMARY
=======
Jerusalem (; Hebrew: יְרוּשָׁלַיִם‬ Yerushaláyim; Arabic: القُدس‎ al-Quds) is a city in the Middle East, located on a plateau in the Judaean Mountains between the Mediterranean and the Dead Sea. It is one of the oldest cities in the world, and is considered holy to the three major Abrahamic religions—Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Both Israel and the Palestinian Authority claim Jerusalem as their capital, as Israel maintains its primary governmental institutions there and the State of Palestine ultimately foresees it as its seat of power; however, neither claim is widely recognized internationally.During its long history, Jerusalem has been destroyed at least twice, besieged 23 times, attacked 52 times, and captured and recaptured 44 times. The part of Jerusalem called the City of David was settled in the 4th millennium BCE. Jerusalem was named as Urusalim on ancient Egyptian tablets, probably meaning City of Shalem after a Canaanite deity, during the Canaanite period (14th century BCE). During the Israelite period, significant construction activity in Jerusalem began in the 9th century BCE (Iron Age II), and in the 8th century the city developed into the religious and administrative center of the Kingdom of Judah. In 1538, the city walls were rebuilt for a last time around Jerusalem under Suleiman the Magnificent. Today those walls define the Old City, which has been traditionally divided into four quarters—known since the early 19th century as the Armenian, Christian, Jewish, and Muslim Quarters. The Old City became a World Heritage Site in 1981, and is on the List of World Heritage in Danger. Since 1860 Jerusalem has grown far beyond the Old City's boundaries. In 2015, Jerusalem had a population of some 850,000 residents, comprising approximately 200,000 secular Jewish Israelis, 350,000 Haredi Jews and 300,000 Palestinians. In 2011, the population numbered 801,000, of which Jews comprised 497,000 (62%), Muslims 281,000 (35%), Christians 14,000 (around 2%) and 9,000 (1%) were not classified by religion.According to the Bible, King David conquered the city from the Jebusites and established it as the capital of the united kingdom of Israel, and his son, King Solomon, commissioned the building of the First Temple. These foundational events, straddling the dawn of the 1st millennium BCE, assumed central symbolic importance for the Jewish people. The sobriquet of holy city (עיר הקודש, ...