When Giant Scorpions Swarmed the Seas
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Sea scorpions thrived for 200 million years, coming in a wide variety of shapes and sizes. Over time, they developed a number of adaptations--from crushing claws to flattened tails for swimming. And some of them adapted by getting so big that they still hold the record as the largest arthropods of all time.
Thank you to these paleoartists for allowing us to use their wonderful illustrations:
Franz Anthony:
Ceri Thomas:
Lucas Lima:
Julio Lacerda:
Nobu Tamura:
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References:
Braddy, Simon J., Richard J. Aldridge, Sarah E. Gabbott, and Johannes N. Theron. Lamellate book-gills in a late Ordovician eurypterid from the Soom Shale, South Africa: support for a eurypterid-scorpion clade. Lethaia 32, no. 1 (1999): 72-74.
Braddy, Simon J., Markus Poschmann, and O. Erik Tetlie. Giant claw reveals the largest ever arthropod. Biology Letters 4, no. 1 (2007): 106-109.
Brezinski, David K., and Albert D. Kollar. Reevaluation of the Age and Provenance of the Giant Palmichnium kosinskiorum Eurypterid Trackway, from Elk County, Pennsylvania. Annals of Carnegie Museum 84, no. 1 (2016): 39-45.
Briggs, Derek EG, and WD Ian Rolfe. A giant arthropod trackway from the Lower Mississippian of Pennsylvania. Journal of Paleontology (1983): 377-390.
Elliott, David K., and Michael A. Petriello. New poraspids (Agnatha, Heterostraci) from the Early Devonian of the western United States. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 31, no. 3 (2011): 518-530.
Lamsdell, James C., and Simon J. Braddy. Cope's Rule and Romer's theory: patterns of diversity and gigantism in eurypterids and Palaeozoic vertebrates. Biology Letters (2009): doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2009.0700
Lamsdell, James C., Simon J. Braddy, and O. Erik Tetlie. Redescription of Drepanopterus abonensis (Chelicerata: Eurypterida: Stylonurina) from the Late Devonian of Portishead, UK. Palaeontology 52, no. 5 (2009): 1113-1139.
Legg, David A. Sanctacaris uncata: the oldest chelicerate (Arthropoda). Naturwissenschaften 101, no. 12 (2014): 1065-1073.
Manning, P. L. and Dunlop, J. A. “The respiratory organs of eurypterids.” Palaeontology, 38, no. 2 (1995): 287–297.
McCoy, Victoria E., James C. Lamsdell, Markus Poschmann, Ross P. Anderson, and Derek EG Briggs. All the better to see you with: eyes and claws reveal the evolution of divergent ecological roles in giant pterygotid eurypterids. Biology letters 11, no. 8 (2015): 20150564.
Poschmann, Markus, Brigitte Schoenemann, and Victoria E. McCoy. Telltale eyes: the lateral visual systems of Rhenish Lower Devonian eurypterids (Arthropoda, Chelicerata) and their palaeobiological implications. Palaeontology 59, no. 2 (2016): 295-304.
Selden, P. A., and John David Lawson. Eurypterid respiration. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 309, no. 1138 (1985):
Tetlie, O. Erik. Distribution and dispersal history of Eurypterida (Chelicerata). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 252, no. 3-4 (2007): 557-574.
Vrazo, Matthew B., and Simon J. Braddy. Testing the ‘mass-moult-mate’hypothesis of eurypterid palaeoecology. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 311, no. 1-2 (2011): 63-73.
Whyte, Martin A. Palaeoecology: a gigantic fossil arthropod trackway. Nature 438, no. 7068 (2005): 576.
DragonBall Z Abridged: Episode 1 - TeamFourStar (TFS)
Dragonball Z Abridged Parody follows the adventures of Goku, Gohan, Krillin, Piccolo, Vegeta and the rest of the Z Warriors as they gather Dragonballs and fight the evil froces of Freeza Cell and Majin Buu. With the comedic writings of Lanipator, Takahata101, and Kaiserneko this may not be the DBZ you remember but TFS hopes you enjoy it all the same. How high can the Krillin Owned Count get? Who will be the next to go Super Saiyan? Can Vegeta's ego get any bigger? Find out NOW on DBZ Abridged!
TeamFourStar is a group of voice actors, sound designers, musicians and entertainers based out of Texas. Most noted for the series Dragonball Z Abridged, TFS loves to make comedy and specifically parody.
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Episode 1: The Return of Raditz! ... Wait...
Cast
MasakoX - Goku, Roshi
Lanipator - Piccolo, Radditz, Krillin, Vegeta
Vegeta3986 - Radditz, Yamcha, Oolong, Gohan
Hbi2k - Farmer with Shotgun
Megami33 - Bulma, Puar
Takahata101 - Nappa
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Songs
Morgenstemning by Edvard Hagerup Grieg
Cha-La-Head-Cha-La by Kageyama Hiranobu
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This is nothing more than a Parody made for entertainment purposes only.