Moscow - Kremlin
The Moscow Kremlin is a fortified complex in the center of Moscow, overlooking the Moskva River to the south, Saint Basil's Cathedral and Red Square to the east, and the Alexander Garden to the west. It is the best known of the kremlins (Russian citadels) and includes five palaces, four cathedrals, and the enclosing Kremlin Wall with Kremlin towers. In addition, within this complex is the Grand Kremlin Palace that was formerly the Tsar's Moscow residence. The complex now serves as the official residence of the President of the Russian Federation and as a museum with 2,746,405 visitors in 2017.
The name Kremlin means fortress inside a city and is often also used metonymically to refer to the government of the Russian Federation.
The existing Kremlin walls and towers were built by Italian masters from 1485 to 1495. The irregular triangle of the Kremlin wall encloses an area of 275,000 square metres. Its overall length is 2,235 metres, but the height ranges from 5 to 19 metres, depending on the terrain. The wall's thickness is between 3.5 and 6.5 metres.
Originally there were eighteen Kremlin towers, but their number increased to twenty in the 17th century. All but three of the towers are square in plan. The highest tower is the Troitskaya, which was built up to its present height of 80 metres in 1495. Most towers were originally crowned with wooden tents; the extant brick tents with strips of colored tiles go back to the 1680s.
Cathedral Square is the heart of the Kremlin. It is surrounded by six buildings, including three cathedrals. The Cathedral of the Dormition was completed in 1479 to be the main church of Moscow and where all the Tsars were crowned. The massive limestone façade, capped with its five golden cupolas, was the design of Aristotele Fioravanti. Several important metropolitans and patriarchs are buried there, including Peter and Makarii. The gilded, three-domed Cathedral of the Annunciation was completed next in 1489, only to be reconstructed to a nine-domed design a century later. On the south-east of the square is the much larger Cathedral of the Archangel Michael (1508), where almost all the Muscovite monarchs from Ivan Kalita to Ivan V of Russia are interred.
There are two domestic churches of the Metropolitans and Patriarchs of Moscow, the Church of the Twelve Apostles (1653–1656) and the exquisite one-domed Church of the Deposition of the Virgin's Robe, built by Pskov artisans from 1484–1488 and featuring superb icons and frescoes from 1627 and 1644.
The other notable structure is the Ivan the Great Bell Tower on the north-east corner of the square, which is said to mark the exact centre of Moscow and resemble a burning candle. Completed in 1600, it is 81 metres high. Until the Russian Revolution, it was the tallest structure in the city, as construction of buildings taller than that was forbidden. Its 21 bells would sound the alarm if any enemy was approaching. The upper part of the structure was destroyed by the French during the Napoleonic Invasion and has been rebuilt. The Tsar bell, the largest bell in the world, stands on a pedestal next to the tower.
The oldest secular structure still standing is Ivan III's Palace of Facets (1491), which holds the imperial thrones. The next oldest is the first home of the royal family, the Terem Palace. The original Terem Palace was also commissioned by Ivan III, but most of the existing palace was built in the 17th century. The Terem Palace and the Palace of Facets are linked by the Grand Kremlin Palace. This was commissioned by Nicholas I in 1838. The largest structure in the Kremlin, it cost an exorbitant sum of eleven million rubles to build and more than one billion dollars to renovate in the 1990s. It contains dazzling reception halls, a ceremonial red staircase, private apartments of the tsars, and the lower storey of the Resurrection of Lazarus church (1393), which is the oldest extant structure in the Kremlin and the whole of Moscow.
The northern corner of the Kremlin is occupied by the Arsenal, which was originally built for Peter the Great in 1701. The southwestern section of the Kremlin holds the Armoury building. Built in 1851 to a Renaissance Revival design, it is currently a museum housing Russian state Regalia and Diamond Fund.
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Московский Кремль[1] — крепость в центре Москвы и древнейшая её часть, главный общественно-политический и историко-художественный комплекс города, официальная резиденция Президента Российской Федерации, была официальной резиденцией Генерального секретаря ЦК КПСС.
Расположен на высоком левом берегу Москвы-реки — Боровицком холме, при впадении в неё реки Неглинной. В плане Кремль — неправильный треугольник площадью 27,5 гектара. Южная стена обращена к Москве-реке, северо-западная — к Александровскому саду, восточная — к Красной площади.
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Pre-Revolutionary Russia in photographs: Simbirsk
Дореволюционная Россия на фотографиях - Симбирск
Pre Revolutionary Russia in Photographs - Simbirsk
Here I present an album of photographs of the city of Simbirsk taken between 1866 and 1913.
Simbirsk was the birthplace of Vladimir Lenin and the city changed its name to Ulyanovsk in 1924.
During the Soviet period, Ulyanovsk lost much of its historical heritage - all traces of the Cathedral and churches are gone and only a few 19th century buildings remain.
Also during the Soviet period, Ulyanovsk was an important tourist centre, drawing visitors from around the country because of its revolutionary importance and a visit to the home of Lenin was a must. When I visited a few years back, I found the city dreary and uninspiring..........
VLADIMIR LENIN - WikiVidi Documentary
Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, better known by the alias Lenin , was a Russian communist revolutionary, politician and political theorist. He served as head of government of Soviet Russia from 1917 to 1924 and of the Soviet Union from 1922 to 1924. Under his administration, Russia and then the wider Soviet Union became a one-party communist state governed by the Russian Communist Party. Ideologically a Marxist, he developed political theories known as Leninism. Born to a wealthy middle-class family in Simbirsk, Lenin embraced revolutionary socialist politics following his brother's 1887 execution. Expelled from Kazan Imperial University for participating in protests against the Russian Empire's Tsarist government, he devoted the following years to a law degree. He moved to Saint Petersburg in 1893 and became a senior Marxist activist. In 1897, he was arrested for sedition and exiled to Shushenskoye for three years, where he married Nadezhda Krupskaya. After his exile, he moved to Western...
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Shortcuts to chapters:
00:04:03 Childhood: 1870–1887
00:07:42 University and political radicalisation: 1887–1893
00:11:33 Early activism and imprisonment: 1893–1900
00:16:02 Munich, London, and Geneva: 1900–1905
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Apart Kaloshin pereulok 6 №11 - Moscow, Russia - - Unglaublicher Ort!
Apart Kaloshin pereulok 6 №11 - Buche das Hotel gleich! -
Apart Kaloshin pereulok 6 №11 offers pet-friendly accommodation in Moscow, 400 metres from Stary Arbat Street and 800 metres from Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts. The property features views of the city and is 900 metres from Cathedral of Christ the Saviour. Free WiFi is featured .
A dishwasher, an oven and a microwave can be found in the kitchen. A TV with satellite channels is available. There is a private bathroom with a bath.
The Kremlin is 1.6 km from Apart Kaloshin pereulok 6 №11, while Lenin Mausoleum is 1.8 km from the property. The nearest airport is Vnukovo International Airport, 25 km from Apart Kaloshin pereulok 6 №11.
Arbat ist bei Reisenden, die an Spazieren gehen , Museen und Architektur interessiert sind, sehr beliebt.
History of Russia (PARTS 1-5) - Rurik to Revolution
From Prince Rurik to the Russian Revolution, this is a compilation of the first 5 episodes of Epic History TV's History of Russia.
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Martin Sixsmith, Russia: A 1000 Year Chronicle of the Wild East
Orlando Figes, Natasha's Dance: A Cultural History of Russia
Robert Service, The Penguin History of Modern Russia: From Tsarism to the Twenty-first Century
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Kevin MacLeod
'The Pyre'; 'Intrepid'; 'String Impromptu Number 1'; 'Brandenburg No.4'; 'All This'; 'Satiate Percussion'; 'The Descent';
Licensed under Creative Commons by Attribution CC BY-SA 3.0
A note on 'Ivan the Terrible' - in Russia, Ivan IV has the epithet 'Гро́зный' meaning 'Great' or 'Formidable'. So why is he known as Ivan 'the Terrible' in English? Because he was evil or useless or because of anti-Russian bias? No, because 'Terrible' in English also means awesome or formidable - this was well understood when 'Гро́зный' was first translated into English centuries ago, but now fewer people understand this. (see definitions 3 & 4 here: The name stuck, and Ivan IV has been known as Ivan the Terrible ever since.
Images:
Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona
State Tretyakov Gallery
Russian State Historical Museum
National Art Museum of Ukraine
Herodotus: Marie-Lan Nguyen, CC BY 2.5
St.Volodymr: Dar Veter, CC BY-SA 3.0
Polish-Lithuanian Flag: Olek Remesz, CC BY 2.5
Kremlin.ru
New York Public Library
Anne S.K. Brown Military Collection, Brown University Library
Stenka Razin with kind permission of Sergei Kirrilov
Winter Palace: Alex Florstein Fedorov CC BY-SA 4.0
Imperial Academy of Fine Arts: Alex Florstein Fedorov CC BY-SA 4.0
Ipatievsky Monastery: Michael Clarke CC BY-SA 4.0
Trans-Alaska Pipeline: Frank Kovalchek CC BY 2.0
Gallows: Adam Clarke CC BY-SA 2.0
Church of the Saviour exterior: NoPlayerUfa CC BY-SA 3.0
Church of the Saviour interior: Mannat Kaur CC BY-SA 3.0
Audio Mix and SFX:
Chris Whiteside
Rene Bridgman
Thanks to Mahdi for Persian captions.
As in Pskovshchina / Как на Псковщине (With annotations!!)
As in Pskovshchina, as near Narva,
Our army was called Red, *1
Under banners of red color,
They fought with imperial generals. *2
The Red Army was going undressed, hungry
In the a battle for for the Soviet republic.
Red Army in the eighteenth fought with Germans, *3
Smash with songs a intervention.*4
Beat, beat, -- flied along steppes -
Beat a bayonet and the evil grenade,
Beat, beat, beat more cheerfully,
The it is rich, so and beat!
The Red Army smashed Kaledin's forces, Kornilov's forces, *5,6
And went on the enemy with a national strength. *7
Red Army destroy a Wrangel's black rack *8
And Denikin's forces under Kastornaya. *9,10
Red Army's advance On Petliura, on Skoropadsky *11,12
Was with vigorous soldier's wave.
The white defeated by a blade chapayevsky, *13
Was finished near Volochayevsk. *14
Beat, beat, -- flied along fields -
Beat a bayonet and a saber sharp,
Beat, beat, beat more cheerfully,
The it is rich, so and beat!
Red Army dispel all divisions of samurai *
In night of Spasskaya operation. *15
Hitler's mad hordes
Was defeat with a Red Army's hand skillful. *16
Red Army, Stay on guard! Look
For lead enemy cloud. *17
If enemy touch fatherland,
Beat uninvited with a new force.
Beat, beat in peaceful borders,
Beat its formidable weapons.
Beat, beat, beat fun,
Than the rich, so and beat!
*1 - The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army - was the national military of the Soviet Union until 1946. Emerging from Soviet Russian, Ukrainian and other national revolutionary communist combat groups during the Russian Civil War of 1918--1922, the Red Army was consolidated under the leadership of Leon Trotsky, and grew into one of the largest and most powerful armies in military history by the 1940s.
The color connotation of Red Army refers to the traditional colour of the Communist movement.
The Red Army is widely credited with being the decisive land force in the Allied victory in the European Theatre of World War II. During operations on the Eastern Front, it engaged and defeated about 75%--80% of the German armies (Wehrmacht and Waffen-SS) deployed in the war.
*2 - was a loose confederation of Anti-Communist forces that fought the Bolsheviks in the Russian Civil War (1917--1922/3) and, to a lesser extent, continued operating as militarized associations both outside and within Russian borders until roughly the Second World War.
*3,4 - The Allied intervention was a multi-national military expedition launched during the Russian Civil War in 1918. Its operations included forces from 14 nations[1] and were conducted over a vast territory. The initial stated goals were to help the Czechoslovak Legions, secure supplies of munitions and armaments in Russian ports, and re-establish the Eastern front. After winning the war in Europe, the Allied powers militarily backed the pro-Tsarist, anti-Bolshevik White forces in Russia. Allied efforts were hampered by divided objectives, lack of an overarching strategy, war weariness and a lack of public support. These factors, together with the evacuation of the Czechoslovak Legion and the deteriorating situation compelled the Allies to withdraw from North Russia and Siberia in 1920, though Japanese forces occupied parts of Siberia until 1922 and the northern half of Sakhalin until 1925.[2]
With the end of Allied support, the Red Army was able to inflict defeats on the remaining White government forces, leading to their eventual collapse. The Allied intervention and its foreign troops were effectively used by the Bolsheviks to argue that their enemies were backed by Western capitalists. The Bolsheviks were eventually victorious and established the Soviet Union.
*5,6,8,9,11,12 - generals of White armies, that was defeated by Red Army
*7 - Means - The people and the army are one
*10 - Voronezh Kastornenskaya operation (October — November, 1919) — offensive operation of Civil war in Russia in October — November, 1919 which was carried out by armies of the left wing of the Soviet armies of the Southern front on purpose
to strike blow to the flank of shock group of the Cossack armies of the general A. I. Denikin,
to destroy the main horse connections Donskoy and parts Voluntary armies;
to seize the city of Voronezh;
to achieve favorable conditions for a partition of the denikinsky front and the subsequent approach to the back to the white armies operating in the direction of the cities of the Orel and Kursk.
*13 - Vasily Ivanovich Chapayev or Chapaev was a celebrated Russian soldier and Red Army commander during the Russian Civil War.
*14 - The battle of Volochayevka is one of the most notable battles of the Russian Civil War. It occurred on 5-14 February 1922 near Volochayevka station on the Amur Railway, not far from Khabarovsk.
Moscow Kremlin
The Moscow Kremlin (Russian: Моско́вский Кремль, tr. Moskovskiy Kreml; IPA: [mɐˈskofskʲɪj krʲemlʲ]), sometimes referred to as simply the Kremlin, is a historic fortified complex at the heart of Moscow, overlooking the Moskva River to the south, Saint Basil's Cathedral and Red Square to the east, and the Alexander Garden to the west. It is the best known of kremlins (Russian citadels) and includes five palaces, four cathedrals, and the enclosing Kremlin Wall with Kremlin towers. The complex serves as the official residence of the President of the Russian Federation.
The name Kremlin means fortress inside a city, and is often used as a metonym to refer to the government of the Russian Federation in a similar sense to how the White House is used to refer to the Executive Office of the President of the United States. Indeed, even the Russian President's official website is Kremlin.ru. It had previously been used to refer to the government of the Soviet Union (1922–1991) and its highest members (such as general secretaries, premiers, presidents, ministers, and commissars). Kremlinology refers to the study of Soviet and Russian politics.
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RUSSIAN REVOLUTION - WikiVidi Documentary
The Russian Revolution was a pair of revolutions in Russia in 1917 which dismantled the Tsarist autocracy and led to the rise of the Soviet Union. The Russian Empire collapsed with the abdication of Emperor Nicholas II and the old regime was replaced by a provisional government during the first revolution of February 1917 . Alongside it arose grassroots community assemblies which contended for authority. In the second revolution that October, the Provisional Government was toppled and all power was given to the soviets. The February Revolution was a revolution focused around Petrograd , the capital of Russia at that time. In the chaos, members of the Imperial parliament assumed control of the country, forming the Russian Provisional Government which was heavily dominated by the interests of large capitalists and the noble aristocracy. The army leadership felt they did not have the means to suppress the revolution, resulting in Nicholas's abdication. The soviets, which were dominate...
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Shortcuts to chapters:
00:04:56: Background
00:12:40: Economic and social changes
00:17:27: Political issues
00:21:39: World War I
00:29:47: February Revolution
00:33:51: Between February and throughout October: Dual Power dvoevlastie)
00:45:03: October Revolution
00:48:06: Russian Civil War
00:51:34: Execution of the imperial family
00:53:28: The revolution and the world
00:54:46: Historiography
00:55:42: Chronology of events leading to the revolution
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Kazan Ciudad - Rusia 2018
Kazan Ciudad - Rusia 2018
Mundial de Fútbol Rusia - World Cup Russia 2018
La Copa Mundial de la FIFA Rusia 2018 - FIFA - será la XXI edición de la Copa Mundial de Fútbol.
Esta edición del evento se realizará en Rusia entre el 14 de junio y el 15 de julio de 2018, siendo la primera oportunidad en que dicho país organiza el campeonato y la primera vez en la historia que se celebre en un país de Europa Oriental.
Rusia confirmó 12 estadios en 11 ciudades: Ekaterimburgo, Kaliningrado, Kazán, Krasnodar, Moscú, Nizhni Nóvgorod, Rostov del Don, San Petersburgo, Samara, Sochi, Volgogrado y Saransk, las cuales albergarán los 64 partidos de la Copa Mundial
Kazán. Situada a orillas del majestuoso rio Volga, a unos 800 km al este de Moscú, Kazán fue fundada en 1005 por los protobúlgaros como una fortaleza y un importante centro de comercio. Kazán fue conquistada para Rusia por el zar Iván el Terrible en 1552. Hoy es una de las ciudades más prosperas de Rusia, capital de la región de Tartaristán, y posee un elevado grado de autonomía dentro de la Federación Rusa. Muchos de sus habitantes se expresan en su idioma propio, y mantienen su religión, cultura, tradiciones y costumbres. Kazán es oficialmente denominada la “Tercera Capital de Rusia”, tras Moscú y San Petersburgo. En su Universidad estudiaron personajes históricos como Lenin y Tolstoi. Kazán es un punto de encuentro de los mundos Oriental y Occidental, un cruce de culturas y tradiciones europeas, rusas y tártaras. La ciudad está dividida en dos barrios principales, el ruso y el tártaro, separados entre sí por el lago Qaban y el canal Bolaq. El contraste entre las cúpulas de las iglesias ortodoxas rusas y los minaretes de las mezquitas tártaras le da a la ciudad un carácter y una atmósfera únicos. Kazán es un importante centro cultural y educativo, con numerosos teatros, museos, salas de conciertos, festivales y eventos internacionales, bibliotecas y universidades. Kazán ha sido declarada Patrimonio de la Humanidad por la UNESCO.
El centro histórico lo constituyen antiguas mansiones, casas de comerciantes, edificios culturales e industriales del siglo XIX y principios del XX. Pasearemos por la calle Bauman, principal arteria peatonal del centro, donde se encuentra la catedral de Pedro y Pablo, en estilo barroco ruso, que se alza en perfecta armonía con el vecino edificio clásico de la Universidad Estatal de Kazán. La calle Kremlyovskaya es el centro cultural de la ciudad, muy cerca se encuentran el Teatro Dramatice Bolshói, la Opera de Kazán, la Biblioteca Nacional y el Ayuntamiento. Al otro lado del canal Bolaq y del lago Qaban entraremos en el antiguo barrio tártaro de la ciudad, donde los tártaros debieron instalarse tras la conquista de Kazán por los rusos. La mezquita Mardzhani, la mezquita Azimov y muchas otras elevan sus minaretes en esta área históricamente musulmana. En la confluencia del rio Kazanka con el poderoso Volga admiraremos el Monumento a los Soldados Caídos, el Palacio de la Agricultura, y el moderno edificio del Circo de Kazán. Finalizaremos nuestra visita panorámica en el Kremlin de Kazán.
Visita del Kremlin de Kazán. El antiguo Kremlin domina la ciudad, e impresiona por su magnitud y poderío. En la confluencia de los ríos Kazanka y Volga, el fuerte protobúlgaro de madera del siglo XII, destruido por los mongoles, fue reconstruido por los tártaros como una fortaleza que protegía su principado. Tras la conquista de la ciudad, Iván IV el Terrible ordeno la reconstrucción del Kremlin de Kazán siguiendo el mismo modelo. Fue completado entre 1556 y 1562 por maestros de Pskov. Dentro de su recinto amurallado se encuentran numerosos edificios históricos, el más antiguo de los cuales es la Catedral de la Anunciación (1561-62). Al igual que muchos otros edificios de la época, fue construida en la tradicional piedra de arenisca local, en vez de ladrillo, material utilizado en casi todo el resto de Rusia. Junto a ella se encuentra la Casa del Obispo (1829). Otro monumento de gran importancia es la mezquita Qol-Sharif, recientemente reconstruida en el interior del Kremlin. El Palacio de los Gobernadores (1845-1848), edificado en el lugar donde estaba el palacio del Jan, es hoy en día el Palacio Presidencial. Cerca de la Torre Spasskaya se encuentra el Monasterio del Salvador, de 1557. Fue el principal foco misionero cristiano en estas tierras predominantemente musulmanas. Entre los numerosos edificios militares destacan el Cuerpo de Guardia, la Escuela de Cadetes, la Escuela Ecuestre y la Fundición de Cañones de Artillería. Entre las imponentes murallas y torres de sus fortificaciones se eleva la más alta estructura del Kremlin de Kazán, la Torre Inclinada Soyembika, llamada así en honor de la última zarina tártara. El Kremlin de Kazán ha sido declarado Patrimonio de la Humanidad por la UNESCO.
Top 10 Best Places To Visit In Russia | Travel Video
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Top 10 Best Places To Visit In Russia.
Mighty Russia - the largest country in the world, spanning across nine different time zones, is as vast as it is diverse. With a multitude of lavish palaces, Soviet-era relics and famous cities to explore it's often hard to choose where to go on any stealthy Russian adventure. To help you make this tricky decision, we've listed eight of the very best places to visit.
1. Moscow
2. St Petersburg
3. Pskov & Pechory
4. Novgorod
5. Yekaterinburg
6. Suzdal
7. Vladimir
8. Karelia
9. Lake Baikal
10. Volga River
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Burned Iconostasis Miraculously Restored: New Icons Put Back on Display After Almost a Century
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16 restored icons were displayed today in the Church Hall of Menshikov Palace in Oranienbaum. The iconostasis that seemed to have been damaged beyond repair was restored by a team of specialists.
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Vladimir Lenin | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Vladimir Lenin
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
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Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (22 April 1870 – 21 January 1924), better known by the alias Lenin, was a Russian communist revolutionary, politician, and political theorist. He served as head of government of Soviet Russia from 1917 to 1924 and of the Soviet Union from 1922 to 1924. Under his administration, Russia and then the wider Soviet Union became a one-party communist state governed by the Russian Communist Party. Ideologically a Marxist, he developed political theories known as Leninism.
Born to a wealthy middle-class family in Simbirsk, Lenin embraced revolutionary socialist politics following his brother's 1887 execution. Expelled from Kazan Imperial University for participating in protests against the Russian Empire's Tsarist government, he devoted the following years to a law degree. He moved to Saint Petersburg in 1893 and became a senior Marxist activist. In 1897, he was arrested for sedition and exiled to Shushenskoye for three years, where he married Nadezhda Krupskaya. After his exile, he moved to Western Europe, where he became a prominent theorist in the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP). In 1903, he took a key role in a RSDLP ideological split, leading the Bolshevik faction against Julius Martov's Mensheviks. Encouraging insurrection during Russia's failed Revolution of 1905, he later campaigned for the First World War to be transformed into a Europe-wide proletarian revolution, which as a Marxist he believed would cause the overthrow of capitalism and its replacement with socialism. After the 1917 February Revolution ousted the Tsar and established a Provisional Government, he returned to Russia to play a leading role in the October Revolution, in which the Bolsheviks overthrew the new regime.
Lenin's Bolshevik government initially shared power with the Left Socialist Revolutionaries, elected soviets, and a multi-party Constituent Assembly, although by 1918 it had centralised power in the new Communist Party. Lenin's administration redistributed land among the peasantry and nationalised banks and large-scale industry. It withdrew from the First World War by signing a treaty with the Central Powers and promoted world revolution through the Communist International. Opponents were suppressed in the Red Terror, a violent campaign administered by the state security services; tens of thousands were killed or interned in concentration camps. His administration defeated right and left-wing anti-Bolshevik armies in the Russian Civil War from 1917 to 1922 and oversaw the Polish–Soviet War of 1919–1921. Responding to wartime devastation, famine, and popular uprisings, in 1921 Lenin encouraged economic growth through the market-oriented New Economic Policy. Several non-Russian nations secured independence after 1917, but three re-united with Russia through the formation of the Soviet Union in 1922. In increasingly poor health, Lenin died at his dacha in Gorki, with Joseph Stalin succeeding him as the pre-eminent figure in the Soviet government.
Widely considered one of the most significant and influential figures of the 20th century, Lenin was the posthumous subject of a pervasive personality cult within the Soviet Union until its dissolution in 1991. He became an ideological figurehead behind Marxism–Leninism and thus a prominent influence over the international communist movement. A controversial and highly divisive individual, Lenin is viewed by supporters as a champion of socialism and the working class, while critics on both the left and right emphasize his role as founder and leader of an authoritarian regime responsible for political repression and mass killings.
Alexander Kerensky
Alexander Fyodorovich Kerensky was a Russian lawyer and politician, who served as the second Minister-Chairman of the Russian Provisional Government in July–November 1917. A leader of the moderate-socialist Trudoviks faction of the Socialist Revolutionary Party, Kerensky is a key figure of the Russian Revolution.
After the February Revolution that deposed Tsar Nicholas II, Kerensky served as Minister of Justice in Georgy Lvov's post-imperial and democratic Provisional Government. In May he became Minister of War. In July he succeeded Lvov as Minister-Chairman. On 7 November, his government was overthrown by the Vladimir Lenin-led Bolsheviks in the October Revolution. He spent the remainder of his life in exile, dying in New York City at the age of 89.
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Russian Federation | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:05:32 1 Etymology
00:07:19 2 History
00:07:28 2.1 Early history
00:09:14 2.2 Kievan Rus'
00:12:33 2.3 Grand Duchy of Moscow
00:14:49 2.4 Tsardom of Russia
00:19:10 2.5 Imperial Russia
00:24:38 2.6 February Revolution and Russian Republic
00:26:13 2.7 Soviet Russia and civil war
00:27:46 2.8 Soviet Union
00:31:41 2.8.1 World War II
00:36:03 2.8.2 Cold War
00:40:19 2.9 Russian Federation
00:47:10 3 Politics
00:47:19 3.1 Governance
00:49:28 3.2 Foreign relations
00:54:06 3.3 Military
00:57:02 3.4 Political divisions
00:59:52 4 Geography
01:01:04 4.1 Topography
01:04:56 4.2 Climate
01:07:07 4.3 Biodiversity
01:08:19 5 Economy
01:15:44 5.1 Energy
01:18:19 5.2 External trade and investment
01:19:12 5.3 Agriculture
01:21:22 5.4 Transport
01:26:09 5.5 Science and technology
01:32:23 5.6 Space exploration
01:34:41 5.7 Water supply and sanitation
01:35:25 5.8 Corruption
01:38:01 6 Demographics
01:43:21 6.1 Largest cities
01:43:29 6.2 Ethnic groups
01:43:55 6.3 Language
01:45:19 6.4 Religion
01:55:31 6.5 Health
01:57:25 6.6 Education
01:59:19 7 Culture
01:59:27 7.1 Folk culture and cuisine
02:02:48 7.2 Architecture
02:06:16 7.3 Visual arts
02:09:16 7.4 Music and dance
02:12:01 7.5 Literature and philosophy
02:15:32 7.6 Cinema, animation and media
02:19:16 7.7 Sports
02:26:13 7.8 National holidays and symbols
02:30:11 7.9 Tourism
02:33:06 8 See also
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Speaking Rate: 0.840215070640857
Voice name: en-AU-Wavenet-C
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Russia (Russian: Росси́я, tr. Rossiya, IPA: [rɐˈsʲijə]), officially the Russian Federation (Russian: Росси́йская Федера́ция, tr. Rossiyskaya Federatsiya, IPA: [rɐˈsʲijskəjə fʲɪdʲɪˈratsɨjə]), is a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and North Asia. At 17,125,200 square kilometres (6,612,100 sq mi), Russia is by a considerable margin the largest country in the world by area, covering more than one-eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area, and the ninth most populous, with about 146.77 million people as of 2019, including Crimea. About 77% of the population live in the western, European part of the country. Russia's capital, Moscow, is one of the largest cities in the world and the second largest city in Europe; other major cities include Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg and Nizhny Novgorod. Extending across the entirety of Northern Asia and much of Eastern Europe, Russia spans eleven time zones and incorporates a wide range of environments and landforms. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares land borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both with Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia and North Korea. It shares maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the U.S. state of Alaska across the Bering Strait. However, Russia recognises two more countries that border it, Abkhazia and South Ossetia, both of which are internationally recognized as parts of Georgia.
The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD. Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants, the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century. In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire, beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium. Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states; most of the Rus' lands were overrun by the Mongol invasion and became tributaries of the nomadic Golden Horde in the 13th century. The Grand Duchy of Moscow gradually reunified the surrounding Russian principalities and achieved independence from the Golden Horde. By the 18th century, the nation had greatly expanded through conquest, annexation, and exploration to become the Russian Empire, wh ...
Золотое кольцо – это треугольник. Павел Гнилорыбов
???? Блок Вокруг Москвы
«Время монополии на патриотизм прошло»
Русское наследние /Достопримечательности городов России / Патриотизм / Золотое кольцо / Русское наследие
Павел Гнилорыбов. Краевед, научный сотрудник Центра Гиляровского (филиал Музея Москвы), автор Telegram-канала «Архитектурные излишества» t.me/arkhlikbez
???? Содержание:
- Переоткрытие русских земель 00:20
- Владимирская область / Суздаль 00:55
- Ивановская область / Иваново 01:08
- Промышленное наследие / Центры текстильного производства ХIX-XX в 01:34
- Золотое кольцо - это треугольник 01:56
- Поверхностный туризм / Сувениры из России 02:04
- Калужская область / Фестиваль Архстояние / Усадьба Гончаровых / Парк-музей Этномир / Парк птиц Воробьи / Фестиваль Пустые холмы 02:36
- Город Мышкин / Ярославская область / фирменные сувениры / 03:31
- Родина Снегурочки / Кострома 03:51
- Избушка Бабы-Яги / Кукобой 03:58
- Родина колобка / Ульяновск 04:04
- Дед Мороз / Великий Устюг 04:18
- Ассоциация самых красивых деревень России krasaderevni.ru 04:33
- Паблик Эстетика е*еней 05:08
- Кейсы: Тверь и Тула 05:49
- Тверская область - самый непонятный регион России 05:52
- Культ Михаила Тверского 06:17
- Город Торжок 07:08
- Морозовские казармы - символ города 08:53
- Тульская область - 09:14
- Отель Болотов. Дача 10:36
- Творческий кластер Октава 11:18
- Вышний Волочок в ужасном состоянии 12:51
- Чтобы что-то заработало 13:23
- Русский агроном А. Т. Болотов 15:40
- Символы Новой России 16:04
???? Команда ОУ отправилась в экспедицию по стране, чтобы узнать о деятельности россиян за пределами столиц – от городов-«миллионников» до поселков и окраин.
Центральная тема «Карты России» – гражданское общество. В фокусе – личные инициативы, способные преображать среду: центр реабилитации для наркозависимых во Пскове, уроки компьютерной грамотности на карельском в деревне под Петрозаводском, программа по спасению портовых складов XIX века от сноса, организованная в Нижнем Новгороде.
Курс разделен на восемь блоков, представляющих восемь крупных российских регионов. Зонирование зачастую не соответствуют административному делению РФ – регионы в «Карте России» сформированы по принципу культурно-исторической общности городов и областей.
???? Свободное онлайн образование
Телеграм канал ОУ
Открытый Университет в соц сетях:
-
Первая Мировая / World War I. 8 Серия. Документальный Фильм. StarMedia. Babich-Design. 2014
Все серии:
Шел 1917 год — третий год Первой мировой войны. Не на полях сражений, а в глубоком тылу зародилась катастрофа, погубившая Российскую империю. 3 марта 1917 г. окончилась тысячелетняя история русской монархии. А ровно через год, 3 марта 1918-го, Россия подписала Брестский мирный договор, согласно которому выходила из войны. Спустя еще год, 28 июня 1919 г., был подписан Версальский мирный договор, официально завершивший Первую мировую. Войну, жертвами которой стали 10 млн. солдат и более 20 млн. мирных жителей. Войну, которая стерла с карты мира четыре могущественные империи, навсегда унеся за собой то время, когда два государства могли разрешить свои споры войной только между собой.
Первая мировая на официальном сайте StarMedia:
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Russia | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:06:32 1 Etymology
00:08:41 2 History
00:08:51 2.1 Early history
00:10:56 2.2 Kievan Rus'
00:14:52 2.3 Grand Duchy of Moscow
00:17:32 2.4 Tsardom of Russia
00:22:40 2.5 Imperial Russia
00:29:11 2.6 February Revolution and Russian Republic
00:31:01 2.7 Soviet Russia and civil war
00:32:50 2.8 Soviet Union
00:37:29 2.8.1 World War II
00:41:28 2.8.2 Cold War
00:46:28 2.9 Russian Federation
00:52:03 3 Politics
00:52:13 3.1 Governance
00:54:43 3.2 Foreign relations
01:00:35 3.3 Military
01:04:04 3.4 Political divisions
01:07:27 4 Geography
01:08:51 4.1 Topography
01:13:30 4.2 Climate
01:16:04 4.3 Biodiversity
01:17:30 5 Economy
01:26:22 5.1 Corruption
01:29:29 5.2 Agriculture
01:32:05 5.3 Energy
01:35:09 5.4 Transport
01:40:52 5.5 Science and technology
01:48:14 5.6 Space exploration
01:50:29 5.7 Water supply and sanitation
01:51:21 6 Demographics
01:57:01 6.1 Largest cities
01:57:11 6.2 Ethnic groups
01:57:41 6.3 Language
01:59:20 6.4 Religion
02:11:26 6.5 Health
02:13:42 6.6 Education
02:15:56 7 Culture
02:16:06 7.1 Folk culture and cuisine
02:20:06 7.2 Architecture
02:24:14 7.3 Visual arts
02:27:49 7.4 Music and dance
02:31:04 7.5 Literature and philosophy
02:35:14 7.6 Cinema, animation and media
02:39:41 7.7 Sports
02:47:57 7.8 National holidays and symbols
02:52:37 7.9 Tourism
02:56:04 8 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.7925987386990176
Voice name: en-GB-Wavenet-C
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Russia (Russian: Росси́я, tr. Rossiya, IPA: [rɐˈsʲijə]), officially the Russian Federation (Russian: Росси́йская Федера́ция, tr. Rossiyskaya Federatsiya, IPA: [rɐˈsʲijskəjə fʲɪdʲɪˈratsɨjə]), is a country in Eurasia. At 17,125,200 square kilometres (6,612,100 sq mi), Russia is the largest country in the world by area, covering more than one-eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area, and the ninth most populous, with about 144.5 million people as of 2018, excluding Crimea. About 77% of the population live in the western, European part of the country. Russia's capital, Moscow, is the largest metropolitan area in Europe proper and one of the largest cities in the world; other major cities include Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg and Nizhny Novgorod. Extending across the entirety of Northern Asia and much of Eastern Europe, Russia spans eleven time zones and incorporates a wide range of environments and landforms. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares land borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both with Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia and North Korea. It shares maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the U.S. state of Alaska across the Bering Strait. However, Russia recognises two more countries that border it, Abkhazia and South Ossetia, both of which are internationally recognized as parts of Georgia.
The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD. Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants, the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century. In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire, beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium. Rus' ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states; most of the Rus' lands were overrun by the Mongol invasion and became tributaries of the nomadic Golden Horde in the 13th century. The Grand Duchy of Moscow gradually reunified the surrounding Russian principalities, achieved independence from the Golden Horde. By the 18th century, the nation had greatly expanded through conquest, annexation, and exploration to become the Russian Empire, which was the third largest empire in history, stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on th ...
Q&A session, A Conversation with Vladimir Putin: Continued 2011 (English Subtitles)
15 December 2011
Transcript
Russian
English
Russia | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Russia
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written
language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through
audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio
while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using
a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
In case you don't find one that you were looking for, put a comment.
This video uses Google TTS en-US-Standard-D voice.
SUMMARY
=======
Russia (Russian: Росси́я, tr. Rossiya, IPA: [rɐˈsʲijə]), officially the Russian Federation (Russian: Росси́йская Федера́ция, tr. Rossiyskaya Federatsiya, IPA: [rɐˈsʲijskəjə fʲɪdʲɪˈratsɨjə]), is a country in Eurasia. At 17,125,200 square kilometres (6,612,100 sq mi), Russia is the largest country in the world by area, covering more than one-eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area, and the ninth most populous, with about 144.5 million people as of 2018, excluding Crimea. About 77% of the population live in the western, European part of the country. Russia's capital, Moscow, is the largest metropolitan area in Europe proper and one of the largest cities in the world; other major cities include Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg and Nizhny Novgorod. Extending across the entirety of Northern Asia and much of Eastern Europe, Russia spans eleven time zones and incorporates a wide range of environments and landforms. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares land borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both with Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia and North Korea. It shares maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the U.S. state of Alaska across the Bering Strait.
The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD. Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants, the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century. In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire, beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium. Rus' ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states; most of the Rus' lands were overrun by the Mongol invasion and became tributaries of the nomadic Golden Horde in the 13th century. The Grand Duchy of Moscow gradually reunified the surrounding Russian principalities, achieved independence from the Golden Horde. By the 18th century, the nation had greatly expanded through conquest, annexation, and exploration to become the Russian Empire, which was the third largest empire in history, stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east.Following the Russian Revolution, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the world's first constitutionally socialist state. The Soviet Union played a decisive role in the Allied victory in World War II, and emerged as a recognized superpower and rival to the United States during the Cold War. The Soviet era saw some of the most significant technological achievements of the 20th century, including the world's first human-made satellite and the launching of the first humans in space. By the end of 1990, the Soviet Union had the world's second largest economy, largest standing military in the world and the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, twelve independent republics emerged from the USSR: Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and the Baltic states regained independence: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania; the Russian SFSR reconstituted itself as the Russian Federation and is recognized as the continuing legal personality and a successor of the Soviet Union. It is governed as a federal semi-presidential republic.
Russia's economy ranks as the twelfth largest by nominal GDP and sixth largest by purchasing power parity in 2015. Russia's extensive mineral and energy resources are the largest such reserves in the world, making it one of the leading producers of oil and natural gas globally. The country is one of the five recognized nuclear weapons states and possesses the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction. Russia is a great power as well as a regional power and has b ...
Militant Atheists Demolish Church (1930)
This video footage delineates the destruction of a churches building in 1930 under the militant atheism of the USSR. According to Harold J. Berman, a Harvard specialist in Soviet law, militant atheism was the official religion of the Soviet Union and the Communist Party was analagous to an established church. The goal of the Soviet Union was the liquidation of religion and the means to achieve this goal included the destruction of churches, mosques, synagogues, mandirs, madrasahs, religious monuments, as well the mass deportation to Siberia of believers of different religions. Under the Soviet doctrine of separation of church and state, detailed in the Constitution of the Soviet Union, churches in the Soviet Union were forbidden to give to the poor or carry on educational activities. They could not publish literature since all publishing was done by state agencies, although after World War II the Russian Orthodox Church was given the right to publish church calendars, a very limited number of Bibles, and a monthly journal in a limited number of copies. Churches were forbidden to hold any special meetings for children, youth or women, or any general meetings for religious study or recreation, or to open libraries or keep any books other than those necessary for the performance of worship services. Furthermore, under militant atheist policies, Church property was expropriated. Moreover, not only was religion banned from the school and university system, but pupils were to be indoctrinated with atheism and antireligious teachings. For example, schoolchildren were asked to convert family members to atheism and memorize antireligious rhymes, songs, and catechisms, while university students who declined to propagate atheism lost their scholarships and were expelled from universities. Severe criminal penalties were imposed for violation of these rules. By the 1960s, with the fourth Soviet anti-religious campaign underway, half of the amount of Russian Orthodox churches were closed, along with five out of the eight seminaries. In addition, several other Christian denominations were brought to extinction, including the Baptist Church, Methodist Church, Evangelical Christian Church, and the Evangelical Lutheran Church. Before the Russian Revolution, there were more than fifty thousand Russian Orthodox clergymen, by 1939, there were no more than three to four hundred left. In the year 1922 alone, under the militant atheistic system, 2691 secular priests, 1962 monks and 3447 nuns were martyred for their faith. According to Rudolph Joseph Rummel, professor emeritus of political science at the University of Hawaii, 61,000,000 people were killed under the Communism of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Due to the militant atheistic campaigns against Judaism, the religion was inaccessible to its followers; most Soviet Jews focused on a national identity, which fueled a mass dissident movement. Marxist-Leninist militant atheism resulted in the administrative elimination of the clergy, the housing of atheist museums where churches had once stood, the sending of many religious people to prisons and concentration camps, a continuous stream of propaganda, and the imposing of atheism through education (and forced re-education through torture at various prisons). Specifically, by 1941, 40,000 Christian churches and 25,000 Muslim mosques had been closed down and converted into schools, cinemas, clubs, warehouses and grain stores, or Museums of Scientific Atheism.
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