✦ Wellington Arch in honour of the 1st Duke of Wellington, heroic Anglo-Irish leader! ✦
After victories in Vitoria-Gasteiz, (Spain) and in Trafalgar, the Anglo-Irish military hero and leader of the United Kingdom, the 1st Duke of Wellington, defeated Napoleon at Waterloo!!
♫ English string quartet Escala, 'Requiem for a Tower'
1:05 Charioteer
2.50 The Quadriga
3:05 Charioteer boy
3:10 Angel of Peace
3:20 The largest bronze statue in Europe (the quadriga on top of Wellington Arch)
4:12 My map of the southern part of Westminster City located in the western area of Central London
4:30 Wellington Arch at the south-western corner entrance to Hyde Park
5:10 Duke of Wellington monument statue (the largest equestrian statue in Europe).
Wellington Arch
5:50 1st Duke of Wellington
6:45 Wellington Arch at Constitution Hill traffic island in Westminster City.
Famous places in London are named after British victories in the Napoleonic wars, such as Trafalgar Square, Nelson's Column, Admiralty Arch, Waterloo, Wellington Place, etc.
Wellington stems from a small industrial town named Wellington in Somerset, in the West Country of south-west England. The capital of New Zealand is also named Wellington.
London's Waterloo is named after the Battle of Waterloo, and there are also places named Waterloo in Australia, New Zealand, Canada and Hong Kong too. Maida Vale in London is named after a 2nd British victory over the French at Maida Vale in Italy. Lord Horatio Nelson's column is in Trafalgar Square, City of Westminster, London.
Field Marshal Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, KG, GCB, GCH, PC, FRS was a British soldier and statesman, born in Dublin, Eire, a native of Ireland from the Anglo-Irish Ascendancy, leader of the United Kingdom and one of the leading military and political figures of the 19th century. The Wellington Arch in London is in honour of the 1st Duke of Wellington. The Wellington Statue has been moved to Aldershot, England.
What Was Wellington's Big Advantage Before Waterloo?
Sean Bean and military historian Saul David take a tour around the reconstructed 1815 headquarters of Arthur Wellesley, Duke of Wellington.
It was here where Wellington spent the night before one of the most significant battles in world history: the Battle of Waterloo.
For Wellington, knowing that battle was imminent and that the future of Europe hanged on his shoulders, there was a lot of thinking going on that night.
Fortunately for him however, the British general had one great advantage over his formidable French foe.
RMS_Titanic
RMS Titanic was British passenger liner that sank in the North Atlantic Ocean in the early morning hours of April 15, 1912 after striking an iceberg during her maiden voyage from Southampton to New York City. Of the estimated 2,224 passengers and crew aboard, more than 1,500 died, making the sinking one of modern historys deadliest peacetime commercial marine disasters. RMS Titanic was the largest ship afloat at the time she entered service and was the second of three Olympic-class ocean liners operated by the White Star Line. She was built by the Harland and Wolff shipyard in Belfast. Thomas
Symposium of Architectural History The Whiteness of 19th Century American Architecture
This symposium examines the racial discourses that subtended American Architecture movements during the long nineteenth century. Explore this site to learn more about the specific themes, case studies and speakers that will be featured at this event. The Whiteness of American Architecture is organized by Charles Davis II, UB assistant professor of architecture.
About the symposium
“The Whiteness of 19th Century American Architecture” is a one-day symposium in architectural history organized by the School of Architecture and Planning at the University at Buffalo. This symposium is an outgrowth of the Race + Modern Architecture Project, an interdisciplinary workshop on the racial discourses of western architectural history from the Enlightenment to the present.
Participants
- Professor Mabel O. Wilson, Columbia GSAPP
- Dianne Harris, senior program officer at the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation
- Joanna Merwood-Salisbury, architectural historian
- Kathryn ‘Kate’ Holliday, architectural historian
- Charles Davis, assistant professor of architectural history and criticism at the University at Buffalo
Race + Modern Architecture Project
Race + Modern Architecture logo
The “Whiteness & American Architecture” symposium continues the research that began with the Race + Modern Architecture Project, a workshop conducted at Columbia University in 2013. The forthcoming co-edited volume, Race and Modern Architecture presents a collection of seventeen groundbreaking essays by distinguished scholars writing on the critical role of racial theory in shaping architectural discourse, from the Enlightenment to the present. The book, which grows out of a collaborative, interdisciplinary, multi-year research project, redresses longstanding neglect of racial discourses among architectural scholars. With individual essays exploring topics ranging from the role of race in eighteenth-century, Anglo-American neoclassical architecture, to 1970s radical design, the book reveals how the racial has been deployed to organize and conceptualize the spaces of modernity, from the individual building to the city to the nation to the planet.
Sponsors
- Temple Hoyne Buell Center for the Study of American Architecture - Columbia University
- Darwin D. Martin House Complex - Buffalo, NY
- School of Architecture - Victoria University of Wellington
- UB Humanities Institute - University at Buffalo, SUNY
- School of Architecture and Planning - University at Buffalo, SUNY
Purpose and Themes
Our symposium will outline a critical history of the white cultural nationalisms that have proliferated under the rubric of American Architecture during the long nineteenth century. This theme will be explored chronologically from the late-nineteenth to the mid-twentieth century and regionally from representative avant-garde movements on the East Coast to the regionalist architectural styles of the Midwest and West Coast. Such movements included the neoclassical revivals of the Chicago World’s Fair in 1893, the Chicago School of Architecture and the Prairie Style, the East Bay Style on the West Coast, the Arts & Crafts movement across the continent, and various interwar movements that claimed to find unique historical origins for an autochthonous American style of building.
The five architectural historians in attendance have been charged with providing some preliminary answers to the central question of these proceedings:
What definitions of American identity have historically influenced the most celebrated national architectural movements of the long nineteenth century, and how was this influence been manifested in the labor relations, ideological commitments and material dimensions of innovative architectural forms?
Supermarine Spitfire | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:03:25 1 Development and production
00:03:36 1.1 Origins
00:08:35 1.2 Initial production
00:12:02 1.3 Manufacturing at Castle Bromwich, Birmingham
00:15:38 1.4 Production dispersal
00:18:19 1.5 Flight testing
00:22:21 2 Design
00:22:30 2.1 Airframe
00:27:32 2.2 Elliptical wing design
00:36:16 2.3 Improved late wing designs
00:39:00 2.4 Carburetion versus fuel injection
00:40:46 2.5 Armament
00:45:14 3 Operational history
00:45:24 3.1 Service operations
00:53:03 3.2 Speed and altitude records
00:57:19 4 Variants
00:57:29 4.1 Overview
01:01:47 4.2 Seafire
01:03:44 4.3 Griffon-engined variants
01:09:01 5 Operators
01:09:11 6 Surviving aircraft
01:11:52 6.1 Search for reported surviving Spitfires in Burma
01:12:50 7 Memorials
01:19:34 8 Restorations and replicas
01:21:07 9 Notable appearances in media
01:25:50 10 Specifications (Spitfire Mk VB)
01:30:12 11 See also
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Speaking Rate: 0.7621964636317834
Voice name: en-GB-Wavenet-B
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
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The Supermarine Spitfire is a British single-seat fighter aircraft used by the Royal Air Force and other Allied countries before, during, and after World War II. Many variants of the Spitfire were built, using several wing configurations, and it was produced in greater numbers than any other British aircraft. It was also the only British fighter produced continuously throughout the war. The Spitfire continues to be popular among enthusiasts; nearly 60 remain airworthy, and many more are static exhibits in aviation museums throughout the world.
The Spitfire was designed as a short-range, high-performance interceptor aircraft by R. J. Mitchell, chief designer at Supermarine Aviation Works, which operated as a subsidiary of Vickers-Armstrong from 1928. Mitchell pushed the Spitfire's distinctive elliptical wing with cutting-edge sunken rivets (designed by Beverley Shenstone) to have the thinnest possible cross-section, helping give the aircraft a higher top speed than several contemporary fighters, including the Hawker Hurricane. Mitchell continued to refine the design until his death in 1937, whereupon his colleague Joseph Smith took over as chief designer, overseeing the Spitfire's development through its multitude of variants.
During the Battle of Britain, from July to October 1940, the public perceived the Spitfire to be the main RAF fighter, though the more numerous Hurricane shouldered a greater proportion of the burden against Nazi Germany's air force, the Luftwaffe. However, Spitfire units had a lower attrition rate and a higher victory-to-loss ratio than those flying Hurricanes because of the Spitfire's higher performance. During the battle, Spitfires were generally tasked with engaging Luftwaffe fighters—mainly Messerschmitt Bf 109E-series aircraft, which were a close match for them.
After the Battle of Britain, the Spitfire superseded the Hurricane to become the backbone of RAF Fighter Command, and saw action in the European, Mediterranean, Pacific, and South-East Asian theatres. Much loved by its pilots, the Spitfire served in several roles, including interceptor, photo-reconnaissance, fighter-bomber, and trainer, and it continued to serve in these roles until the 1950s. The Seafire was a carrier-based adaptation of the Spitfire that served in the Fleet Air Arm from 1942 through to the mid-1950s. Although the original airframe was designed to be powered by a Rolls-Royce Merlin engine producing 1,030 hp (768 kW), it was strong enough and adaptable enough to use increasingly powerful Merlins and, in later marks, Rolls-Royce Griffon engines producing up to 2,340 hp (1,745 kW). As a result, the Spitfire's performance and capabilities improved over the course of its service life.