Trans World Airlines
Trans World Airlines (TWA) was a major American airline from 1925 until 2001. It was originally formed as Transcontinental & Western Air to operate a transcontinental route from New York City to Los Angeles via St. Louis and Kansas City. Along with American, United, and Eastern, it was one of the Big Four domestic airlines in the United States formed by the Spoils Conference of 1930.
Howard Hughes acquired control of TWA in 1939, and after World War II led the expansion of the airline to serve Europe, the Middle East and Asia, making TWA a second unofficial flag carrier of the United States after Pan Am. Hughes gave up control in the 1960s, and the new management of TWA acquired Hilton International and Century 21 in an attempt to diversify the company's business. As the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978 led to a wave of airline failures, start-ups and takeovers in the United States, TWA was spun off from its holding company in 1984. Carl Icahn acquired control of TWA and took the company private in a leveraged buyout in 1988. TWA became saddled with debt, sold its London routes, underwent Chapter 11 restructuring in 1992 and 1995, and was further stressed by the explosion of TWA Flight 800 in 1996. In 2001, TWA filed for a third and final bankruptcy and was acquired by American Airlines. American laid off many former TWA employees in the wake of the September 11, 2001 attacks and closed its St. Louis hub in 2003.
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If Venice Dies
Salvatore Settis pleads for the survival of Venice in a moving discussion on the meaning of cities.
Speaker Biography: Salvatore Settis is chairman of the Louvre Museum's Scientific Council and a widely-published archaeologist and art historian. He was director of the Getty Research Institute of Los Angeles, and professor at the Scuola Normale Superiore of Pisa.
Speaker Biography: Michael Wise is co-founder of New Vessel Press, publisher of the English translation of If Venice Dies. Wise has been a foreign correspondent for Reuters and The Washington Post and is the author of a book on German architecture. His work has appeared in The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, The New Yorker, The Atlantic and Foreign Policy.
For transcript and more information, visit
Trans World Airlines | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:02:41 1 History
00:02:50 1.1 1930s
00:02:59 1.1.1 Founding: TWA
00:04:31 1.1.2 DC-1, DC-2 and DC-3
00:07:11 1.1.3 Airmail and Hughes
00:09:38 1.2 1940s
00:09:47 1.2.1 World War II
00:10:52 1.2.2 Post-war: The Trans World Airline
00:12:30 1.2.3 Falling out between Hughes and Frye
00:15:22 1.3 1950s: Trans World Airlines
00:19:48 1.4 1960s
00:20:12 1.4.1 Charles C. Tillinghast Jr.
00:24:01 1.4.2 Revolutionary airport design
00:25:00 1.4.2.1 John F. Kennedy International Airport
00:25:59 1.4.2.2 Kansas City International Airport
00:27:12 1.4.3 All-jet fleet
00:29:31 1.5 1970s
00:30:54 1.6 1980s
00:35:44 1.7 1990s
00:36:10 1.7.1 1992 bankruptcy
00:38:31 1.7.2 1995 bankruptcy
00:41:52 1.7.3 Short turn-around
00:44:50 1.8 2000s
00:45:13 1.8.1 Acquisition by American Airlines
00:48:47 2 Ongoing heritage
00:50:16 3 Destinations
00:51:00 4 Accidents and incidents
00:53:01 4.1 Terrorist target
00:57:12 4.2 TWA Flight 800
00:58:19 5 Fleet
00:58:28 5.1 Fleet in 2001
00:58:47 5.2 Retired fleet
00:59:19 5.3 Fleet in 1970
00:59:29 6 Crew bases
01:00:20 7 Ambassadors Club
01:00:49 7.1 Clubs in North America open on December 1, 2001
01:01:56 7.2 Clubs in North America and the Caribbean closed prior to dissolution
01:03:19 7.3 Clubs in Europe closed prior to dissolution
01:03:59 8 See also
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Speaking Rate: 0.8734151267365626
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-B
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Trans World Airlines (TWA) was a major American airline that existed from 1930 until 2001. It was formed as Transcontinental & Western Air to operate a route from New York City to Los Angeles via St. Louis, Kansas City, and other stops, with Ford Trimotors. With American, United, and Eastern, it was one of the Big Four domestic airlines in the United States formed by the Spoils Conference of 1930.Howard Hughes acquired control of TWA in 1939, and after World War II led the expansion of the airline to serve Europe, the Middle East, and Asia, making TWA a second unofficial flag carrier of the United States after Pan Am. Hughes gave up control in the 1960s, and the new management of TWA acquired Hilton International and Century 21 in an attempt to diversify the company's business.
As the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978 led to a wave of airline failures, start-ups, and takeovers in the United States, TWA was spun off from its holding company in 1984. Carl Icahn acquired control of TWA and took the company private in a leveraged buyout in 1988. TWA became saddled with debt, sold its London routes, underwent Chapter 11 restructuring in 1992 and 1995, and was further stressed by the explosion of TWA Flight 800 in 1996.
In 2001, TWA filed for a third and final bankruptcy and was acquired by American Airlines. American laid off many former TWA employees in the wake of the September 11, 2001 attacks and closed its St. Louis hub in 2003.TWA was headquartered at one time in Kansas City, Missouri, and planned to make Kansas City International Airport its main domestic and international hub, but abandoned this plan in the 1970s. The airline later developed its largest hub at Lambert-St. Louis International Airport. Its main transatlantic hub was the TWA Flight Center at John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York City, an architectural icon designed by Eero Saarinen, and completed in 1962.
Cruise Ship History and Trivia Is On the Table Today! Plus Q+A for New Cruisers
Cruise Ship History and Trivia Is On the Table Today! Plus Q+A for New Cruisers Lets walk down memory lane as we remember and discover how today's cruise ship lines came into being. We start in 1958 with the introduction of the Boeing 707 Jet aircraft and the beginning of the end of Ocean Liners. Within 1 year of the launch of the 707, more people crossed the Atlantic Ocean by jet than by stream ship. The Queen Mary the worlds premier Ocean Liner went out of service by 1968 and was sold off by Cunard to a group of investors who turned her into a floating hotel and museum. She sits in Long Beach California today as a hotel and she is a time machine to the long lost era of steam ships. Check out the video to catch up to 1979.
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Please watch: (1112) Royal Caribbean Will Use 130 Workers To Replace The Televisions On The Allure of the Seas
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Cagliari | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Cagliari
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Cagliari (UK: , US: ; Italian: [ˈkaʎʎari] (listen); Sardinian: Casteddu [kasˈteɖːu]; Latin: Caralis) is an Italian municipality and the capital of the island of Sardinia, an autonomous region of Italy. Cagliari's Sardinian name Casteddu literally means castle. It has about 155,000 inhabitants, while its metropolitan city (including Cagliari and 16 other nearby municipalities) has more than 431,000 inhabitants. According to Eurostat, the population of the Functional urban area, the commuting zone of Cagliari, rises to 476,974.
Cagliari is the 26th largest city in Italy and the largest city on the island of Sardinia.
An ancient city with a long history, Cagliari has seen the rule of several civilisations. Under the buildings of the modern city there is a continuous stratification attesting to human settlement over the course of some five thousand years, from the Neolithic to today. Historical sites include the prehistoric Domus de Janas, very damaged by cave activity, a large Carthaginian era necropolis, a Roman era amphitheatre, a Byzantine basilica, three Pisan-era towers and a strong system of fortification that made the town the core of Spanish Habsburg imperial power in the western Mediterranean Sea. Its natural resources have always been its sheltered harbour, the often powerfully fortified hill of Castel di Castro, the modern Casteddu, the salt from its lagoons, and, from the hinterland, wheat from the Campidano plain and silver and other ores from the Iglesiente mines.
Cagliari was the capital of the Kingdom of Sardinia from 1324 to 1848, when Turin became the formal capital of the kingdom (which in 1861 became the Kingdom of Italy). Today the city is a regional cultural, educational, political and artistic centre, known for its diverse Art Nouveau architecture and several monuments. It is also Sardinia's economic and industrial hub, having one of the biggest ports in the Mediterranean Sea, an international airport, and the 106th highest income level in Italy (among 8,092 comuni), comparable to that of several northern Italian cities.It is also the seat of the University of Cagliari, founded in 1607, and of the Primate Roman Catholic archdiocese of Sardinia, since the 5th century AD.
List of aerospace museums | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:00:20 1 Afghanistan
00:00:37 2 Argentina
00:00:59 3 Australia
00:01:09 3.1 Australian Capital Territory
00:01:24 3.2 New South Wales
00:02:26 3.3 Northern Territory
00:02:46 3.4 Queensland
00:03:22 3.5 South Australia
00:03:37 3.6 Victoria
00:04:20 3.7 Western Australia
00:04:42 4 Austria
00:05:29 5 Belarus
00:05:49 6 Belgium
00:06:27 7 Brazil
00:07:07 8 Bulgaria
00:07:17 8.1 Sofia
00:07:35 8.2 Plovdiv
00:07:49 9 Burma
00:08:03 10 Cambodia
00:08:18 11 Canada
00:08:27 11.1 Alberta
00:09:04 11.2 British Columbia
00:09:28 11.3 Manitoba
00:10:06 11.4 Newfoundland and Labrador
00:10:21 11.5 Nova Scotia
00:10:49 11.6 Ontario
00:11:41 11.7 Quebec
00:12:13 11.8 Saskatchewan
00:12:29 12 Chile
00:12:50 13 China
00:14:00 14 Colombia
00:14:24 15 Croatia
00:14:37 16 Cuba
00:14:47 16.1 Havana
00:15:04 16.2 Matanzas
00:15:18 17 Czech Republic
00:16:06 18 Denmark
00:16:48 19 Ecuador
00:17:05 20 El Salvador
00:17:20 21 Estonia
00:17:34 22 Finland
00:18:10 23 France
00:20:34 24 Germany
00:24:22 25 Greece
00:25:02 26 Hungary
00:25:35 27 Iceland
00:25:50 28 India
00:26:19 29 Indonesia
00:26:34 30 Iran
00:26:58 31 Ireland
00:27:16 32 Israel
00:27:34 33 Italy
00:28:21 34 Japan
00:28:30 34.1 Honshu
00:29:15 34.2 Hokkaido
00:29:43 35 Laos
00:29:58 36 Latvia
00:30:12 37 Lebanon
00:30:26 38 Lithuania
00:30:41 39 Malaysia
00:31:04 40 Malta
00:31:19 41 Mexico
00:31:44 42 Nepal
00:32:04 43 Netherlands
00:32:54 44 New Zealand
00:33:38 45 Nigeria
00:33:51 46 Norway
00:34:25 47 Pakistan
00:34:39 48 Peru
00:34:54 49 Philippines
00:35:13 50 Poland
00:36:09 51 Portugal
00:36:31 52 Republic of China (Taiwan)
00:36:53 53 Romania
00:37:17 54 Russia
00:39:02 55 Saudi Arabia
00:39:17 56 Serbia
00:39:31 57 Singapore
00:39:45 58 Slovakia
00:40:04 59 South Africa
00:40:32 60 South Korea
00:40:55 61 Spain
00:41:36 62 Sri Lanka
00:41:51 63 Sweden
00:42:36 64 Switzerland
00:43:02 65 Taiwan
00:43:21 66 Thailand
00:43:36 67 Turkey
00:44:10 68 Ukraine
00:44:37 69 United Kingdom
00:44:47 69.1 England
00:48:34 69.2 Isle of Man
00:48:49 69.3 Northern Ireland
00:49:04 69.4 Scotland
00:49:30 69.5 Wales
00:49:45 70 United States
00:49:55 70.1 Alabama
00:50:11 70.2 Alaska
00:50:31 70.3 Arkansas
00:50:41 70.4 Arizona
00:50:57 70.5 California
00:54:34 70.6 Colorado
00:55:16 70.7 Connecticut
00:55:39 70.8 Delaware
00:55:53 70.9 Florida
00:57:00 70.10 Georgia
00:57:31 70.11 Hawaii
00:57:52 70.12 Idaho
00:58:18 70.13 Illinois
00:59:16 70.14 Indiana
01:00:11 70.15 Iowa
01:00:31 70.16 Kansas
01:01:05 70.17 Kentucky
01:01:33 70.18 Louisiana
01:01:54 70.19 Maine
01:02:13 70.20 Maryland
01:02:48 70.21 Massachusetts
01:03:09 70.22 Michigan
01:03:55 70.23 Minnesota
01:04:48 70.24 Mississippi
01:05:04 70.25 Missouri
01:05:39 70.26 Montana
01:05:53 70.27 Nebraska
01:06:08 70.28 Nevada
01:06:29 70.29 New Hampshire
01:06:51 70.30 New Jersey
01:07:20 70.31 New Mexico
01:07:57 70.32 New York
01:09:19 70.33 North Carolina
01:10:16 70.34 North Dakota
01:10:44 70.35 Ohio
01:11:51 70.36 Oklahoma
01:12:11 70.37 Oregon
01:12:34 70.38 Pennsylvania
01:13:10 70.39 Rhode Island
01:13:27 70.40 South Carolina
01:13:42 70.41 South Dakota
01:14:05 70.42 Tennessee
01:14:26 70.43 Texas
01:16:15 70.44 Utah
01:16:35 70.45 Vermont
01:16:51 70.46 Virginia
01:17:51 70.47 Washington
01:18:36 70.48 Washington, D.C.
01:18:57 70.49 Wisconsin
01:19:17 70.50 Wyoming
01:19:31 71 Venezuela
01:19:46 72 Vietnam
01:20:22 73 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
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Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
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Speaking Rate: 0.7325503596958257
Voice name: en-GB-Wavenet-C
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
This is a list of aerospace museums and museums that contain significant aerospace-related exhibits throughout the world. The aerospace museums are listed alphabetically by country and their article name.
São Paulo | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
São Paulo
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
São Paulo (; Portuguese pronunciation: [sɐ̃w̃ ˈpawlu] (listen)) is a municipality in the Southeast Region of Brazil. The metropolis is an alpha global city (as listed by the GaWC) and the most populous city in Brazil, the Western Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere, besides being the largest Portuguese-speaking city in the world. The municipality is also the Earth's 11th largest city proper by population. The city is the capital of the surrounding state of São Paulo, one of the most populous and wealthiest states in Brazil. It exerts strong international influences in commerce, finance, arts and entertainment. The name of the city honors the Apostle, Saint Paul of Tarsus. The city's metropolitan area, the Greater São Paulo, ranks as the most populous in Brazil and the 12th most populous on Earth. The process of conurbation between the metropolitan areas located around the Greater São Paulo (Campinas, Santos, Sorocaba and the Paraíba Valley) created the São Paulo Macrometropolis, a megalopolis with more than 30 million inhabitants, one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world.Having the largest economy by GDP in Latin America and the Southern Hemisphere, the city is home to the São Paulo Stock Exchange. Paulista Avenue is the economic core of São Paulo. The city has the 11th largest GDP in the world, representing alone 10.7% of all Brazilian GDP and 36% of the production of goods and services in the state of São Paulo, being home to 63% of established multinationals in Brazil, and has been responsible for 28% of the national scientific production in 2005. With a GDP of US$477 billion, the São Paulo city alone would have ranked 26th globally compared with countries by 2017 estimates.The metropolis is also home to several of the tallest skyscrapers in Brazil, including the Mirante do Vale, Edifício Itália, Banespa, North Tower and many others. The city has cultural, economic and political influence both nationally and internationally. It is home to monuments, parks and museums such as the Latin American Memorial, the Ibirapuera Park, Museum of Ipiranga, São Paulo Museum of Art, and the Museum of the Portuguese Language. The city holds events like the São Paulo Jazz Festival, São Paulo Art Biennial, the Brazilian Grand Prix, São Paulo Fashion Week and the ATP Brasil Open. The São Paulo Gay Pride Parade rivals the New York City Pride March as the largest gay pride parade in the world. It is headquarters of the Brazilian television networks Band, Gazeta, and RecordTV.
São Paulo is a cosmopolitan, melting pot city, home to the largest Arab, Italian, and Japanese diasporas, with examples including ethnic neighborhoods of Mercado, Bixiga, and Liberdade respectively. São Paulo is also home to the largest Jewish population in Brazil, with about 75,000 Jews. In 2016, inhabitants of the city were native to over 200 different countries. People from the city are known as paulistanos, while paulistas designates anyone from the state, including the paulistanos. The city's Latin motto, which it has shared with the battleship and the aircraft carrier named after it, is Non ducor, duco, which translates as I am not led, I lead. The city, which is also colloquially known as Sampa or Terra da Garoa (Land of Drizzle), is known for its unreliable weather, the size of its helicopter fleet, its architecture, gastronomy, severe traffic congestion and skyscrapers. São Paulo was one of the host cities of the 1950 and the 2014 FIFA World Cup. Additionally, the city hosted the IV Pan American Games and the São Paulo Indy 300.
Think tank
A think tank is an organization that performs research and advocacy concerning topics such as social policy, political strategy, economics, military, technology, and culture. Most policy institutes are non-profit organizations, which some countries such as the United States and Canada provide with tax exempt status. Other think tanks are funded by governments, advocacy groups, or businesses, or derive revenue from consulting or research work related to their projects.
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World War 1 | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:07:53 1 Names
00:09:18 2 Background
00:09:27 2.1 Political and military alliances
00:12:19 2.2 Arms race
00:14:49 2.3 Conflicts in the Balkans
00:16:20 3 Prelude
00:16:29 3.1 Sarajevo assassination
00:18:51 3.2 Expansion of violence in Bosnia and Herzegovina
00:19:55 3.3 July Crisis
00:24:37 4 Progress of the war
00:24:46 4.1 Opening hostilities
00:24:55 4.1.1 Confusion among the Central Powers
00:25:50 4.1.2 Serbian campaign
00:26:38 4.1.3 German Offensive in Belgium and France
00:30:16 4.1.4 Asia and the Pacific
00:31:30 4.1.5 African campaigns
00:32:18 4.1.6 Indian support for the Allies
00:34:01 4.2 Western Front
00:34:10 4.2.1 Trench warfare begins
00:36:45 4.2.2 Continuation of trench warfare
00:40:58 4.3 Naval war
00:46:23 4.4 Southern theatres
00:46:32 4.4.1 War in the Balkans
00:50:38 4.4.2 Ottoman Empire
00:55:59 4.4.3 Italian participation
01:01:03 4.4.4 Romanian participation
01:04:21 4.5 Eastern Front
01:04:29 4.5.1 Initial actions
01:05:28 4.5.2 Russian Revolution
01:08:23 4.5.3 Czechoslovak Legion
01:10:01 4.6 Central Powers peace overtures
01:12:01 4.7 1917–1918
01:12:21 4.7.1 Developments in 1917
01:15:52 4.7.2 Ottoman Empire conflict, 1917–1918
01:19:27 4.7.3 15 August 1917: Peace offer by the Pope
01:20:37 4.7.4 Entry of the United States
01:24:44 4.7.5 German Spring Offensive of 1918
01:28:54 4.7.6 New states enter the war
01:30:24 4.8 Allied victory: summer 1918 onwards
01:30:35 4.8.1 Hundred Days Offensive
01:33:03 4.8.1.1 Battle of Albert
01:34:50 4.8.2 Allied advance to the Hindenburg Line
01:37:00 4.8.3 German Revolution 1918–1919
01:38:08 4.8.4 New German government surrenders
01:39:15 4.8.5 Armistices and capitulations
01:43:13 5 Aftermath
01:43:58 5.1 Formal end of the war
01:46:10 5.2 Peace treaties and national boundaries
01:51:31 5.3 National identities
01:55:38 5.4 Health effects
01:59:52 6 Technology
02:00:01 6.1 Ground warfare
02:06:16 6.1.1 Areas taken in major attacks
02:08:06 6.2 Naval
02:09:08 6.3 Aviation
02:11:34 7 War crimes
02:11:43 7.1 Baralong incidents
02:12:46 7.2 Torpedoing of HMHS iLlandovery Castle/i
02:13:40 7.3 Blockade of Germany
02:14:36 7.4 Chemical weapons in warfare
02:16:51 7.5 Genocide and ethnic cleansing
02:17:01 7.5.1 Ottoman Empire
02:18:56 7.5.2 Russian Empire
02:19:24 7.6 Rape of Belgium
02:21:01 8 Soldiers' experiences
02:21:42 8.1 Prisoners of war
02:25:59 8.2 Military attachés and war correspondents
02:26:27 9 Support for the war
02:30:55 10 Opposition to the war
02:37:30 11 Conscription
02:37:58 11.1 Canada
02:38:29 11.2 Australia
02:39:46 11.3 Britain
02:41:31 11.4 United States
02:43:52 11.5 Austria-Hungary
02:44:39 12 Diplomacy
02:45:36 13 Legacy and memory
02:46:01 13.1 Historiography
02:46:49 13.2 Memorials
02:48:45 13.3 Cultural memory
02:52:07 13.4 Social trauma
02:53:27 13.5 Discontent in Germany
02:55:43 13.6 Economic effects
03:02:54 14 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
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- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
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Speaking Rate: 0.8774969973351399
Voice name: en-AU-Wavenet-A
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
World War I (often abbreviated as WWI or WW1), also known as the First World War or the Great War, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. Contemporaneously described as the war to end all wars, it led to the mobilisation of more than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, making it one of the largest wars in history. It is also one of the deadliest conflicts in history, with an estimated nine million combatants and seven million civilian deaths as a direct result of the war, while resulting genocides and the 1918 influenza pandemic caused another 50 to 100 million deaths worldwide.On 28 June 1914, Gavrilo Princip, a Bosnian Serb Yugoslav nationalist, assassinated the Austro-Hungarian heir Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo, leading to the July Crisis. In response, on 23 ...
Italy | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Italy
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written
language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
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- learn while on the move
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Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through
audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio
while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using
a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
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In case you don't find one that you were looking for, put a comment.
This video uses Google TTS en-US-Standard-D voice.
SUMMARY
=======
Italy (Italian: Italia [iˈtaːlja] ( listen)), officially the Italian Republic (Italian: Repubblica Italiana [reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna]), is a country in Europe. Located in the heart of the Mediterranean Sea, Italy shares open land borders with France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia, San Marino, and Vatican City. Italy covers an area of 301,340 km2 (116,350 sq mi) and has a largely temperate seasonal and Mediterranean climate. With around 61 million inhabitants, it is the fourth-most populous EU member state and the most populous country in southern Europe.
Due to its central geographic location in Europe and the Mediterranean, Italy has historically been home to a myriad of peoples and cultures. In addition to the various ancient Italian tribes and Italic peoples dispersed throughout the Italian Peninsula and insular Italy, beginning from the classical era, Phoenicians, Carthaginians and Greeks established settlements in the south of Italy, with Etruscans and Celts inhabiting the centre and the north of Italy respectively. The Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC, which eventually became a republic that conquered and assimilated its neighbours. In the first century BC, the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became the leading cultural, political and religious centre of Western civilisation. The legacy of the Roman Empire is widespread and can be observed in the global distribution of civilian law, republican governments, Christianity and the Latin script.
During the Early Middle Ages, Italy endured sociopolitical collapse and barbarian invasions, but by the 11th century, numerous rival city-states and maritime republics, mainly in the northern and central regions of Italy, rose to great prosperity through shipping, commerce and banking, laying the groundwork for modern capitalism. These mostly independent statelets served as Europe's main trading hubs with Asia and the Near East, often enjoying a greater degree of democracy than the larger feudal monarchies that were consolidating throughout Europe; however, part of central Italy was under the control of the theocratic Papal States, while Southern Italy remained largely feudal until the 19th century, partially as a result of a succession of Byzantine, Arab, Norman, Angevin and Spanish conquests of the region.The Renaissance began in Italy and spread to the rest of Europe, bringing a renewed interest in humanism, science, exploration and art. Italian culture flourished, producing famous scholars, artists and polymaths such as Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, Galileo and Machiavelli. During the Middle Ages, Italian explorers such as Marco Polo, Christopher Columbus, Amerigo Vespucci, John Cabot and Giovanni da Verrazzano discovered new routes to the Far East and the New World, helping to usher in the European Age of Discovery. Nevertheless, Italy's commercial and political power significantly waned with the opening of trade routes that bypassed the Mediterranean. Centuries of infighting between the Italian city-states, such the Italian Wars of the 15th and 16th centuries, left the region fragmented, and it was subsequently conquered by European powers such as France, Spain and Austria.
By the mid-19th century, rising Italian nationalism and calls for independence from foreign control led to a period of revolutionary political upheaval. After centuries of foreign domination and political division, Italy was almost entirely unified in 1871, establishing the Kingdom of Italy as a great power. From the late 19th century to the early 20th century, Italy rapidly industrialised, namely in the north, and acquired a colonial empire, while the south remained largely impoverished and excluded from industrialisation, fuelling a large and influential diaspora. Despite being one of the main victors in World War I, Italy entered a period of economic crisis and social turmoil, leading to the ...
France | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
France
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SUMMARY
=======
France (French: [fʁɑ̃s]), officially the French Republic (French: République française; French pronunciation: [ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛz]), is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories. The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean. It is bordered by Belgium, Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast, Switzerland and Italy to the east, and Andorra and Spain to the south. The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. The country's 18 integral regions (five of which are situated overseas) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres (248,573 sq mi) and a total population of 67.3 million (as of October 2018). France, a sovereign state, is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris, the country's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre. Other major urban areas include Lyon, Marseille, Toulouse, Bordeaux, Lille and Nice.
During the Iron Age, what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls, a Celtic people. Rome annexed the area in 51 BC, holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476, who formed the Kingdom of France. France emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages following its victory in the Hundred Years' War (1337 to 1453). During the Renaissance, French culture flourished and a global colonial empire was established, which by the 20th century would become the second largest in the world. The 16th century was dominated by religious civil wars between Catholics and Protestants (Huguenots). France became Europe's dominant cultural, political, and military power in the 17th century under Louis XIV. In the late 18th century, the French Revolution overthrew the absolute monarchy, established one of modern history's earliest republics, and saw the drafting of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, which expresses the nation's ideals to this day.
In the 19th century, Napoleon took power and established the First French Empire. His subsequent Napoleonic Wars shaped the course of continental Europe. Following the collapse of the Empire, France endured a tumultuous succession of governments culminating with the establishment of the French Third Republic in 1870. France was a major participant in World War I, from which it emerged victorious, and was one of the Allies in World War II, but came under occupation by the Axis powers in 1940. Following liberation in 1944, a Fourth Republic was established and later dissolved in the course of the Algerian War. The Fifth Republic, led by Charles de Gaulle, was formed in 1958 and remains today. Algeria and nearly all the other colonies became independent in the 1960s and typically retained close economic and military connections with France.
France has long been a global centre of art, science, and philosophy. It hosts the world's fourth-largest number of UNESCO World Heritage Sites and is the leading tourist destination, receiving around 83 million foreign visitors annually. France is a developed country with the world's seventh-largest economy by nominal GDP, and tenth-largest by purchasing power parity. In terms of aggregate household wealth, it ranks fourth in the world. France performs well in international rankings of education, health care, life expectancy, and human development. France is considered a great power in global affairs, being one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council with the power to veto and an official nuclear-weapon state. It is a leading member state of the European Union and the Eurozone, and a member of the Group of 7, North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the World Trade Organization (WTO), and La Francophonie.
First World War | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
First World War
00:06:48 1 Names
00:09:48 2 Background
00:09:57 2.1 Political and military alliances
00:12:25 2.2 Arms race
00:14:34 2.3 Conflicts in the Balkans
00:15:54 3 Prelude
00:16:03 3.1 Sarajevo assassination
00:18:08 3.2 Expansion of violence in Bosnia and Herzegovina
00:19:05 3.3 July Crisis
00:23:12 4 Progress of the war
00:23:21 4.1 Opening hostilities
00:23:30 4.1.1 Confusion among the Central Powers
00:24:17 4.1.2 Serbian campaign
00:24:59 4.1.3 German Offensive in Belgium and France
00:28:12 4.1.4 Asia and the Pacific
00:29:18 4.1.5 African campaigns
00:30:01 4.1.6 Indian support for the Allies
00:31:30 4.2 Western Front
00:31:39 4.2.1 Trench warfare begins
00:33:54 4.2.2 Continuation of trench warfare
00:37:33 4.3 Naval war
00:42:15 4.4 Southern theatres
00:42:24 4.4.1 War in the Balkans
00:46:00 4.4.2 Ottoman Empire
00:50:36 4.4.3 Italian participation
00:54:43 4.4.4 Romanian participation
00:57:39 4.5 Eastern Front
00:57:47 4.5.1 Initial actions
00:58:39 4.5.2 Russian Revolution
01:01:18 4.5.3 Czechoslovak Legion
01:02:43 4.6 Central Powers peace overtures
01:04:27 4.7 1917–1918
01:04:45 4.7.1 Developments in 1917
01:07:48 4.7.2 Ottoman Empire conflict, 1917–1918
01:10:53 4.7.3 15 August 1917: Peace offer by the Pope
01:11:55 4.7.4 Entry of the United States
01:15:30 4.7.5 German Spring Offensive of 1918
01:19:05 4.7.6 New states enter the war
01:20:23 4.8 Allied victory: summer 1918 onwards
01:20:34 4.8.1 Hundred Days Offensive
01:22:42 4.8.1.1 Battle of Albert
01:24:15 4.8.2 Allied advance to the Hindenburg Line
01:26:05 4.8.3 German Revolution 1918-1919
01:27:04 4.8.4 New German government surrenders
01:28:03 4.8.5 Armistices and capitulations
01:31:30 5 Aftermath
01:32:11 5.1 Formal end of the war
01:34:02 5.2 Peace treaties and national boundaries
01:38:33 5.3 National identities
01:41:52 5.4 Health effects
01:45:21 6 Technology
01:45:30 6.1 Ground warfare
01:50:58 6.1.1 Areas taken in major attacks
01:52:34 6.2 Naval
01:53:29 6.3 Aviation
01:55:35 7 War crimes
01:55:44 7.1 Baralong incidents
01:56:40 7.2 Torpedoing of HMHS iLlandovery Castle/i
01:57:27 7.3 Blockade of Germany
01:58:16 7.4 Chemical weapons in warfare
02:00:16 7.5 Genocide and ethnic cleansing
02:00:25 7.5.1 Ottoman Empire
02:02:04 7.5.2 Russian Empire
02:02:29 7.6 Rape of Belgium
02:03:54 8 Soldiers' experiences
02:04:30 8.1 Prisoners of war
02:08:11 8.2 Military attachés and war correspondents
02:08:37 9 Support for and opposition to the war
02:08:48 9.1 Support
02:12:19 9.2 Opposition
02:18:01 9.3 Conscription
02:18:27 9.3.1 Conscription in Canada
02:18:54 9.3.2 Conscription in Australia
02:19:25 9.3.3 Conscription in Britain
02:20:55 9.3.4 United States
02:22:56 9.3.5 Austria-Hungary
02:23:38 9.4 Diplomacy
02:24:29 10 Legacy and memory
02:24:53 10.1 Historiography
02:25:36 10.2 Memorials
02:27:16 10.3 Cultural memory
02:30:08 10.4 Social trauma
02:31:17 10.5 Discontent in Germany
02:33:15 10.6 Economic effects
02:39:28 11 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
World War I (often abbreviated as WWI or WW1), also known as the First World War or the Great War, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. Contemporaneously described as the war to end all wars, it led to the mobilisation of more than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, making it one of the largest wars in history. An estimated nine million combatants and seven million civilians died as a direct result of the war, and it also contributed to later genocides and the 1918 influenza pandemic, which caused between 50 and 100 million deaths worldwide. Military losses were exacerbated by new technological and industrial developments and the tactical stalemate caused by gruelling trench warfare. It was one of the deadliest conflicts in history and precipitated major political changes, including the Revolutions of 1917–1923, in many of the nations involved. Unresolved rivalries ...
Rio de Janeiro | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Rio de Janeiro
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
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- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Rio de Janeiro (; Portuguese: [ˈʁi.u d(ʒi) ʒɐˈnejɾu]; River of January), or simply Rio, is the second-most populous municipality in Brazil and the sixth-most populous in the Americas. The metropolis is anchor to the Rio de Janeiro metropolitan area, the second-most populous metropolitan area in Brazil and sixth-most populous in the Americas. Rio de Janeiro is the capital of the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil's third-most populous state. Part of the city has been designated as a World Heritage Site, named Rio de Janeiro: Carioca Landscapes between the Mountain and the Sea, by UNESCO on 1 July 2012 as a Cultural Landscape.Founded in 1565 by the Portuguese, the city was initially the seat of the Captaincy of Rio de Janeiro, a domain of the Portuguese Empire. Later, in 1763, it became the capital of the State of Brazil, a state of the Portuguese Empire. In 1808, when the Portuguese Royal Court transferred itself from Portugal to Brazil, Rio de Janeiro became the chosen seat of the court of Queen Maria I of Portugal, who subsequently, in 1815, under the leadership of her son, the Prince Regent, and future King João VI of Portugal, raised Brazil to the dignity of a kingdom, within the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil, and Algarves. Rio stayed the capital of the pluricontinental Lusitanian monarchy until 1822, when the War of Brazilian Independence began. This is one of the few instances in history that the capital of a colonising country officially shifted to a city in one of its colonies. Rio de Janeiro subsequently served as the capital of the independent monarchy, the Empire of Brazil, until 1889, and then the capital of a republican Brazil until 1960 when the capital was transferred to Brasília.
Rio de Janeiro has the second largest municipal GDP in the country, and 30th largest in the world in 2008, estimated at about R$343 billion (IBGE, 2008) (nearly US$201 billion). It is headquarters to Brazilian oil, mining, and telecommunications companies, including two of the country's major corporations – Petrobras and Vale – and Latin America's largest telemedia conglomerate, Grupo Globo. The home of many universities and institutes, it is the second-largest center of research and development in Brazil, accounting for 17% of national scientific output according to 2005 data. Despite the high perception of crime, the city has a lower incidence of crime than Northeast Brazil, but it is far more criminalized than the south region of Brazil, which is considered the safest in the country.Rio de Janeiro is one of the most visited cities in the Southern Hemisphere and is known for its natural settings, Carnival, samba, bossa nova, and balneario beaches such as Barra da Tijuca, Copacabana, Ipanema, and Leblon. In addition to the beaches, some of the most famous landmarks include the giant statue of Christ the Redeemer atop Corcovado mountain, named one of the New Seven Wonders of the World; Sugarloaf Mountain with its cable car; the Sambódromo (Sambadrome), a permanent grandstand-lined parade avenue which is used during Carnival; and Maracanã Stadium, one of the world's largest football stadiums. Rio de Janeiro was the host of the 2016 Summer Olympics and the 2016 Summer Paralympics, making the city the first South American and Portuguese-speaking city to ever host the events, and the third time the Olympics were held in a Southern Hemisphere city. The Maracanã Stadium held the finals of the 1950 and 2014 FIFA World Cups, the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup, and the XV Pan American Games.
Outline of the United Nations | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:00:40 1 Legal foundation: The United Nations Charter
00:03:14 2 Membership
00:03:26 3 United Nations System
00:03:39 3.1 Core structure of the United Nations
00:03:50 3.1.1 General Assembly
00:04:48 3.1.2 Security Council
00:05:24 3.1.3 Economic and Social Council
00:06:53 3.1.4 United Nations Secretariat
00:07:53 3.1.4.1 United Nations Secretariat offices
00:08:26 3.1.4.2 United Nations Secretariat departments
00:09:13 3.1.5 International Court of Justice
00:09:32 3.1.5.1 International Court of Justice cases
00:10:15 3.1.5.2 International Court of Justice judges
00:11:37 3.1.6 Trusteeship Council
00:11:50 3.2 Funds and programmes, research and training institutes, and other bodies
00:12:04 3.2.1 Funds and programmes
00:13:18 3.2.2 Research and training institutes
00:13:52 3.2.3 Secretariats of Conventions
00:14:34 3.2.4 Other entities
00:15:10 3.3 Specialized agencies
00:17:10 3.3.1 International Civil Aviation Organization
00:17:43 3.3.1.1 ICAO airline designator
00:18:01 3.3.1.2 ICAO airport designator
00:21:28 3.3.2 International Monetary Fund
00:22:04 3.3.2.1 Managing directors of the International Monetary Fund
00:22:38 3.3.3 International Telecommunication Union
00:23:30 3.3.3.1 ITU-R recommendations
00:24:47 3.3.3.2 ITU-T recommendations
00:30:06 3.3.4 International Labour Organization
00:31:04 3.3.4.1 International Labour Organization Conventions
00:48:18 3.3.5 UNESCO
00:50:23 3.3.5.1 Biosphere reserves
00:56:01 3.3.5.2 UNESCO Directors-General
00:56:36 3.3.5.3 UNESCO Nomenclature
00:56:53 3.3.6 Universal Postal Union
00:57:32 3.3.7 World Bank
00:59:26 3.3.7.1 Presidents of the World Bank
00:59:59 3.3.7.2 World Bank Chief Economists
01:00:20 3.3.8 World Health Organization
01:01:01 3.3.8.1 Human Development Index
01:01:40 4 History of the United Nations
01:01:51 4.1 League of Nations
01:03:25 4.1.1 League of Nations Mandates
01:04:16 4.2 United Nations Trust Territories
01:04:50 4.3 United Nations peacekeeping missions and operations
01:07:43 4.3.1 United Nations Mission in Kosovo
01:08:04 4.4 United Nations General Assembly Resolutions
01:09:56 4.5 United Nations Security Council Resolutions
01:18:45 4.5.1 2002 United Nations Security Council Resolutions
01:19:09 4.5.2 2003 United Nations Security Council Resolutions
01:19:33 4.5.3 2004 United Nations Security Council Resolutions
01:20:07 4.5.4 2005 United Nations Security Council Resolutions
01:20:36 4.5.5 2006 United Nations Security Council Resolutions
01:22:07 4.6 United Nations reform
01:22:33 4.6.1 United Nations Parliamentary Assembly
01:23:02 4.7 United Nations relations
01:23:39 4.8 United Nations tribunals
01:24:01 4.8.1 International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
01:24:22 4.8.1.1 International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda judges
01:24:52 4.8.1.2 People charged by the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
01:25:43 4.8.1.3 People convicted by the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
01:26:09 4.8.2 International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
01:26:37 4.8.2.1 People charged by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
01:26:49 4.8.2.2 People convicted by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
01:27:39 4.8.2.3 People indicted by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
01:29:49 4.9 United Nations Oil-for-Food scandal
01:30:16 4.10 United Nations in education
01:30:26 4.10.1 United Nations schools
01:30:52 4.10.2 Model United Nations
01:31:09 4.11 United Nations observances
01:34:27 4.12 UNESCO designations
01:34:37 4.12.1 World Heritage Sites
01:36:04 4.12.2 World Book Capitals
01:36:25 4.12.3 Recipients of the Félix Houphouët-Boigny Peace Prize
01:37:29 4.12.4 L’Oréal-UNESCO Awards for Women in Science laureates
01:37:53 4.12.5 Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity
01:39:00 5 United Nations people
01:39:50 5.1 United Nations officials
01:43:21 5.1.1 Ambassadors to the United Nations
01:47:16 5.1.1.1 List of Australian ambassadors to the United Nations
01:47:31 5.1.1.2 Former British Ambassadors to the United Nations
01:48:04 5.1.1.3 Former Canadian Ambassadors to the United Nations
01:48:21 5.1.1.4 Former Israeli Ambassadors to the United Nations
01:48:38 5.1.1.5 Former Russian and Soviet Ambassadors to the United Nations
01:48:56 5.1.1.6 United States ambassadors to the United Nations
01:49:23 5.1.2 FAO experts
01:50:05 5.1.3 Presidents of the United Nations General Assembly
01:52:06 5.1.4 United Nations Secretaries-General
01:52:43 5.1.5 World Health Organisation officials
01:53:29 5.2 Special Rapporteurs to the United Nations
01:54:20 5.3 United Nations Interpreters
01:54:44 5.4 United Nations experts
01:54:57 6 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by lis ...
World War I | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
World War I
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written
language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through
audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio
while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using
a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
In case you don't find one that you were looking for, put a comment.
This video uses Google TTS en-US-Standard-D voice.
SUMMARY
=======
World War I (often abbreviated as WWI or WW1), also known as the First World War or the Great War, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. Contemporaneously described as the war to end all wars, it led to the mobilisation of more than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, making it one of the largest wars in history. An estimated nine million combatants and seven million civilians died as a direct result of the war, and it also contributed to later genocides and the 1918 influenza pandemic, which caused between 50 and 100 million deaths worldwide. Military losses were exacerbated by new technological and industrial developments and the tactical stalemate caused by gruelling trench warfare. It was one of the deadliest conflicts in history and precipitated major political changes, including the Revolutions of 1917–1923, in many of the nations involved. Unresolved rivalries at the end of the conflict contributed to the start of World War II about twenty years later.On 28 June 1914, Gavrilo Princip, a Bosnian Serb Yugoslav nationalist, assassinated the Austro-Hungarian heir Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo, leading to the July Crisis. In response, on 23 July Austria-Hungary issued an ultimatum to Serbia. Serbia's reply failed to satisfy the Austrians, and the two moved to a war footing.
A network of interlocking alliances enlarged the crisis from a bilateral issue in the Balkans to one involving most of Europe. By 1914, the great powers of Europe were divided into two coalitions: the Triple Entente—consisting of France, Russia and Britain—and the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy (the Triple Alliance was primarily defensive in nature, allowing Italy to stay out of the war in 1914). Russia felt it necessary to back Serbia, on 25 July issuing orders for the 'period preparatory to war', and after Austria-Hungary shelled the Serbian capital of Belgrade on the 28th, partial mobilisation was approved of the military districts nearest to Austria. General Russian mobilisation was announced on the evening of 30 July; on the 31st, Austria-Hungary and Germany did the same, while Germany demanded Russia demobilise within 12 hours. When Russia failed to comply, Germany declared war on 1 August in support of Austria-Hungary, with Austria-Hungary following suit on 6th; France ordered full mobilisation in support of Russia on 2 August.German strategy for a war on two fronts against France and Russia was to concentrate the bulk of its army in the West to defeat France within four weeks, then shift forces to the East before Russia could fully mobilise; this was later known as the Schlieffen Plan. On 2 August, Germany demanded free passage through Belgium, an essential element in achieving a quick victory over France. When this was refused, German forces entered Belgium early on the morning of 3 August and declared war with France the same day; the Belgian government invoked the 1839 Treaty of London and in compliance with its obligations under this, Britain declared war on Germany on 4 August. On 12 August, Britain and France also declared war on Austria-Hungary; on the 23rd, Japan sided with the Entente, seizing the opportunity to expand its sphere of influence by capturing German possessions in China and the Pacific. The war was fought in and drew upon each powers' colonial empires as well, spreading the conflict across the globe. The Entente and its allies would eventually become known as the Allied Powers, while the grouping of Austria-Hungary and Germany would become known as the Central Powers.
The German advance into France was halted at the Battle of the Marne and by the end of 1914, the Western Front settled into a battle of attrition, marked by a long series of trench lines that changed little until 1917. The Eastern Front was marked by much greater exchanges of territory, but though Serbia was defeated in 1915, and Rom ...
World War One | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:08:36 1 Names
00:10:12 2 Background
00:10:21 2.1 Political and military alliances
00:13:25 2.2 Arms race
00:16:07 2.3 Conflicts in the Balkans
00:17:46 3 Prelude
00:17:55 3.1 Sarajevo assassination
00:20:29 3.2 Expansion of violence in Bosnia and Herzegovina
00:21:39 3.3 July Crisis
00:26:43 4 Progress of the war
00:26:53 4.1 Opening hostilities
00:27:02 4.1.1 Confusion among the Central Powers
00:28:01 4.1.2 Serbian campaign
00:28:52 4.1.3 German Offensive in Belgium and France
00:32:51 4.1.4 Asia and the Pacific
00:34:13 4.1.5 African campaigns
00:35:05 4.1.6 Indian support for the Allies
00:36:55 4.2 Western Front
00:37:04 4.2.1 Trench warfare begins
00:39:54 4.2.2 Continuation of trench warfare
00:44:28 4.3 Naval war
00:50:22 4.4 Southern theatres
00:50:32 4.4.1 War in the Balkans
00:55:02 4.4.2 Ottoman Empire
01:00:45 4.4.3 Italian participation
01:06:13 4.4.4 Romanian participation
01:09:43 4.5 Eastern Front
01:09:52 4.5.1 Initial actions
01:10:55 4.5.2 Russian Revolution
01:14:02 4.5.3 Czechoslovak Legion
01:15:48 4.6 Central Powers peace overtures
01:17:58 4.7 1917–1918
01:18:20 4.7.1 Developments in 1917
01:22:09 4.7.2 Ottoman Empire conflict, 1917–1918
01:26:02 4.7.3 15 August 1917: Peace offer by the Pope
01:27:15 4.7.4 Entry of the United States
01:31:47 4.7.5 German Spring Offensive of 1918
01:36:17 4.7.6 New states enter the war
01:37:52 4.8 Allied victory: summer 1918 onwards
01:38:05 4.8.1 Hundred Days Offensive
01:40:45 4.8.1.1 Battle of Albert
01:42:41 4.8.2 Allied advance to the Hindenburg Line
01:45:02 4.8.3 German Revolution 1918–1919
01:46:15 4.8.4 New German government surrenders
01:47:28 4.8.5 Armistices and capitulations
01:51:47 5 Aftermath
01:52:36 5.1 Formal end of the war
01:54:56 5.2 Peace treaties and national boundaries
02:00:40 5.3 National identities
02:05:13 5.4 Health effects
02:09:40 6 Technology
02:09:49 6.1 Ground warfare
02:16:41 6.1.1 Areas taken in major attacks
02:18:41 6.2 Naval
02:19:48 6.3 Aviation
02:22:27 7 War crimes
02:22:37 7.1 Baralong incidents
02:23:44 7.2 Torpedoing of HMHS iLlandovery Castle/i
02:24:42 7.3 Blockade of Germany
02:25:42 7.4 Chemical weapons in warfare
02:28:12 7.5 Genocide and ethnic cleansing
02:28:22 7.5.1 Ottoman Empire
02:30:24 7.5.2 Russian Empire
02:30:54 7.6 Rape of Belgium
02:32:38 8 Soldiers' experiences
02:33:22 8.1 Prisoners of war
02:37:58 8.2 Military attachés and war correspondents
02:38:29 9 Support for the war
02:43:19 10 Opposition to the war
02:50:31 11 Conscription
02:51:01 11.1 Canada
02:51:33 11.2 Australia
02:52:56 11.3 Britain
02:54:49 11.4 United States
02:57:19 11.5 Austria-Hungary
02:58:11 12 Diplomacy
02:59:13 13 Legacy and memory
02:59:41 13.1 Historiography
03:00:33 13.2 Memorials
03:02:37 13.3 Cultural memory
03:06:18 13.4 Social trauma
03:07:43 13.5 Discontent in Germany
03:10:10 13.6 Economic effects
03:18:01 14 See also
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I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
World War I (often abbreviated as WWI or WW1), also known as the First World War or the Great War, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. Contemporaneously described as the war to end all wars, it led to the mobilisation of more than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, making it one of the largest wars in history. It is also one of the deadliest conflicts in history, with an estimated nine million combatants and seven million civilian deaths as a direct result of the war, while resulting genocides and the 1918 influenza pandemic caused another 50 to 100 million deaths worldwide.On 28 June 1914, Gavrilo Princip, a Bosnian Serb Yugoslav nationalist, assassinated the Austro-Hungarian heir Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo, leading to the July Crisis. In response, on 23 ...
World War I | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
World War I
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written
language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
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- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through
audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio
while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using
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This video uses Google TTS en-US-Standard-D voice.
SUMMARY
=======
World War I (often abbreviated as WWI or WW1), also known as the First World War or the Great War, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. Contemporaneously described as the war to end all wars, it led to the mobilisation of more than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, making it one of the largest wars in history. An estimated nine million combatants and seven million civilians died as a direct result of the war, and it also contributed to later genocides and the 1918 influenza pandemic, which caused between 50 and 100 million deaths worldwide. Military losses were exacerbated by new technological and industrial developments and the tactical stalemate caused by gruelling trench warfare. It was one of the deadliest conflicts in history and precipitated major political changes, including the Revolutions of 1917–1923, in many of the nations involved. Unresolved rivalries at the end of the conflict contributed to the start of World War II about twenty years later.On 28 June 1914, Gavrilo Princip, a Bosnian Serb Yugoslav nationalist, assassinated the Austro-Hungarian heir Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo, leading to the July Crisis. In response, on 23 July Austria-Hungary issued an ultimatum to Serbia. Serbia's reply failed to satisfy the Austrians, and the two moved to a war footing.
A network of interlocking alliances enlarged the crisis from a bilateral issue in the Balkans to one involving most of Europe. By 1914, the great powers of Europe were divided into two coalitions: the Triple Entente—consisting of France, Russia and Britain—and the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy (the Triple Alliance was primarily defensive in nature, allowing Italy to stay out of the war in 1914). Russia felt it necessary to back Serbia, on 25 July issuing orders for the 'period preparatory to war', and after Austria-Hungary shelled the Serbian capital of Belgrade on the 28th, partial mobilisation was approved of the military districts nearest to Austria. General Russian mobilisation was announced on the evening of 30 July; on the 31st, Austria-Hungary and Germany did the same, while Germany demanded Russia demobilise within 12 hours. When Russia failed to comply, Germany declared war on 1 August in support of Austria-Hungary, with Austria-Hungary following suit on 6th; France ordered full mobilisation in support of Russia on 2 August.German strategy for a war on two fronts against France and Russia was to concentrate the bulk of its army in the West to defeat France within four weeks, then shift forces to the East before Russia could fully mobilise; this was later known as the Schlieffen Plan. On 2 August, Germany demanded free passage through Belgium, an essential element in achieving a quick victory over France. When this was refused, German forces entered Belgium early on the morning of 3 August and declared war with France the same day; the Belgian government invoked the 1839 Treaty of London and in compliance with its obligations under this, Britain declared war on Germany on 4 August. On 12 August, Britain and France also declared war on Austria-Hungary; on the 23rd, Japan sided with the Entente, seizing the opportunity to expand its sphere of influence by capturing German possessions in China and the Pacific. The war was fought in and drew upon each powers' colonial empires as well, spreading the conflict across the globe. The Entente and its allies would eventually become known as the Allied Powers, while the grouping of Austria-Hungary and Germany would become known as the Central Powers.
The German advance into France was halted at the Battle of the Marne and by the end of 1914, the Western Front settled into a battle of attrition, marked by a long series of trench lines that changed little until 1917. The Eastern Front was marked by much greater exchanges of territory, but though Serbia was defeated in 1915, and Rom ...
Auburn Coach Wife Kristi Malzahn Agrees with Match & eHarmony: Men are Jerks
My advice is this: Settle! That's right. Don't worry about passion or intense connection. Don't nix a guy based on his annoying habit of yelling Bravo! in movie theaters. Overlook his halitosis or abysmal sense of aesthetics. Because if you want to have the infrastructure in place to have a family, settling is the way to go. Based on my observations, in fact, settling will probably make you happier in the long run, since many of those who marry with great expectations become more disillusioned with each passing year. (It's hard to maintain that level of zing when the conversation morphs into discussions about who's changing the diapers or balancing the checkbook.)
Obviously, I wasn't always an advocate of settling. In fact, it took not settling to make me realize that settling is the better option, and even though settling is a rampant phenomenon, talking about it in a positive light makes people profoundly uncomfortable. Whenever I make the case for settling, people look at me with creased brows of disapproval or frowns of disappointment, the way a child might look at an older sibling who just informed her that Jerry's Kids aren't going to walk, even if you send them money. It's not only politically incorrect to get behind settling, it's downright un-American. Our culture tells us to keep our eyes on the prize (while our mothers, who know better, tell us not to be so picky), and the theme of holding out for true love (whatever that is—look at the divorce rate) permeates our collective mentality.
Even situation comedies, starting in the 1970s with The Mary Tyler Moore Show and going all the way to Friends, feature endearing single women in the dating trenches, and there's supposed to be something romantic and even heroic about their search for true love. Of course, the crucial difference is that, whereas the earlier series begins after Mary has been jilted by her fiancé, the more modern-day Friends opens as Rachel Green leaves her nice-guy orthodontist fiancé at the altar simply because she isn't feeling it. But either way, in episode after episode, as both women continue to be unlucky in love, settling starts to look pretty darn appealing. Mary is supposed to be contentedly independent and fulfilled by her newsroom family, but in fact her life seems lonely. Are we to assume that at the end of the series, Mary, by then in her late 30s, found her soul mate after the lights in the newsroom went out and her work family was disbanded? If her experience was anything like mine or that of my single friends, it's unlikely.
And while Rachel and her supposed soul mate, Ross, finally get together (for the umpteenth time) in the finale of Friends, do we feel confident that she'll be happier with Ross than she would have been had she settled down with Barry, the orthodontist, 10 years earlier? She and Ross have passion but have never had long-term stability, and the fireworks she experiences with him but not with Barry might actually turn out to be a liability, given how many times their relationship has already gone up in flames. It's equally questionable whether Sex and the City's Carrie Bradshaw, who cheated on her kindhearted and generous boyfriend, Aidan, only to end up with the more exciting but self-absorbed Mr. Big, will be better off in the framework of marriage and family. (Some time after the breakup, when Carrie ran into Aidan on the street, he was carrying his infant in a Baby Björn. Can anyone imagine Mr. Big walking around with a Björn?)
France | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
France
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
France (French: [fʁɑ̃s]), officially the French Republic (French: République française; French pronunciation: [ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛz]), is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories. The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean. It is bordered by Belgium, Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast, Switzerland and Italy to the east, and Andorra and Spain to the south. The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. The country's 18 integral regions (five of which are situated overseas) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres (248,573 sq mi) and a total population of 67.3 million (as of October 2018). France, a sovereign state, is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris, the country's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre. Other major urban areas include Lyon, Marseille, Toulouse, Bordeaux, Lille and Nice.
During the Iron Age, what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls, a Celtic people. Rome annexed the area in 51 BC, holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476, who formed the Kingdom of France. France emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages following its victory in the Hundred Years' War (1337 to 1453). During the Renaissance, French culture flourished and a global colonial empire was established, which by the 20th century would become the second largest in the world. The 16th century was dominated by religious civil wars between Catholics and Protestants (Huguenots). France became Europe's dominant cultural, political, and military power in the 17th century under Louis XIV. In the late 18th century, the French Revolution overthrew the absolute monarchy, established one of modern history's earliest republics, and saw the drafting of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, which expresses the nation's ideals to this day.
In the 19th century, Napoleon took power and established the First French Empire. His subsequent Napoleonic Wars shaped the course of continental Europe. Following the collapse of the Empire, France endured a tumultuous succession of governments culminating with the establishment of the French Third Republic in 1870. France was a major participant in World War I, from which it emerged victorious, and was one of the Allies in World War II, but came under occupation by the Axis powers in 1940. Following liberation in 1944, a Fourth Republic was established and later dissolved in the course of the Algerian War. The Fifth Republic, led by Charles de Gaulle, was formed in 1958 and remains today. Algeria and nearly all the other colonies became independent in the 1960s and typically retained close economic and military connections with France.
France has long been a global centre of art, science, and philosophy. It hosts the world's fourth-largest number of UNESCO World Heritage Sites and is the leading tourist destination, receiving around 83 million foreign visitors annually. France is a developed country with the world's seventh-largest economy by nominal GDP, and tenth-largest by purchasing power parity. In terms of aggregate household wealth, it ranks fourth in the world. France performs well in international rankings of education, health care, life expectancy, and human development. France is considered a great power in global affairs, being one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council with the power to veto and an official nuclear-weapon state. It is a leading member state of the European Union and the Eurozone, and a member of the Group of 7, North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the Wo ...