Xian County Han Mausoleums

Mysterious Hanging Coffins of China

Produced by Bang in association with NHK, the China Exploration and Research Society (CERS) and Discovery US/Asia. Awarded Best Documentary in Asia by the Television Asia Awards in 2004. Voiceover by award-winning actress/director Joan Chen.

The Drum Tower of Xi'an in Shaanxi province of China

The Drum Tower of Xi'an (西安鼓楼), located in the heart of Xi'an in Shaanxi province of China, along with the Bell Tower is a symbol of the city. Erected in 1380 during the early Ming Dynasty, it stands towering above the city center and offers incredible view of Xi'an.

The Drum Tower got its name from the huge drum located within the building. In contrast to the Bell Tower, where bell was stricken at dawn, drum was beat at sunset to indicate the end of the day.
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Also visit:
Forbidden City in Beijing, China


Temple of Heaven Park in Beijing, China


Army of Terracotta Warriors | Qin Shi Huang, China


Summer Palace in Beijing, China


West Lake in Hangzhou, China


Potala Palace in Lhasa, Tibet-China


Gyantse Kumbum - Tibetan Buddhism - China


Lai Chi Wo Village in Hong Kong - China



Longxing Temple in China


The Yonghe Temple/Lama Temple | Dongcheng District, Beijing, China


Tomb of Emperor Jingdi | Han Jing Mausoleum, China


Tai O in Hong Kong


Temple Street Night Market in Hong Kong, China


Man Mo Temple in Hong Kong, China


Ruins of the church of st paul in Macau, China


Sun Yatsen Mausoleum in Nanjing, China


The National Museum of China


Chi Lin Nunnery Temple in Hong Kong, China


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Tomb of Princess Yongtai

Another interesting place to visit is the tomb of Princess Yongtai located near the Qianling Mausoleum. Princess Yongtai was the granddaughter of Tang Emperor Gaozong and his wife Empress Wu Zetian. The Qianling Tomb was built in 705 A.D.

By David Goorney

The Terracotta Army

The Terracotta Army was discovered on 29 March 1974 to the east of Xian in Shaanxi province by a group of farmers digging a water well approximately 1.6 kilometers (0.99 mi) east of the Qin Emperor's tomb mound at Mount Li (Li shan)region riddled with underground springs and watercourses.

For centuries, there had been occasional reports of pieces of terracotta figures and fragments of the Qin necropolis --roofing tiles, bricks, and chunks of masonry having been dug up in the area.

This most recent discovery prompted Chinese archaeologists to investigate, and they unearthed the largest pottery figurine group ever found in China. And there are many mysteries are waiting people to explore.

The Terra Cotta Warriors & Horses Of Qin Shi Huang

The Terra-Cotta Warriors & Horses - Over 8,000 life-size Terra-Cotta Figures that were buried with and for the Qin Dynasty (221 BC-206 BC) Emperor Qin Shi Huang.

Each Terra-Cotta Warrior & Horse is different with different poses (standing or crouching), heights, faces, hairstyles, and uniforms in accordance to their rank.

There are infantrymen, archers, and officers with real weapons. Also Terra-Cotta horses with war chariots.

The Terra-Cotta Figures were discovered in 1974 by farmers digging a water well. The Terra-Cotta Figures were discovered in three different pits.

The archaeological excavations are still ongoing.

Qin Shi Huang, the First Emperor of the State of Qin (or simply known as the First Emperor), unified China after the Warring States Period.

He standardized writing, weights and measures, currency, and established the system of prefectures and counties.

He initiated the building of the Great Wall, and of course, he created the Terra-Cotta Figures for his mausoleum for his protection and use in the after-life. 

Han Yan Ling-Xianyang Han Tomb Underground Museum

This video is about Han Yan Ling-Xianyang Han Tomb Underground Museum

The Steles Forest of Xi’an / La forêt de stèles de Xi’an (Shaanxi - China)

(EN) Xi'an is the capital of Shaanxi province, located in the northwest of the People's Republic of China, in the center of the Guanzhong Plain.One of the oldest cities in China, with more than 6,000 years of history, the city was known as Chang'an before the Ming dynasty.Xi'an is one of the Four Great Ancient Capitals of China, having held the position under several of the most important dynasties in Chinese history,including Zhou, Qin, Han, Sui, and Tang.[Xi'an is the starting point of the Silk Road and home to the Terracotta Army of Emperor Qin Shi Huang.[1]
Since the 1990s, as part of the economic revival of interior China especially for the central and northwest regions, the city of Xi'an has re-emerged as an important cultural, industrial and educational centre of the central-northwest region, with facilities for research and development, national security and China's space exploration program. Xi'an currently holds sub-provincial status, administerring 9 districts and 4 counties.[ According to the 2010 Census, nine urbanized districts of Xi'an has a population of 6,501,189, while the total population of the Municipality is up to 8,467,837.[It is the most populous city in Northwest China, as well as one of the three most populous cities in Western China.[According to a July 2012 report by the Economist Intelligence Unit, it was recently named as one of the 13 emerging megacities, or megalopolises, in China.[ The report pinpoints and highlights the demographic and income trends that are shaping these cities' development.

The Stele Forest, or Xi'an Beilin Museum (碑林; pinyin: Bēilín), is a museum for steles and stone sculptures which is located in Xi'an, China. The museum is housed in a former Confucian Temple and it has housed a growing collection of Steles since 1087. By 1944 it was the principal museum for Shaanxi province. Due to the large number of steles, it was officially renamed as the Forest of Stone Steles in 1992. All together, there are 3,000 steles in the museum, which is divided into seven exhibitions halls, which mainly display works of calligraphy, painting and historical records


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Xianyang, Shaanxi Province promotional video
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The terracotta army / L’armée de terre cuite (Xi'an - Shaanxi - China)

(EN) Xi'an is the capital of Shaanxi province, located in the northwest of the People's Republic of China, in the center of the Guanzhong Plain.One of the oldest cities in China, with more than 6,000 years of history, the city was known as Chang'an before the Ming dynasty.Xi'an is one of the Four Great Ancient Capitals of China, having held the position under several of the most important dynasties in Chinese history,including Zhou, Qin, Han, Sui, and Tang.[Xi'an is the starting point of the Silk Road and home to the Terracotta Army of Emperor Qin Shi Huang.[1]
Since the 1990s, as part of the economic revival of interior China especially for the central and northwest regions, the city of Xi'an has re-emerged as an important cultural, industrial and educational centre of the central-northwest region, with facilities for research and development, national security and China's space exploration program. Xi'an currently holds sub-provincial status, administerring 9 districts and 4 counties.[ According to the 2010 Census, nine urbanized districts of Xi'an has a population of 6,501,189, while the total population of the Municipality is up to 8,467,837.[It is the most populous city in Northwest China, as well as one of the three most populous cities in Western China.[According to a July 2012 report by the Economist Intelligence Unit, it was recently named as one of the 13 emerging megacities, or megalopolises, in China.[ The report pinpoints and highlights the demographic and income trends that are shaping these cities' development.

The Terracotta Army or the Terracotta Warriors and Horses is a collection of terracotta sculptures depicting the armies of Qin Shi Huang, the first Emperor of China. It is a form of funerary art buried with the emperor in 210–209 BCE and whose purpose was to protect the emperor in his afterlife.
The figures, dating from approximately the late third century BCE, were discovered in 1974 by local farmers in Lintong District, Xi'an, Shaanxi province. The figures vary in height according to their roles, with the tallest being the generals. The figures include warriors, chariots and horses. Estimates from 2007 were that the three pits containing the Terracotta Army held more than 8,000 soldiers, 130 chariots with 520 horses and 150 cavalry horses, the majority of which remained buried in the pits nearby Qin Shi Huang's mausoleum. Other terracotta non-military figures were found in other pits, including officials, acrobats, strongmen and musicians.




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[This is China] Dancing Shaanxi, China Travel Promotion 舞动陕西

This video was shot in 2008.

Xi'an 西安市
The Big Wild Goose Pagoda, Xi'an 西安大雁塔
The Ancient City Wall, Xi'an 西安古城墙
The Xingqing Park, Xi'an 西安兴庆公园
Shaanxi Provincial Statium 陕西省体育场
Xi'an Xianyang International Airport 西安咸阳国际机场
Xi'an Qujiang 西安曲江
Xi'an City Sport Park 西安城市运动公园
Shaanxi Provincial Swimming Pool 陕西省游泳馆
Xi'an Jiaotong University 西安交通大学
Northwestern University 西北大学
Shaanxi Normal University 陕西师范大学
Xi'an Post and Telecommunication Institute 西安邮电学院
Xi'an International Studies University 西安外国语大学
Xi'an Qujiang International Conference and Exhibition Center 西安曲江会展中心
The Small Wild Goose Pagoda, Xi'an 西安小雁塔
Shaanxi History Museum 陕西历史博物馆
Xi'an Yajian Golf-course 西安亚健高尔夫球场
Xi'an Qinling Wildlife Park 西安秦岭野生动物园
North Square of the Big Wild-goose Pagoda 西安大雁塔北广场
Hukou Waterfall of the Yellow River 黄河壶口
Yellow River 黄河
Qiankun Bend of the Yellow River 黄河乾坤湾
Yan'an at Northern Shaanxi 陕北 延安
Northern Shaanxi Loess Plateau 陕北 黄土高原
Northern Shaanxi 陕北
Desert Lakes 沙漠湖泊
Desert Rivers 沙漠河流
Yulin Hongjian-nao Lake 榆林 红碱淖
Desert Railway 沙漠铁路
Desert Expressway 沙漠高速公路
Three-North Shelter Forest 三北防护林
Sheleter Forest in Desert 沙地防护林
Northern Shaanxi Oil Field 陕北油田
Northern Shaanxi Gas Field 陕北气田
Northern Shaanxi Coalfield 陕北煤田
Northern Shaanxi Open-cut Coal Mine 陕北露天煤矿
Northern Shaanxi Salt Mine 陕北盐场
Huashan Mountain 华山
East Peak of Huashan Mountain 华山东峰
North Peak of Huashan Mountain 华山北峰
West Peak of Huashan Mountain 华山西峰
Jifeng Mountain at Baoji 宝鸡鸡峰山
Qinling Mountains 秦岭
Candle Mountain at Ankang 安康蜡烛山
Nangong Mountain at Ankang 安康南宫山
Xiangshan Mountain at Tongchuan 铜川香山
Jinsi Grand Canyon at Shangluo 商洛金丝峡
Erlongshan Resevoir at Shangluo 商洛二龙山水库
Nanhu Lake at Hanzhong 汉中南湖
Hanjiang River 汉江
Langao County Town at Ankang 安康岚皋县城
Yinghu Lake at Ankang 安康瀛湖
Baoji Canyon 宝鸡峡
Baoji City 宝鸡市
Yangling City 杨凌市
Northwestern Agriculture and Forestry Science University 西北农林科技大学
Yangling Aquatic Center 杨凌水上运动中心
Weinan City 渭南
Yellow River Wetlands 黄河湿地
Yellow Emperor's Mausoleum 黄帝陵
Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor 秦始皇陵
Terra-cotter Warriors and Horses 秦兵马俑博物馆
Mausoleums of the Han Dynasty 汉代陵墓群
Han Dynasty Yangling Mausoleum 汉阳陵 汉景帝陵
Han Dynasty Yangling Mausoleum 汉茂陵 汉武帝陵
Tang Dynasty Zhaoling Mausoleum 唐昭陵 唐太宗陵
Tang Dynasty Qianling Mausoleum 唐乾陵 武则天与唐高宗合葬陵
Si Ma-qian Memorial Temple 司马迁祠
Louguan Temple 楼观台
Baiyun Temple 白云观
Famen Temple 法门寺
Xi'an Huaqing Hot Spring 西安华清池

China Tourism Travel 舞动陕西

ये मूर्तियां थीं या असली इंसान? जानिए क्या थी सच्चाई | Terracotta Army History in Hindi

#TerracottaArmyHistory
ये मूर्तियां थीं या असली इंसान? जानिए क्या थी सच्चाई | Terracotta Army History in Hindi

The Terracotta Army is a collection of terracotta sculptures depicting the armies of Qin Shi Huang, the first Emperor of China. It is a form of funerary art buried with the emperor in 210–209 BCE with the purpose of protecting the emperor in his afterlife.

The figures, dating from approximately the late third century BCE,[1] were discovered in 1974 by local farmers in Lintong County, outside Xi'an, Shaanxi, China. The figures vary in height according to their roles, with the tallest being the generals. The figures include warriors, chariots and horses. Estimates from 2007 were that the three pits containing the Terracotta Army held more than 8,000 soldiers, 130 chariots with 520 horses, and 150 cavalry horses, the majority of which remained buried in the pits near Qin Shi Huang's mausoleum.[2] Other terracotta non-military figures were found in other pits, including officials, acrobats, strongmen, and musicians.



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Xian Tour-Terracotta warriors tour-(http://www.chinatourhighlights.com)

1: Xian one day Panda Tour
Tour Schedule:
See pandas in natural zoo
Time: 9:00 AM to 5:00 PM
Meeting Place: Hotel lobby
Package Tour Price: $ 100/pp (min-2 pax)
Tour Including: Entrance fees, Van, Guide, Lunch in local farmer's restaurant

Or just Van and guide service: $150/group


2: Xian one day Cultural Tour
Tour Schedule:
1. Mt. Louguan-Laozi Daosim Temple
2. Guanzhong Folk Arts Museum
Time: 9:00 AM to 6:00 PM
Meeting Place: Hotel lobby
Tour Price: $ 100/pp(min-2 pax)
Tour Including: Entrance fees, Van, Guide, Lunch in local farmer's restaurant

Or just Van and guide service: $150/group

3: Xian one day Mt. Huashan Tour
Tour Schedule:
Five Peaks of Mt. Huashan
Time: 8:00 AM to 8:00 PM
Meeting Place: Hotel lobby
Tour price: $ 150/pp (min-2 pax)
Tour Including: Entrance fees, cable car, Van, Guide

Or just Van and guide service: $200/group

4: Xian one day West-line Tour
Tour Schedule:
1. Han Yangling-mini warriors
2. Qianling Mausoleum and Princess Yongtai's Tomb
3. Famen Temple
Time: 8:00 AM to 8:00 PM
Meeting Place: Hotel lobby
Tour price: $ 150/pp (min-2 pax)
Tour Including: Entrance fees, Van, Guide, Lunch in local farmer's restaurant

Or just Van and guide service: $200/group


5: Xian one day City Tour
Tour Schedule:
1. City Wall-bike-riding
2. Big Wild Goose Pagoda
3. Mosque and Muslim street
Time: 9:00 AM to 5:00 PM
Meeting Place: Hotel lobby
Tour Price: $ 80/pp (min-2 pax)
Tour Including: Entrance fees, Van, Guide, Lunch in local muslim restaurant
Or just Van and guide service: $80/group

6: Xian one day East-line Tour
Tour Schedule:
1. Banpo Neolithic village
2. Terra-cotta warriors
3. Local farmer caves
Time: 9:00 AM to 6:00 PM
Meeting Place: Hotel lobby
Tour Price: $ 100/pp (min-2 pax)
Tour Including: Entrance fees, Van, Guide, Lunch in local farmer's restaurant

Or just Van and guide service: $120/group


7: Airport picking and sending:
Car : 250 Yuan/one way Van: 300 Yuan/one way
High speed train station picking and sending: Car: 220 Yuan/one way Van: 280 Yuan/one way

8: Xian One Day Local Art Study Tour
Tour Schedule:
Huxian County: Farmer Painting, paper-cutting study, Cooking study.
Time: 9:00 AM to 3:00 PM
Meeting Place: Hotel Lobby
1: Package tour price: $100/pp (min-2 pax)
Tour Including: Entrance fees, Van, Guide, Lunch in local farmer's restaurant
2: Van and guide service: $150/group (min-2 pax)

赵匡胤是如何当上皇帝的/How did zhao kuangyin become emperor

Zhao kuangyin (March 21, 927 -- November 14, 976) was the founder of the song dynasty. Zhu county, was born in luoyang clip horse camp (now the city of luoyang in henan province dongguan) the chan riverfront. Military strategist and martial artist from the five dynasties to the early northern song dynasty, the founding emperor of the song dynasty (reigned from February 4, 960 to November 14, 976). In the later zhou dynasty, zhao hongyin (song xuanzu) was the second son of the emperor, whose mother was du shi (the empress dowager zhao xian).
Zhao kuangyin defected to guo wei, a privy envoy, in the later han dynasty. He was respected by shizong chairong of the later zhou dynasty, and he built many war achievements during his expedition to the southern tang dynasty. Chai rong seriously ill, was appointed as the temple before the point of inspection, in charge of the temple before the forbidden army. Xiande seven years (960), ordered to resist the northern han and khitan allied forces. Immediately in the Chen qiao mutiny was acclaimed as the emperor, and back to Beijing forced later zhou gong emperor zen. In the same year, zhao kuangyin ascended the throne as emperor and changed his name to song, which was historically known as song dynasty and northern song dynasty.
During zhao kuangyin's reign, according to prime minister zhao pu's strategy of first south, then north, first easy, then difficult, he devoted himself to unifying the whole country. He successively destroyed the southern kingdoms of jingnan, wuping, houshu, southern han and southern tang, and completed the unification of most parts of the country. He twice drank wine to release military power, and gave up the military power of the imperial generals and local vassal towns, thus resolving the situation that the local military commanders had been self-possessed since the middle of the tang dynasty. In addition, a pile bank was set up to store money, silk and cloth, so as to redeem the sixteen prefectures of yanyun which were sacrificed to khitan by shi jingtang, the late emperor of the jin dynasty.
In 976, zhao kuangyin died at the age of 50. Reign 16 years, posthumous title yingwu shengwenshende emperor, temple name taizu, buried in yongchang mausoleum. In the first year of the great and medium xiangfu (1008 years), I was awarded the title of qi yun li ji yingwu ruiwen god DE shenggong to the emperor of filial piety. There is a poem ode to the early days handed down from generation to generation.
宋太祖赵匡胤（927年3月21日－976年11月14日），字元朗，小名香孩儿、赵九重。涿郡人，生于洛阳夹马营（今河南省洛阳市瀍河区东关）。五代至北宋初年军事家、武术家，宋朝开国皇帝（960年2月4日－976年11月14日在位）。后周护圣都指挥使赵弘殷（宋宣祖）次子，母为杜氏（昭宪太后）。
赵匡胤在后汉时投奔枢密使郭威，致身行伍。他受后周世宗柴荣器重，于征伐南唐时屡建战功。柴荣病重时，被任命为殿前都点检，掌管殿前禁军。显德七年（960年），受命抵御北汉及契丹联军。旋即在“陈桥兵变”中被拥立为帝，并回京逼迫后周恭帝禅位。同年，赵匡胤登基为帝，改元建隆，国号“宋”，史称“宋朝”、“北宋”。
赵匡胤在位期间，依据宰相赵普的“先南后北、先易后难”的策略，致力于统一全国，先后灭亡荆南、武平、后蜀、南汉及南唐等南方割据政权，完成了全国大部的统一。他两次“杯酒释兵权”，罢去禁军将领及地方藩镇的兵权，解决了自唐朝中叶以来地方节度使拥兵自擅的局面。除此之外，还设立“封桩库”贮藏钱、帛、布匹，以期赎回被后晋高祖石敬瑭献给契丹的燕云十六州。
开宝九年（976年），赵匡胤逝世，享年五十岁。在位十六年，谥号英武圣文神德皇帝，庙号太祖，葬于永昌陵。大中祥符元年（1008年），加谥启运立极英武睿文神德圣功至明大孝皇帝。有诗作《咏初日》传世。

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故事汇：

楚汉争霸成语典故：

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语录：

水浒英雄传：

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Chinese pyramids

Chinese pyramids are ancient mausoleums and burial mounds built to house the remains of several early emperors of China and their imperial relatives. About 38 of them are located around 25 kilometres (16 mi) - 35 kilometres (22 mi) north-west of Xi'an, on the Qin Chuan Plains in Shaanxi Province. The most famous is the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor, northeast of Xi'an and 1.7 km west of where the Terracotta Warriors were found. Chinese pyramids were also built during the Han, Tang, Song, and Western Xia dynasties.
They have flat tops, and thus are more similar in shape to the Teotihuacan pyramids north-east of Mexico City, Mexico than to the pyramids in Giza, Egypt. Although known in the West for at least a century, their existence has been made controversial by sensationalist publicity and the problems of Chinese archaeology in early 20th century.


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Xi'An-Big Wild Goose Pagoda and Temple

Xi'An-Big Wild Goose Pagoda and Temple

Xi'an | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:



00:01:30 1 Name
00:03:46 2 History
00:03:55 2.1 Prehistory
00:04:46 2.2 Ancient era
00:05:25 2.3 Imperial era
00:10:02 2.4 Modern era
00:12:15 3 Geography
00:13:53 3.1 Climate
00:15:39 3.2 National Time Service Centre
00:17:03 4 Demographics
00:18:55 5 Administrative divisions
00:19:12 6 Transportation
00:20:30 6.1 Metro
00:22:31 6.2 Taxi
00:23:07 6.3 Rail
00:25:18 6.4 Expressways
00:26:15 6.5 Air
00:28:07 7 Culture
00:29:02 7.1 Arts district
00:29:36 7.2 Resident artists
00:29:52 7.3 Xi'an cuisine
00:30:13 7.4 Opera
00:31:05 7.5 Cinema
00:31:38 8 Religion
00:31:47 8.1 Chinese traditional religion and Taoism
00:32:14 8.2 Buddhism
00:32:28 8.3 Christianity
00:33:37 8.4 Islam
00:34:11 9 Economy
00:37:12 9.1 Industrial zones
00:38:27 9.2 Software and outsourcing industries
00:39:20 9.3 Aerospace industry
00:40:53 9.4 Notable businesspeople
00:41:22 10 Education
00:41:31 10.1 Public
00:42:59 10.2 Military
00:43:29 10.3 Private
00:44:16 11 International events
00:44:25 11.1 World Horticultural Expo 2011
00:45:08 12 Tourism
00:45:25 12.1 Sites
00:48:37 12.2 Museums
00:49:12 12.3 National parks
00:50:06 12.4 Food
00:50:33 13 Sports
00:52:26 14 Media
00:52:34 14.1 Television and radio
00:53:23 14.2 Printed media
00:53:58 14.3 Online media
00:54:11 15 International relations
00:54:25 16 See also



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SUMMARY
=======
Xi'an ( SHYAHN, also UK: shee-AN, US: shee-AHN, Chinese: [ɕí.án] (listen)), also known as Sian, is the capital of Shaanxi Province. A sub-provincial city on the Guanzhong Plain in northwest China, it is one of the oldest cities in China, and the oldest of the Four Great Ancient Capitals, having held the position under several of the most important dynasties in Chinese history, including Western Zhou, Qin, Western Han, Sui, and Tang. Xi'an is the starting point of the Silk Road and home to the Terracotta Army of Emperor Qin Shi Huang.Since the 1990s, as part of the economic revival of inland China especially for the central and northwest regions, the city of Xi'an has re-emerged as an important cultural, industrial and educational centre of the central-northwest region, with facilities for research and development, national security and space exploration. Xi'an currently holds sub-provincial status, administering 9 districts and 4 counties. As of 2018 Xi'an has a population of 12,005,600, and the Xi'an–Xianyang metropolitan area a population of 12.9 million. It is the most populous city in Northwest China, as well as one of the three most populous cities in Western China, the other two being Chongqing and Chengdu. In 2012, it was named as one of the 13 emerging megacities, or megalopolises, in China.

Nanjing

Nanjing ( listen; Chinese: 南京; pinyin: Nánjīng; Wade–Giles: Nan-ching) is the capital of Jiangsu province in Eastern China. It has a prominent place in Chinese history and culture, having been the capital of China for several periods. Its present name means Southern Capital and was widely romanized as Nankin and Nanking until the pinyin language reform, after which Nanjing was gradually adopted as the standard spelling of the city's name in most languages that use the Roman alphabet.
Located in the lower Yangtze River drainage basin and Yangtze River Delta economic zone, Nanjing has long been one of China's most important cities. Having been the capital city of six different dynasties since 3 A.D., it is recognized as one of the Four Great Ancient Capitals of China. It was the capital of Wu during the Three Kingdoms Period, and the capital of the Republic of China prior to its flight to Taiwan during the Chinese Civil War. Nanjing is also one of the fifteen sub-provincial cities in the People's Republic of China's administrative structure, enjoying jurisdictional and economic autonomy only slightly less than that of a province. Nanjing has long been a national centre of education, research, transport networks and tourism. The city will host the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics.


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Yuan Shikai

Yuan Shikai was a Chinese general, politician and emperor, famous for his influence during the late Qing Dynasty, his role in the events leading up to the abdication of the last Qing Emperor, his autocratic rule as the first formal President of the Republic of China, and his short-lived attempt to restore monarchy in China, with himself as the Hongxian Emperor.


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