Aleppo: State of the Yalbougha al-Nasri Hammam حلب : حمام يلبغا الناصري 01 17 2015
تصوير اسماعيل عبد الرحمن
Association for the Protection of Syrian Archaeology - Website : جمعية حماية الآثار السورية
Aleppo | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Aleppo
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Aleppo (; Arabic: ﺣَﻠَﺐ / ALA-LC: Ḥalab, IPA: [ˈħalab]) is a city in Syria, serving as the capital of the Aleppo Governorate, the most populous Syrian governorate. With an official population of 4.6 million in 2010, Aleppo was the largest Syrian city before the Syrian Civil War; however, now Aleppo is probably the second-largest city in Syria after the capital Damascus.
Aleppo is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world; it may have been inhabited since the 6th millennium BC. Excavations at Tell as-Sawda and Tell al-Ansari, just south of the old city of Aleppo, show that the area was occupied by Amorites since at least the latter part of the 3rd millennium BC. This is also when Aleppo is first mentioned in cuneiform tablets unearthed in Ebla and Mesopotamia, in which it is a part of the Amorite state of Yamhad, and is noted for its commercial and military proficiency. Such a long history is attributed to its strategic location as a trading center midway between the Mediterranean Sea and Mesopotamia (i.e. modern Iraq).
For centuries, Aleppo was the largest city in the Syrian region, and the Ottoman Empire's third-largest after Constantinople and Cairo. The city's significance in history has been its location at one end of the Silk Road, which passed through central Asia and Mesopotamia. When the Suez Canal was inaugurated in 1869, trade was diverted to sea and Aleppo began its slow decline. At the fall of the Ottoman Empire after World War I, Aleppo ceded its northern hinterland to modern Turkey, as well as the important railway connecting it to Mosul. In the 1940s, it lost its main access to the sea, Antakya and İskenderun, also to Turkey. Finally, the isolation of Syria in the past few decades further exacerbated the situation. This decline may have helped to preserve the old city of Aleppo, its medieval architecture and traditional heritage. It won the title of the Islamic Capital of Culture 2006, and has had a wave of successful restorations of its historic landmarks. The Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016) occurred in the city during the Syrian Civil War, and many parts of the city suffered massive destruction. Affected parts of the city are currently undergoing reconstruction.
عبد الباسط عبد الصمد ، من أروع محافل سوريا ، ما تيسر من سورة المائدة جامع يلبغا ـ دمشق 1957 HD
#AAZIZASFOUR
#Abdul_Basit_Abdul_Samad
عبد الباسط عبد الصمد ، من أروع محافل سوريا ، ما تيسر من سورة المائدة جامع يلبغا ـ دمشق 1957 HD
Aleppo | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:02:46 1 Etymology
00:04:52 2 History
00:05:01 2.1 Pre-history and pre-classical era
00:10:54 2.2 Classical antiquity
00:13:05 2.3 Ecclesiastical history
00:15:38 2.4 Medieval period
00:20:57 2.5 Ottoman era
00:27:47 2.6 French mandate
00:31:38 2.7 Post-independence
00:36:01 2.8 Syrian Civil War
00:41:22 3 Geography
00:43:31 3.1 Climate
00:44:29 3.2 Architecture
00:47:56 4 Demographics
00:48:06 4.1 History
00:52:06 4.2 Pre-civil war status
00:53:08 4.3 Muslims
00:54:16 4.4 Christians
00:56:42 4.5 Jews
00:59:11 4.6 Spoken languages
01:00:20 5 Culture
01:00:29 5.1 Art
01:02:17 5.2 Museums
01:02:59 5.3 Cuisine
01:05:42 5.4 Leisure and entertainment
01:07:09 5.5 Historical sites
01:07:18 5.5.1 Souqs and khans
01:08:53 5.5.2 Gates of Aleppo and other historic buildings
01:11:17 5.5.3 Places of worship
01:13:47 5.5.4 Hammams
01:14:46 5.6 Nearby attractions and the iDead Cities/i
01:16:46 6 Transportation
01:16:55 6.1 Buses and minibuses
01:17:20 6.2 Railway
01:18:50 6.3 Airport
01:19:44 7 Economy
01:19:53 7.1 Trade and industry
01:22:36 7.2 Construction
01:24:40 8 Education
01:26:03 9 Sport
01:28:02 10 Municipality and international relations
01:28:39 10.1 Subdivisions
01:29:10 10.2 Integrated Urban Development in Aleppo
01:30:37 10.3 Preservation of the ancient city
01:32:37 10.4 Twin towns/sister cities
01:33:07 11 Notable natives
01:33:17 12 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.8523826208527766
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-D
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Aleppo (; Arabic: ﺣَﻠَﺐ / ALA-LC: Ḥalab, IPA: [ˈħalab]) is a city in Syria, serving as the capital of the Aleppo Governorate, the most populous Syrian governorate. With an official population of 4.6 million in 2010, Aleppo was the largest Syrian city before the Syrian Civil War; however, now Aleppo is probably the second-largest city in Syria after the capital Damascus.
Aleppo is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world; it may have been inhabited since the 6th millennium BC. Excavations at Tell as-Sawda and Tell al-Ansari, just south of the old city of Aleppo, show that the area was occupied by Amorites since at least the latter part of the 3rd millennium BC. This is also when Aleppo is first mentioned in cuneiform tablets unearthed in Ebla and Mesopotamia, in which it is a part of the Amorite state of Yamhad, and is noted for its commercial and military proficiency. Such a long history is attributed to its strategic location as a trading center midway between the Mediterranean Sea and Mesopotamia.
For centuries, Aleppo was the largest city in the Syrian region, and the Ottoman Empire's third-largest after Constantinople and Cairo. The city's significance in history has been its location at one end of the Silk Road, which passed through Central Asia and Mesopotamia. When the Suez Canal was inaugurated in 1869, much trade was diverted to sea and Aleppo began its slow decline. At the fall of the Ottoman Empire after World War I, Aleppo lost its northern hinterland to modern Turkey, as well as the important Baghdad Railway connecting it to Mosul. In the 1940s, it lost its main access to the sea, Antakya and İskenderun, also to Turkey. Finally, the isolation of Syria in the past few decades further exacerbated the situation. This decline may have helped to preserve the old city of Aleppo, its medieval architecture and traditional heritage. It won the title of the Islamic Capital of Culture 2006, and has had a wave of successful restorations of its historic landmarks. The Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016) occurred in the city during the Syrian Civil War, and many parts of the city suffered massive destruction. Affected parts of the city are currently undergoing reconstruction.
Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo) | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:01:29 1 Name
00:03:01 2 History
00:03:10 2.1 Origins
00:05:59 2.2 Rise to power
00:06:08 2.2.1 Conflict with the Ayyubids
00:09:23 2.2.2 Factional power struggles
00:15:34 2.3 Bahri rule
00:15:43 2.3.1 Reign of Baybars
00:20:46 2.3.2 Early Qalawuni period
00:25:00 2.3.3 Third reign of an-Nasir Muhammad
00:28:12 2.3.4 End of the Bahri regime
00:32:04 2.4 Burji rule
00:32:12 2.4.1 Reign of Barquq
00:35:41 2.4.2 Crises and restoration of state power
00:37:51 2.4.3 Reign of Barsbay
00:40:13 2.5 Fall
00:42:42 3 Society
00:42:50 3.1 Language
00:45:31 3.2 Religion
00:45:39 3.2.1 Muslim community
00:49:36 3.2.2 Christian and Jewish communities
00:52:59 3.3 Bedouin relationship with the state
00:55:57 4 Government
00:57:05 4.1 Authority of the sultan
01:01:41 4.2 Role of the caliph
01:03:01 4.3 Military and administrative hierarchy
01:07:22 5 Economy
01:09:17 5.1 iIqtaʿ/i system
01:12:40 5.2 Agriculture
01:15:00 5.3 Trade and industry
01:17:58 6 List of sultans
01:18:07 7 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.9059132868142936
Voice name: en-AU-Wavenet-D
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Mamluk Sultanate (Arabic: سلطنة المماليك, romanized: Salṭanat al-Mamālīk) was a medieval realm spanning Egypt, the Levant, and Hejaz. It lasted from the overthrow of the Ayyubid dynasty until the Ottoman conquest of Egypt in 1517. Historians have traditionally broken the era of Mamlūk rule into two periods—one covering 1250–1382, the other, 1382–1517. Western historians call the former the Baḥrī period and the latter the Burjī due to the political dominance of the regimes known by these names during the respective eras. Contemporary Muslim historians refer to the same divisions as the Turkic and Circassian periods in order to stress the change in the ethnic origins of the majority of Mamlūks.The Mamlūk state reached its height under Turkic rule with Arabic culture and then fell into a prolonged phase of decline under the Circassians. The sultanate's ruling caste was composed of Mamluks, soldiers of predominantly Cuman-Kipchaks (from Crimea), Circassian, Abkhazian, Oghuz Turks and Georgian slave origin. While Mamluks were purchased, their status was above ordinary slaves, who were not allowed to carry weapons or perform certain tasks. Mamluks were considered to be true lords, with social status above citizens of Egypt. Though it declined towards the end of its existence, at its height the sultanate represented the zenith of medieval Egyptian and Levantine political, economic, and cultural glory in the Islamic Golden Age.