US invasion of Grenada | Wikipedia audio article
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US invasion of Grenada
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
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The United States invasion of Grenada began on 25 October 1983. The invasion, led by the United States, of the Caribbean island nation of Grenada, which has a population of about 91,000 and is located 160 kilometres (99 mi) north of Venezuela, resulted in a U.S. victory within a matter of days. Codenamed Operation Urgent Fury, it was triggered by the internal strife within the People's Revolutionary Government that resulted in the house arrest and the execution of the previous leader and second Prime Minister of Grenada Maurice Bishop, and the establishment of a preliminary government, the Revolutionary Military Council with Hudson Austin as Chairman. The invasion resulted in the appointment of an interim government, followed by democratic elections in 1984. The country has remained a democratic nation since then.
Grenada gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1974. The Marxist-Leninist New Jewel Movement seized power in a coup in 1979 under Maurice Bishop, suspending the constitution and detaining a number of political prisoners. Among Bishop's core principles were workers' rights, women's rights, and the struggle against racism and Apartheid. Under Bishop's leadership, the National Women’s Organization was formed which participated in policy decisions along with other social groups. Women were given equal pay and paid maternity leave, and sex discrimination was made illegal. Organisations for education (Center for Popular Education), health care, and youth affairs (National Youth Organization) were also established. In 1983, an internal power struggle began over Bishop's relatively moderate foreign policy approach, and on 19 October, hard-line military junta elements captured and executed Bishop and his partner Jacqueline Creft, along with three cabinet ministers and two union leaders. Subsequently, following appeals by the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States and the Governor-General of Grenada, Paul Scoon, the Reagan Administration in the U.S. quickly decided to launch a military intervention. U.S. President Ronald Reagan's justification for the intervention was in part explained as concerns over the 600 U.S. medical students on the island and fears of a repeat of the Iran hostage crisis.
The U.S. invasion began six days after Bishop's death, on the morning of 25 October 1983, just two days and several hours after the bombing of the U.S. Marine barracks in Beirut. The invading force consisted of the U.S. Army's Rapid Deployment Force (the 1st and 2nd Ranger Battalions and 82nd Airborne Division paratroopers); U.S. Marines (22nd MAU); U.S. Army Delta Force; U.S. Navy SEALs, and ancillary forces totaling 7,600 U.S.troops, together with Jamaican forces, and troops of the Regional Security System (RSS).
USAF Pararescue and TACP personnel from the 21St Tass, Shaw AFB were attached to various other Special Operations Units during the Grenada conflict. The invasion force defeated Grenadian resistance after a low-altitude airborne assault by Rangers on Point Salines Airport at the south end of the island, and a Marine helicopter and amphibious landing on the north end at Pearls Airport. The military government of Hudson Austin was deposed and replaced by a government appointed by Governor-General Paul Scoon.
The invasion was criticized by several countries including Canada. British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher privately disapproved of the mission and the lack of notice she received, but publicly supported the intervention. The United Nations General Assembly, on 2 November 1983 with a vote of 108 to 9, condemned it as a flagrant violation of international law. Conversely, it enjoyed broad public support in the United States and, over time, a positive evaluation from the Grenadian population, who appreciated the fact that there had been relatively few civilian casualties, as well as the return to democratic elections in 1984. The U.S. awar ...
Rumours and conspiracy theories about the July 2005 London bombings | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:01:21 1 Attacks
00:01:31 1.1 London Underground
00:05:35 1.2 Tavistock Square bus
00:08:33 1.3 Victims
00:09:46 2 Attackers
00:09:55 2.1 Profiles
00:12:20 2.2 Videotaped statements
00:14:59 3 Effects and response
00:15:09 3.1 Initial reports
00:16:03 3.2 Security alerts
00:17:08 3.3 Transport and telecoms disruption
00:21:01 3.4 Economic effect
00:23:31 3.5 Media response
00:25:49 3.6 Claims of responsibility
00:27:47 3.6.1 Abu Hafs al-Masri Brigades
00:28:21 3.7 Conspiracy theories
00:30:03 4 Investigation
00:30:12 4.1 Initial results
00:32:07 4.2 Police raids
00:32:59 4.3 Luton cell
00:34:16 4.4 March 2007 arrests
00:35:04 4.5 May 2007 arrests
00:36:04 4.6 Deportation of Abdullah el-Faisal
00:36:53 4.7 Investigation of Mohammad Sidique Khan
00:38:05 4.8 Reports of warnings
00:41:15 4.9 Anwar al-Awlaki
00:41:47 4.10 Independent inquest
00:45:57 4.11 Alleged newspaper phone hacking
00:47:02 5 Memorials
00:47:39 5.1 United Kingdom
00:49:24 5.2 International
00:51:15 6 Planned anniversary attack
00:51:53 7 See also
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I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
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The 7 July 2005 London bombings, often referred to as 7/7, were a series of coordinated terrorist suicide attacks in London, United Kingdom, which targeted commuters travelling on the city's public transport system during the morning rush hour.
Four radical Islamic terrorists separately detonated three homemade bombs in quick succession aboard London Underground trains across the city and, later, a fourth on a double-decker bus in Tavistock Square. The train bombings occurred on the Circle line near Aldgate and at Edgware Road, and on the Piccadilly line near Russell Square.
Fifty-two people of 18 different nationalities, all of whom were UK residents, were killed, and more than 700 were injured, in the attacks, making it Britain's deadliest terrorist incident since the 1988 bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 near Lockerbie, Scotland, as well as the country's first Islamist suicide attack.
The explosions were caused by triacetone triperoxide-based IEDs packed into backpacks. The bombings were followed two weeks later by a series of attempted attacks that failed to cause injury or damage. The 7 July attacks occurred the day after London had won its bid to host the 2012 Olympic Games.