10 Firsts in America’s Involvement in World War I
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American Expeditionary Forces in Siberia, Russia | 1918-1920 | US Army Documentary
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This film is a U.S. Army Documentary about the story of the American Expeditionary Force in Siberia, Russia, from 1918 to 1920.
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND / CONTEXT
The American Expeditionary Force Siberia (AEF Siberia) was a United States Army force that was involved in the Russian Civil War in Vladivostok, Russian Empire, during the end of World War 1 after the October Revolution, from 1918 to 1920.
In the last year of the Great War (also known as the First World War), President Woodrow Wilson's claimed objectives for sending troops to Siberia were as much diplomatic as they were military. One major reason was to rescue the 40,000 men of the Czechoslovak Legions, who were being held up by Bolshevik forces as they attempted to make their way along the Trans-Siberian Railroad to Vladivostok, and it was hoped, eventually to the Western Front. Another major reason was to protect the large quantities of military supplies and railroad rolling stock that the United States had sent to the Russian Far East in support of the prior Russian government's war efforts on the Eastern Front. Equally stressed by Wilson was the need to steady any efforts at self-government or self defense in which the Russians themselves may be willing to accept assistance. At the time, Bolshevik forces controlled only small pockets in Siberia and Wilson wanted to make sure that neither Cossack marauders nor the Japanese military would take advantage of the unstable political environment along the strategic railroad line and in the resource-rich Siberian regions that straddled it.
Concurrently and for similar reasons, about 5,000 American soldiers were sent to Arkhangelsk (Archangel), Western Russia by Wilson as part of the separate Polar Bear Expedition.
The American Expeditionary Force Siberia was commanded by Major General William S. Graves and eventually totaled 7,950 officers and enlisted men. The AEF Siberia included the U.S. Army's 27th and 31st Infantry Regiments, plus large numbers of volunteers from the 12th Infantry Regiments, 13th, and 62nd Infantry Regiments of the 8th Division, Graves' former division command.
Although General Graves did not arrive in Siberia until September 4, 1918, the first 3,000 American troops disembarked in Vladivostok between August 15 and August 21, 1918. They were quickly assigned guard duty along segments of the railway between Vladivostok and Nikolsk-Ussuriski in the north.
Unlike his Allied counterparts, General Graves believed their mission in Siberia was to provide protection for American-supplied property and to help the Czechoslovak Legions evacuate Russia, and that it did not include fighting against the Bolsheviks. Repeatedly calling for restraint, Graves often clashed with commanders of British, French and Japanese forces, who also had troops in the region and who wanted him to take a more active part in the military intervention in Siberia.
The experience in Siberia for the soldiers was miserable. Problems with fuel, ammunition, supplies and food were widespread. Horses accustomed to temperate climates were unable to function in sub-zero Russia. Water-cooled machine guns froze and became useless.
The last American soldiers left Siberia on April 1, 1920. During their 19 months in Siberia, 189 soldiers of the American Expeditionary Force Siberia died from all causes. As a comparison, the smaller American North Russia Expeditionary Force experienced 235 deaths from all causes during their 9 months of fighting near Arkhangelsk.
American Expeditionary Forces in Siberia, Russia | 1918-1920 | US Army Documentary
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Governor | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Governor
00:01:30 1 Pre-Roman empires
00:02:01 1.1 Egypt
00:02:24 1.2 Pre- and Hellenistic satraps
00:03:04 1.3 In ancient Rome
00:05:59 1.4 Byzantium
00:06:34 1.5 Legacy
00:06:55 2 Holy Roman/ Habsburg Empires and successor states
00:07:09 3 Turkish rule
00:07:38 4 British Empire and Commonwealth of Nations
00:09:00 4.1 Vice-regal governors
00:09:09 4.1.1 United Kingdom overseas territories
00:09:47 4.1.2 Australia
00:10:49 4.1.3 Canada
00:11:47 4.1.4 British Hong Kong (1841–1997)
00:12:44 4.1.5 New Zealand
00:13:01 4.1.6 Within the United Kingdom
00:13:21 4.1.7 Within England
00:13:42 4.2 Elsewhere in the Commonwealth
00:13:51 4.2.1 India
00:14:27 4.2.2 Kenya
00:15:53 4.2.3 Malaysia
00:16:39 4.2.4 Nigeria
00:17:08 4.2.5 Pakistan
00:17:36 4.2.6 Papua New Guinea
00:17:54 4.2.7 Sri Lanka
00:18:18 5 Other colonial empires
00:19:07 6 Russia and former Soviet Union
00:21:12 7 Other European countries and empires
00:21:23 7.1 Austria
00:22:02 7.2 Benelux monarchies
00:23:00 7.3 France
00:24:23 7.4 Germany
00:25:22 7.5 Greece
00:25:42 7.6 Italy
00:27:12 8 Other modern Asian countries
00:27:22 8.1 Indonesia
00:28:47 8.2 Japan
00:29:48 8.3 People's Republic of China
00:30:34 8.4 Philippines
00:31:56 8.5 Thailand
00:32:25 9 Other modern countries in North America
00:32:36 9.1 United States
00:34:48 9.2 Mexico
00:35:15 10 Other modern countries in South America
00:35:36 10.1 Brazil
00:36:02 11 Modern equivalents
00:36:28 12 Other meanings of the word
00:37:07 13 See also
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
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A governor is, in most cases, a public official with the power to govern the executive branch of a non-sovereign or sub-national level of government, ranking under the head of state. In federations, governor may be the title of a politician who governs a constituent state and may be either appointed or elected. The power of the individual governor can vary dramatically between political systems, with some governors having only nominal or largely ceremonial power, while others having a complete control over the entire government.
Historically, the title can also apply to the executive officials acting as representatives of a chartered company which has been granted exercise of sovereignty in a colonial area, such as the British East India Company or the Dutch East India Company. These companies operate as a major state within a state with its own armed forces.
There can also be non-political governors: high-ranking officials in private or similar governance such as commercial and non-profit management, styled governor(s), who simply govern an institution, such as a corporation or a bank. For example, in the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth countries, there are prison governors (wardens in the United States), school governors and bank governors.
The adjective pertaining to a governor is gubernatorial, from the Latin root gubernare. The historical female form is governess, though female officials are referred to by the gender-neutral form governor (without the gender specific suffix) of the noun to avoid confusion with other meanings of the term.