Places to see in ( Orvieto - Italy ) Orvieto Sotterranea
Places to see in ( Orvieto - Italy ) Orvieto Sotterranea
Together with other underground routes that shouldn’t be missed, the Orvieto Underground visit includes an extremely evocative and interesting guided tour that, through a labyrinth of open caves dug out of the tuffaceous rock by the inhabitants over the course of 2500 years of uninterrupted excavations, will put you in touch with the most mysterious depths of the cliff: a real underground city made of a large number of caves that cross and overlap underneath the urban fabric, where Orvieto’s inhabitants have carried out a multitude of daily activities since the city’s origins back in Etruscan times. These are valuable pages of history and archaeology, providing information that only recently has been studied in an organic and scientific way; the area was brought back to public use in the 1990s, with the identification under numbers 536 and 6 of two important underground complexes amongst the approximately 1200 underground caves.
Do not hesitate to embark on this extraordinary journey back in time: The route itself is an easy walk and all you need are comfortable shoes. Tickets can be purchased in Piazza Duomo, near the Tourism Office. Specialized guides will accompany you to the route access, inside the nearby Parco delle Grotte, a large green area provided with picnic facilities that, amongst breath-taking scenarios, gently slopes down along Orvieto’s cliff. Once you complete your tour you can stop and have your picnic here, if you like. Before you venture to the dark depths of the earth, take a moment to observe the gentle and sinuous skyline of the surrounding hills, the varied sequence of cultivations of the hill terraces and the fascinating silhouette of the ancient Badia dei Santi Severio e Martirio (the Abbey of Saints Severus and Martyrius) surrounded by cypresses and olive trees.
Walking across the large criss-cross of tunnels of cave 536, you will admire the remains of a large and well preserved olive press and some grindstones, one of which dating back to 1697, even though its structure could be dating back to as early as the second half of the fourteenth century, a chamber located facing the press, that could be one of the tubs where the olive residues were left before processing and a number of surrounding areas as well as structures that served the mill such as other tubs, cellars, stables, a fireplace and a water channel. In the articulated array of sections of this large cave, extending for over 850 square metres, you will notice a mysterious and irregular sequence of chambers connected to each other. This is a large pozzolana quarry, offering an interesting example of how excavations were carried out: that is, in a completely disorganized way, without even worrying about stability, following not a pre-ordered spatial plan, but the veins of material. According to the documents in the archives the opening or re-opening of the quarry date back to 1882. Amongst the findings that were brought to light, there are three vertical channels with notches for footboards dating, much further back, to Etruscan times.
Venture down the fascinating and interesting cave No. 6, that, through an array of ravines, small flights of stairs and narrow tunnels, will lead you to amazing examples of colombari located on different levels. The rectangular openings so close to each other along a line in the dug out tufa, that fascinated archaeologists for a long time with regard to the nature of their origin, have at last revealed themselves to be an extremely rational system of cells used to breed pigeons and give them nesting places, used since Etruscan times; this function is also confirmed by the presence of tubs supplying water and by openings located on the side near the edge of the cliff, that were needed in order for the birds to be in touch with the outside world. By reading some ceramic fragments found in the vicinity, experts have come to the conclusion that the tubs were also needed for the activity of two kilns where clay vases were baked in two different periods during the eighteenth century.
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Mosaic | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Mosaic
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
A mosaic is a piece of art or image made from the assembling of small pieces of colored glass, stone, or other materials. It is often used in decorative art or as interior decoration. Most mosaics are made of small, flat, roughly square, pieces of stone or glass of different colors, known as tesserae. Some, especially floor mosaics, are made of small rounded pieces of stone, and called pebble mosaics.
Mosaics have a long history, starting in Mesopotamia in the 3rd millennium BC. Pebble mosaics were made in Tiryns in Mycenean Greece; mosaics with patterns and pictures became widespread in classical times, both in Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. Early Christian basilicas from the 4th century onwards were decorated with wall and ceiling mosaics. Mosaic art flourished in the Byzantine Empire from the 6th to the 15th centuries; that tradition was adopted by the Norman Kingdom of Sicily in the 12th century, by the eastern-influenced Republic of Venice, and among the Rus in Ukraine. Mosaic fell out of fashion in the Renaissance, though artists like Raphael continued to practise the old technique. Roman and Byzantine influence led Jewish artists to decorate 5th and 6th century synagogues in the Middle East with floor mosaics.
Mosaic was widely used on religious buildings and palaces in early Islamic art, including Islam's first great religious building, the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem, and the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus. Mosaic went out of fashion in the Islamic world after the 8th century.
Modern mosaics are made by professional artists, street artists, and as a popular craft. Many materials other than traditional stone and ceramic tesserae may be employed, including shells, glass and beads.
Mosaic | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Mosaic
00:01:46 1 History
00:02:24 1.1 Greek and Roman
00:07:07 1.2 Christian mosaics
00:07:16 1.2.1 Early Christian art
00:11:18 1.2.2 Ravenna
00:13:45 1.2.3 Butrint
00:15:26 1.2.4 Late Antique and Early Medieval Rome
00:18:31 1.2.5 Byzantine mosaics
00:31:16 1.2.6 Rome in the High Middle Ages
00:33:37 1.2.7 Sicily
00:38:02 1.2.8 Venice
00:39:45 1.2.9 Medieval Italy
00:42:24 1.2.10 Western and Central Europe
00:46:07 1.2.11 Renaissance and Baroque
00:48:00 1.2.12 The Christian East
00:55:33 1.2.13 Orthodox countries
00:58:28 1.3 Jewish mosaics
01:04:02 1.4 Middle Eastern and Western Asian art
01:04:12 1.4.1 Pre-Islamic Arabia
01:04:47 1.4.2 Pre-Islamic Persia
01:05:22 1.4.3 Islamic art
01:05:30 1.4.3.1 Arab
01:10:50 2 Modern mosaics
01:12:00 2.1 Mosaics as a popular craft
01:12:39 2.2 Mosaics in street art
01:13:30 2.3 Calçada Portuguesa
01:14:39 3 Terminology
01:16:29 4 Three techniques
01:16:45 4.1 Direct method
01:18:17 4.2 Indirect method
01:19:13 4.3 Double indirect method
01:20:29 5 Mathematics
01:20:51 6 Digital imaging
01:22:23 7 Robotic manufacturing
01:23:07 8 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
A mosaic is a piece of art or image made from the assembling of small pieces of colored glass, stone, or other materials. It is often used in decorative art or as interior decoration. Most mosaics are made of small, flat, roughly square, pieces of stone or glass of different colors, known as tesserae. Some, especially floor mosaics, are made of small rounded pieces of stone, and called pebble mosaics.
Mosaics have a long history, starting in Mesopotamia in the 3rd millennium BC. Pebble mosaics were made in Tiryns in Mycenean Greece; mosaics with patterns and pictures became widespread in classical times, both in Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. Early Christian basilicas from the 4th century onwards were decorated with wall and ceiling mosaics. Mosaic art flourished in the Byzantine Empire from the 6th to the 15th centuries; that tradition was adopted by the Norman Kingdom of Sicily in the 12th century, by the eastern-influenced Republic of Venice, and among the Rus in Ukraine. Mosaic fell out of fashion in the Renaissance, though artists like Raphael continued to practise the old technique. Roman and Byzantine influence led Jewish artists to decorate 5th and 6th century synagogues in the Middle East with floor mosaics.
Mosaic was widely used on religious buildings and palaces in early Islamic art, including Islam's first great religious building, the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem, and the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus. Mosaic went out of fashion in the Islamic world after the 8th century.
Modern mosaics are made by professional artists, street artists, and as a popular craft. Many materials other than traditional stone and ceramic tesserae may be employed, including shells, glass and beads.
Mosaic | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:02:35 1 History
00:03:25 1.1 Greek and Roman
00:10:10 1.2 Christian mosaics
00:10:20 1.2.1 Early Christian art
00:16:04 1.2.2 Ravenna
00:19:32 1.2.3 Butrint
00:21:53 1.2.4 Late Antique and Early Medieval Rome
00:26:17 1.2.5 Byzantine mosaics
00:44:40 1.2.6 Rome in the High Middle Ages
00:48:00 1.2.7 Sicily
00:54:16 1.2.8 Venice
00:56:43 1.2.9 Medieval Italy
01:00:28 1.2.10 Western and Central Europe
01:05:45 1.2.11 Renaissance and Baroque
01:08:23 1.2.12 The Christian East
01:19:15 1.2.13 Orthodox countries
01:23:25 1.3 Jewish mosaics
01:31:25 1.4 Middle Eastern and Western Asian art
01:31:36 1.4.1 Pre-Islamic Arabia
01:32:23 1.4.2 Pre-Islamic Persia
01:33:10 1.4.3 Islamic art
01:33:18 1.4.3.1 Arab
01:40:54 2 Modern mosaics
01:42:29 2.1 Mosaics as a popular craft
01:43:21 2.2 Mosaics in street art
01:44:31 2.3 Calçada Portuguesa
01:46:07 3 Terminology
01:48:40 4 Three techniques
01:48:59 4.1 Direct method
01:51:09 4.2 Indirect method
01:52:27 4.3 Double indirect method
01:54:13 5 Mathematics
01:54:41 6 Digital imaging
01:56:48 7 Robotic manufacturing
01:57:49 8 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.7091262303267695
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-E
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
A mosaic is a piece of art or image made from the assembling of small pieces of colored glass, stone, or other materials. It is often used in decorative art or as interior decoration. Most mosaics are made of small, flat, roughly square, pieces of stone or glass of different colors, known as tesserae. Some, especially floor mosaics, are made of small rounded pieces of stone, and called pebble mosaics.
Mosaics have a long history, starting in Mesopotamia in the 3rd millennium BC. Pebble mosaics were made in Tiryns in Mycenean Greece; mosaics with patterns and pictures became widespread in classical times, both in Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. Early Christian basilicas from the 4th century onwards were decorated with wall and ceiling mosaics. Mosaic art flourished in the Byzantine Empire from the 6th to the 15th centuries; that tradition was adopted by the Norman Kingdom of Sicily in the 12th century, by the eastern-influenced Republic of Venice, and among the Rus in Ukraine. Mosaic fell out of fashion in the Renaissance, though artists like Raphael continued to practise the old technique. Roman and Byzantine influence led Jewish artists to decorate 5th and 6th century synagogues in the Middle East with floor mosaics.
Mosaic was widely used on religious buildings and palaces in early Islamic art, including Islam's first great religious building, the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem, and the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus. Mosaic went out of fashion in the Islamic world after the 8th century.
Modern mosaics are made by professional artists, street artists, and as a popular craft. Many materials other than traditional stone and ceramic tesserae may be employed, including shells, glass and beads.