War Museum | Poznan | Poland
This museum is located on Citadel Hill, a huge park area in the city. The park is also where the Poznan Old Garrison Commonwealth War Cemetery is located.
Dagger Brigade Soldiers display vehicles for Polish community
Credit: Sgt. Mark Brejcha | Date Taken: 10/21/2017
Soldiers from 1st Battalion, 63rd Armor Regiment, 2nd Armored Brigade Combat Team, 1st Infantry Division displayed their military vehicles at the Stalag Luft III P.O.W. Museum near Zagan, Poland. Local families were able to visit and speak with the Soldiers as well as interact with the equipment. The Big Red One Poland Historical Association joined the static display with World War II attire and items.
Military equipment in kolobrzeg polen - Museum of Polish Arms
Military equipment in kolobrzeg polen - Museum of Polish Arms. The story of the Museum of Polish Arms stretches as far as 1945, when Kolobrzeg was the scene of a fierce siege, followed by street fights, and the symbolical Marriage to the Sea. After WW II the unused military equipment was stored near the then rebuilt cathedral, and this is how the first branch of the museum was born. Today the large Kolobrzeg's collection of various types of weapons occupies a majestic empire palace, and is supplemented by an open air exposition, attracting military buffs from all over Poland and abroad. The museum's younger brother is the Open Air Maritime Museum, with two demobbed ships open for exploration.
Second world war live Museum Rising Museum in Poznan Old Town Square
Rising Museum situated in the Old town square of the Poznan displays the artifacts and weaponry from the second world war. It is situated near the Town hall and is an underground Museum.
Inside the Museum you get to see the second world war artifacts like bombs, motorbike, bunker, tunnel, typewriter, dummy soldiers, machine gun, gas mask, fuel tank, war uniforms etc.
You will be welcomed by the Museum guards dressed in the second world war Polish soldiers' uniforms. Once you go inside, to give you a real feel of the second world war , they also play background music of the bombing, shooting and firing besides the museum being dark as if you are in a tunnel.
This museum is known as the rising museum and it is located in the old town square of the Poznan or the Stary Rynek, Poznan.
Another such museum is also there in the Warsaw in Poznan.
For more details, visit this link:
DFN: Sabre Strike 18 - BG Richard Coffman, VILNIUS, LITHUANIA, 06.03.2018
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Sabre Strike 18 - BG Richard Coffman
VILNIUS, LITHUANIA
06.03.2018
Video by Petty Officer 2nd Class Eric Coffer
Defense Media Activity - Europe Africa
Opening remarks from BG Richard Coffman, Deputy Commanding General (maneuver) 1 ID
TAGS,Opening Ceremony,US Army,Lithuania,1 ID,Vilnius,Sabre Strike 2018
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Реконструкция сражения крепости Познань. Танковый музей Кубинка. Tank museum Kubinka Russia
Реконструкция исторического эпизода Великой Отечественной войны « Взятие города – крепости Познань.» с применением бронетехники Советской Армии и вермахта.
По мнению международных экспертов музей в Кубинке(*) является лучшим мировым собранием исторической техники сразу по нескольким критериям. В Музее находится самая большая коллекция танков и авто-бронетехники СССР. В Музее собрана самая полная коллекция военной авто-бронетехники фашистской Германии. В музее находится единственная в мире коллекция бронетанковой техники милитаристской Японии. Большинство экспонатов из этих коллекций — уникальны, то есть существуют в мире в единственном экземпляре.В Музее находятся также экспериментальные разработки отечественной бронетанковой техники и ее различных элементов в соответствии с развитием и задачами на каждом этапе строительства Вооруженных Сил СССР.
Reconstruction of the historical episode of the great Patriotic war, the capture of the fortress city of Poznan. using armored vehicles the Soviet Army and the Wehrmacht.
According to international experts, the Museum in Kubinka(*) is the world's best collection of historical technology on several criteria. The Museum houses the largest collection of tanks and armored vehicles of the USSR. The Museum contains the largest collection of military car armored Nazi Germany. The Museum houses the only collection in the world of armored vehicles militarist Japan. Most of the exhibits from these collections is unique, then there exist in the world in a single copy.In the Museum are also experimental development of domestic armored vehicles and its various elements in accordance with the development and issues at each stage of development of the Armed Forces of the USSR.
Saber Strike18 Interview:Staff Sergeant Rachel Nally,Launcher Section Chief,Defense Artillery,POLAND
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Saber Strike 18 Interview: Staff Sergeant Rachel Nally, Launcher Section Chief, 5th Battalion, 7th Air Defense Artillery
DRAWSKO POMORSKIE, POLAND
06.07.2018
Video by Sgt. Anri Baril
Defense Media Activity - Europe Africa
Staff Sergeant Rachel Nally, Launcher Section Chief, 5th Battalion, 7th Air Defense Artillery conducts interview during Exercise Saber Strike. Saber Strike 18 is the eighth iteration of the long-standing U.S. Army Europe-led cooperative training exercise designed to enhance interoperability among allies and regional partners. This year's exercise, scheduled to take place from June 3-15, 2018, will focus on improving land and air operational capabilities with an additional key objective to train with NATO's enhanced Forward Presence (eFP) battlegroups. The eFP battlegroups located in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland are part of NATO's overall deterrence and defense posture and are designed to demonstrate the Alliance's determination and ability to act as one in response to any aggression against its members. NATO’s Multinational Corps North East will command and control multinational portions of the exercise. Key training events of Saber Strike 18 include a convoy by 2nd Cavalry Regiment from Germany to Latvia as they participate in different aspects of the exercise; an air assault operation in Lithuania; and bridge and river crossing operations in several locations to support freedom of movement. Nations scheduled to participate in the exercise include: Canada, Croatia, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Spain, United Kingdom, and the United States, as well as NATO. The Press Camp will be part of a larger training exercise known as Saber Strike 2018. Saber Strike is a US Army Europe led coalition with Eastern European countries in a mass training exercise to enhance partnerships. Nineteen nations will participate in this year’s Saber. The event will take place between May 28 and June 24 2018.
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General tags:defense flash news,defence news,MILITARY,Weapons,Aircraft,Ships,Vehicles,Operations,air force,navy,marine,army,Snipers,Firefights,Afghanistan,Guns & Weapons,Iraq,Explosions,SpecOps,Military Aircraft,Ships & Subs,Syria,Terrorism,Global Hot Spots,Vehicles,Air Force,Marine Corps,Navy,Army,Coast Guard,Events,Army Deployment,Technology,Military News,Fitness,Special Operations,Entertainment, united states,usa,UNITED KINGDOM,uk,china,canada,australia,france,GERMANY,japan,russia,india,technology in defense,new technology in defence,Observation Post,BBC,Bloomberg,Stars and Stripes,Fox News,CNN,MSNBC,USA Today,PBS,ABC News,The Daily Show,Leatherneck,NPR,The Colbert Report,Slate,The Economist,CBS News,The Washington post,Military Times,military embedded systems magazine,Navy Times,The New York Times,Marine Corps Gazette,MSN,The Guardian,The New Yorker,Politico,APG News,Business Insider,Military Spouse Magazine,Quantico Sentry,Gulf Defender,DC Military,Marines.mil. Marine Corps Times,The Wallstreet Journal,Google News,The Blaze,Yahoo News,Mother Jones,Breitbart,The Huffington Post,Think Progress,Drudge Report,Daily KOS,The Sean Hannity show,Al Jezeera America,The Ed Shultz Show,The Glenn Beck Program,The Rush Limbaugh Show,Vietnow National Magazine,Veterans of foreign war magazine,Northwest Airlifter,Navy Compass,Military Review magazine,GI Jobs magazine,Hilltop Times,Defenses News,Annapolis Trident,1st Infantry Division Post
Never heard of the Ostwall? Here is why...
The Ostwall (Oder-Warthe-Bogen) is quite forgotten, there are many reasons for this. Technically, there are at least 3 construction projects of the Second World War that are referred to with Ostwall. This video tackles the various factors why you probably never heard of the Ostwall, although it was a major and expensive project.
Special thanks to Czeslaw and Mirko!
Visited Museum:
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Lübke, Norbert: Festungsfront Oder-Warthe-Bogen. Geschichte und Gegenwart des „Ostwalls“. Orte der Geschichte e.V.: Berlin, Germany, 2019.
Jurga, Robert M.: Lisiecki, Leszek: Panzerwerk PZ.W. 717. Werkgruppe Scharnhorst. Zielona Góra, 2015.
Mawdsley, Evan: Thunder in the East. The Nazi-Soviet War 1941-1945. Second Edition. Bloomsbury: London, 2016.
TsAMO: F 500, Op. 12450, D 159: 2. Ausführungsbefehl zum Führerbefehl Nr. 10, 4. 9. 1943
Jacobsen, H.A.: 1939-1945. Der Zweite Weltkrieg in Chronik und Dokumenten. Dritte durchgesehene und ergänzte Auflage. Wehr und Wissen Verlagsgesellschaft: Darmstadt, 1960
Karl-Heinz Frieser, Klaus Schmider, Klaus Schönherr, Gerhard Schreiber, Krisztián Ungváry, Bernd Wegner: Das Deutsche Reich und der Zweite Weltkrieg, Band 8: Die Ostfront 1943/44 – Der Krieg im Osten und an den Nebenfronten. Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt: Stuttgart, 2007.
Das Deutsche Reich und der Zweite Weltkrieg – Band 10/1: Der Zusammenbruch des Deutschen Reiches 1945 und die Folgen des Zweiten Weltkrieges. Teilband 1: Die militärische Niederwerfung der Wehrmacht. Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, Stuttgart 2008.
Militärgeschichtliches Forschungsamt (Hrsg.): Deutsche Militärgeschichte 1648-1939 in sechs Bänden. Bernard & Graefe Verlag; München, 1983.
Leibner, Günter: Festung “Oder-Warthe-Bogen“. Ingrid Haupt: Buchholz, Germany, 2000.
Kaufmann, J. E.; Jurga, Robert M.: Fortress Europe. European Fortifications of World War II. Da Capo Press: US, 2002 (1999).
#Ostwall #Fortification #WW2
IS-2 Soviet heavy tank, model 1944, Poland
The IS Tank (IS in Cyrillic ИС, meaning the Joseph Stalin or Iosif Stalin in Cyrillic Ио́сиф Ста́лин) was a series of heavy tanks developed as a successor to the KV-series by the Soviet Union during World War II and was named after Soviet leader Joseph Stalin. The heavy tank was designed with thick armour to counter German 88 mm guns and carried a main gun capable of defeating Tiger and Panther tanks. It was mainly a breakthrough tank, firing a heavy high-explosive shell that was useful against entrenchments and bunkers. The IS-2 went into service in April 1944 and was used as a spearhead by the Red Army in the final stage of the Battle of Berlin.
This vehicle here is the second production model with the revised drivers position. It served in the Polish People's Army which received 71 IS-2 tanks. They were used to form two heavy tank regiments, the 4th and 5th Heavy Tank Regiments. Both regiments saw extensive fighting from the winter 1944-45 offensive through to the final assaults on Berlin. The 4th Heavy Tank Regiment was committed to action in Pomerania during the January 1945 offensive, and by the end of the war was credited with 31 German armoured vehicles and 76 artillery pieces destroyed in combat, for a loss of 14 IS-2 heavy tanks. The 5th Heavy Tank Regiment went into action in the final month of the war, seeing action in the Berlin and Prague campaigns. Two other regiments, the 6th and the 7th, were not completely organized by the time the fighting ceased. At the end of the war the Polish People's Army had 26 IS-2 tanks still in service, having returned 21 to the Red Army and having lost 24 in combat or to mechanical problems. These remaining tanks formed the post-war 7th Heavy Tank Regiment.
Apart from Soviet Union and Poland IS-2 heavy tanks were also used by China, Czechoslovakia, Egypt, Cuba, North Korea.
Specifications:
Weight 46 tonnes (51 short tons; 45 long tons)
Length 9.90 m (32 ft 6 in)
Width: 3.09 m (10 ft 2 in)
Height: 2.73 m (8 ft 11 in)
Crew: 4
Armor: 60–110 mm (2.4–4.3 in)
Main armament: D25-T 122 mm gun (28 rounds)
Secondary armament: 3 × DT (2,079 rounds)
Engine: 12-cyl. diesel model V-2 600 hp (450 kW)
Power/weight: 13 hp/tonne
Suspension: torsion bar
Fuel capacity: 820 l (180 imp gal; 220 US gal)
Operational range: 240 km (150 mi)
Speed: 37 km/h (23 mph)
The StuG III - Germany's deadliest AFV
At Bovington Tankfest, there were three Stug III assault guns for me to have a look at. Naturally, I looked at all three.
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POLAND - WikiVidi Documentary
Poland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a sovereign country in Central Europe. It is a unitary state divided into 16 administrative subdivisions, covering an area of 312679 km2 with a mostly temperate climate. With a population of over 38.5 million people, Poland is the sixth most populous member state of the European Union. Poland's capital and largest city is Warsaw. Other cities include Kraków, Wrocław, Poznań, Gdańsk and Szczecin. The establishment of a Polish state can be traced back to 966, when Mieszko I, ruler of a territory roughly coextensive with that of present-day Poland, converted to Christianity. The Kingdom of Poland was founded in 1025, and in 1569 it cemented a longstanding political association with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by signing the Union of Lublin. This union formed the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, one of the largest and most populous countries of 16th and 17th century Europe with a uniquely liberal political system which declared Europe's fir...
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Shortcuts to chapters:
00:03:54: Etymology
00:04:29: Prehistory and protohistory
00:06:03: Piast dynasty
00:10:19: Jagiellon dynasty
00:13:41: Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
00:18:20: Partitions
00:21:28: Era of insurrections
00:26:58: Reconstruction
00:30:40: World War II
00:38:45: Post-war communism
00:41:58: Present-day
00:45:42: Geography
00:47:24: Geology
00:50:40: Waters
00:55:58: Land use
00:57:39: Biodiversity
00:59:21: Climate
01:01:04: Politics
01:03:31: Law
01:07:31: Foreign relations
01:10:20: Administrative divisions
01:11:15: Military
01:15:26: Law enforcement and emergency services
01:16:56: Economy
01:21:14: Corporations
01:22:48: Tourism
01:24:55: Energy
01:26:43: Transport
01:30:42: Science and technology
01:32:44: Communications
01:34:24: Demographics
01:38:07: Languages
01:39:57: Religion
01:44:47: Health
01:46:45: Education
01:49:26: Culture
01:50:25: Famous people
01:51:39: Society
01:54:06: Music
01:58:10: Art
02:00:44: Architecture
02:04:53: Literature
02:09:46: Media
02:12:18: Cuisine
02:14:37: Sports
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BRDM column goes from Kiev to Lugansk It is reinforcement battalion Aidar of junta's army
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IS tank family
The IS tank family (IS in Cyrillic ИС, meaning the Joseph Stalin or Iosif Stalin in Cyrillic Ио́сиф Ста́лин) was a series of heavy tanks developed as a successor to the KV-series by the Soviet Union during World War II. It was named after Soviet leader Joseph Stalin. The heavy tank was designed with thick armour to counter the German 88 mm guns, and carried a main gun that was capable of defeating the German Tiger and Panther tanks. It was mainly a breakthrough tank, firing a heavy high-explosive shell that was useful against entrenchments and bunkers. The IS-2 was put into service in April 1944, and was used as a spearhead in the Battle of Berlin by the Red Army in the final stage of the war.
This video is targeted to blind users.
Attribution:
Article text available under CC-BY-SA
Creative Commons image source in video
How accurate is...Company of Heroes 2?! | History Gaming Verified
It's about time to take a look at Company of Heroes 2, one of the best RTS ever made! Well...at the campaign, which I honestly couldn't remember at all despite having bought and played it at release. Not a good sign. Though it could definitely been worse...
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History Gaming Verified provides informational videos about history based video games and how well they depict said history, based on academic literature or sometimes primary sources. This does include military but also economic and social history. The channel is not focused on a specific game genre or historical era, its aim is to provide those who enjoy playing history with information about the historical background they are delving into.
» SOURCES & MATERIALS
Hill, Alexander: The Red Army and the Second World War
The Cambridge History of the Second World War Volume 2
Tiger Information Center, unit history:
Map of Poznan Citadel
Schulz, Hans Richard: Der Kampf um Posen 1945
Lüdeke, Alexander: Waffentechnik im 2. Weltkrieg
The War Tourist No.4 February 2011: The Mighty Flak Towers
Military History Visualized: Flak Towers - Flaktürme
Aerial photos of Poznan & Berlin:
National Archives and Record Administration
Picture of the Jagdtiger:
The Tank Museum
Napoleon: Total War - English Intro
Creative Assembly & SEGA
History of the Jews in Poland | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
History of the Jews in Poland
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written
language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
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- learn while on the move
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Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through
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while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using
a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
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This video uses Google TTS en-US-Standard-D voice.
SUMMARY
=======
The history of the Jews in Poland dates back over 1,000 years. For centuries, Poland was home to the largest and most significant Jewish community in the world. Poland was a principal center of Jewish culture, thanks to a long period of statutory religious tolerance and social autonomy. This ended with the Partitions of Poland which began in 1772, in particular, with the discrimination and persecution of Jews in the Russian Empire. During World War II there was a nearly complete genocidal destruction of the Polish Jewish community by Nazi Germany and its collaborators, during the 1939–1945 German occupation of Poland and the ensuing Holocaust. Since the fall of communism in Poland, there has been a Jewish revival, featuring an annual Jewish Culture Festival, new study programs at Polish secondary schools and universities, the work of synagogues such as the Nożyk Synagogue, and Warsaw's Museum of the History of Polish Jews.
From the founding of the Kingdom of Poland in 1025 through to the early years of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth created in 1569, Poland was the most tolerant country in Europe. Known as paradisus iudaeorum (Latin for Paradise of the Jews), it became a shelter for persecuted and expelled European Jewish communities and the home to the world's largest Jewish community of the time. According to some sources, about three-quarters of the world's Jews lived in Poland by the middle of the 16th century. With the weakening of the Commonwealth and growing religious strife (due to the Protestant Reformation and Catholic Counter-Reformation), Poland's traditional tolerance began to wane from the 17th century onward. After the Partitions of Poland in 1795 and the destruction of Poland as a sovereign state, Polish Jews were subject to the laws of the partitioning powers, the increasingly antisemitic Russian Empire, as well as Austria-Hungary and Kingdom of Prussia (later a part of the German Empire). Still, as Poland regained independence in the aftermath of World War I, it was the center of the European Jewish world with one of the world's largest Jewish communities of over 3 million. Antisemitism was a growing problem throughout Europe in those years, from both the political establishment and the general population.At the start of World War II, Poland was partitioned between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union (see Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact). One-fifth of the Polish population perished during World War II, half of them were 3,000,000 Polish Jews murdered in The Holocaust, constituting 90% of Polish Jewry. Although the Holocaust occurred largely in German-occupied Poland, there was little collaboration with the Nazis by its citizens. Collaboration by individual Poles has been described as smaller than in other occupied countries. Statistics of the Israeli War Crimes Commission indicate that less than 0.1% of Poles collaborated with the Nazis. Examples of Polish attitudes to German atrocities varied widely, from actively risking death in order to save Jewish lives, and passive refusal to inform on them; to indifference, blackmail, and in extreme cases, participation in pogroms such as the Jedwabne pogrom. Grouped by nationality, Poles represent the largest number of people who rescued Jews during the Holocaust.
In the post-war period, many of the approximately 200,000 Jewish survivors registered at Central Committee of Polish Jews or CKŻP (of whom 136,000 arrived from the Soviet Union) left the People's Republic of Poland for the nascent State of Israel and North or South America. Their departure was hastened by the destruction of Jewish institutions, post-war violence and the hostility of the Communist Party to both religion and private enterprise, but also because in 1946–1947 Poland was the only Eastern Bloc country to allow free Jewish aliyah to Israel, without visas or exit permits. Britain demanded Poland to halt the exodus, but their pressure was largely unsuccessful. Most o ...
Poland in World War II | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:05:24 1 Before the war
00:05:33 1.1 Rearmament and first annexations
00:08:13 1.2 Aftermath of the Munich Agreement
00:10:39 1.3 Military alliances
00:13:41 2 German and Soviet invasions of Poland
00:13:53 2.1 German invasion
00:23:25 2.2 Soviet invasion
00:25:55 2.3 End of campaign
00:29:05 3 Occupation of Poland
00:29:15 3.1 German-occupied Poland
00:40:30 3.2 Soviet-occupied Poland
00:52:10 3.3 Collaboration with the occupiers
00:58:02 4 Resistance in Poland
00:58:12 4.1 Armed resistance and the Underground State
01:02:53 4.2 After Operation Barbarossa
01:06:19 4.3 Operation Tempest and the Warsaw Uprising
01:15:00 5 The Holocaust in Poland
01:15:11 5.1 Jews in Poland
01:17:02 5.2 Nazi persecution and elimination of ghettos
01:19:32 5.3 Extermination of Jews
01:23:09 5.4 Efforts to save Jews
01:24:55 6 Polish-Ukrainian conflict
01:25:05 6.1 Background
01:27:01 6.2 Ethnic cleansing
01:29:56 7 Government-in-Exile, communist victory
01:30:07 7.1 Polish government in France and Britain
01:34:19 7.2 Polish Army's evacuation from the Soviet Union
01:37:10 7.3 In the shadow of Soviet offensive, death of Prime Minister Sikorski
01:40:49 7.4 Decline of Government-in-Exile
01:46:06 7.5 Soviet and Polish-communist victory
01:50:58 8 Polish state reestablished with new borders and under Soviet domination
01:51:12 8.1 Poland's war losses
01:53:51 8.2 Beginnings of communist government
01:57:01 8.3 Allied determinations
02:00:38 8.4 Persecution of opposition
02:05:04 8.5 Soviet-controlled Polish state
02:09:17 9 See also
02:09:45 10 Notes
02:09:54 11 Citations
02:10:04 12 Bibliography
02:10:13 13 External links
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
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Speaking Rate: 0.9161323973695913
Voice name: en-GB-Wavenet-A
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The history of Poland from 1939 to 1945 encompasses primarily the period from the Invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union to the end of World War II. Following the German-Soviet non-aggression pact, Poland was invaded by Nazi Germany on 1 September 1939 and by the Soviet Union on 17 September. The campaigns ended in early October with Germany and the Soviet Union dividing and annexing the whole of Poland. After the Axis attack on the Soviet Union in the summer of 1941, all of Poland was occupied by Germany. Under the two occupations, Polish citizens suffered enormous human and material losses. According to the Institute of National Remembrance estimates, about 5.6 million Polish citizens died as a result of the German occupation and about 150,000 died as a result of the Soviet occupation. The Jews were singled out by the Germans for a quick and total annihilation and about 90% of Polish Jews (close to three million people) were murdered as part of the Holocaust. Jews, Poles, Romani people and prisoners of many other ethnicities were killed en masse at Nazi extermination camps, such as Auschwitz, Treblinka and Sobibór. Ethnic Poles were subjected to both Nazi German and Soviet persecution. The Germans killed an estimated two million ethnic Poles. They had future plans to turn the remaining majority of Poles into slave labor and annihilate those perceived as “undesirable” as part of the wider Generalplan Ost. Ethnic cleansing and massacres of Poles and to a lesser extent Ukrainians were perpetrated in western Ukraine (prewar Polish Kresy) from 1943. The Poles were murdered by Ukrainian nationalists.
In September 1939, the Polish government officials sought refuge in Romania, but their subsequent internment there prevented the intended continuation abroad as the government of Poland. General Władysław Sikorski, a former prime minister, arrived in France, where a replacement Polish Government-in-Exile was soon formed. After the fall of France, the government was evacuated to Britain. The Polish armed forces had been reconstituted an ...
History of Poland (1939–45) | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
History of Poland (1939–45)
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The history of Poland from 1939 to 1945 encompasses primarily the period from the Invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union to the end of World War II. Following the German-Soviet non-aggression pact, Poland was invaded by Nazi Germany on 1 September 1939 and by the Soviet Union on 17 September. The campaigns ended in early October with Germany and the Soviet Union dividing and annexing the whole of Poland. After the Axis attack on the Soviet Union in the summer of 1941, all of Poland was occupied by Germany. Under the two occupations, Polish citizens suffered enormous human and material losses. According to the Institute of National Remembrance estimates, about 5.6 million Polish citizens died as a result of the German occupation and about 150,000 died as a result of the Soviet occupation. The Jews were singled out by the Germans for a quick and total annihilation and about 90% of Polish Jews (close to three million people) were murdered as part of the Holocaust. Jews, Poles, Romani people and prisoners of many other ethnicities were killed en masse at Nazi extermination camps, such as Auschwitz, Treblinka and Sobibór. Ethnic Poles were subjected to both Nazi German and Soviet persecution. The Germans killed an estimated two million ethnic Poles. They had future plans to turn the remaining majority of Poles into slave labor and annihilate those perceived as “undesirable” as part of the wider Generalplan Ost. Ethnic cleansing and massacres of Poles and to a lesser extent Ukrainians were perpetrated in western Ukraine (prewar Polish Kresy) from 1943. The Poles were murdered by Ukrainian nationalists.
In September 1939, the Polish government officials sought refuge in Romania, but their subsequent internment there prevented the intended continuation abroad as the government of Poland. General Władysław Sikorski, a former prime minister, arrived in France, where a replacement Polish Government-in-Exile was soon formed. After the fall of France, the government was evacuated to Britain. The Polish armed forces had been reconstituted and fought alongside the Western Allies in France, Britain and elsewhere. Resistance movement began organizing in Poland in 1939, soon after the invasions. Its largest military component was a part of the Polish Underground State network of organizations and activities and became known as the Home Army. The whole clandestine structure was formally directed by the Government-in-Exile through its delegation resident in Poland. There were also peasant, right-wing, leftist, Jewish and Soviet partisan organizations. Among the failed anti-German uprisings were the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising and the Warsaw Uprising. The aim of the Warsaw Uprising was to prevent domination of Poland by the Soviet Union.
In order to cooperate with the Soviet Union, after Operation Barbarossa an important war ally of the West, Sikorski negotiated in Moscow with Joseph Stalin and they agreed to form a Polish army in the Soviet Union, intended to fight on the Eastern Front alongside the Soviets. The Anders' Army was instead taken to the Middle East and then to Italy. Further efforts to continue the Polish-Soviet cooperation had failed because of disagreements over the borders, the discovery of the Katyn massacre of Polish POWs perpetrated by the Soviets, and the death of General Sikorski. Afterwards, in a process seen by many Poles as a Western betrayal, the Polish Government-in-Exile gradually ceased being a recognized partner in the Allied coalition.
Stalin pursued a strategy of facilitating the formation of a Polish government independent of (and in opposition to) the exile government in London by empowering the Polish communists. Among Polish communist organizations established during the war were the Polish Workers' Party in occupied Poland and the Union of Polish Patriots in Moscow. A new Polish army was formed in the Soviet Union ...
Poland | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Poland
00:03:02 1 Etymology
00:03:42 2 History
00:03:51 2.1 Prehistory and protohistory
00:05:43 2.2 Piast dynasty
00:09:26 2.3 Jagiellon dynasty
00:12:27 2.4 Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
00:16:27 2.5 Partitions
00:19:09 2.6 Era of insurrections
00:23:38 2.7 Reconstruction
00:26:43 2.8 World War II
00:32:40 2.9 Post-war communism
00:35:24 2.10 1990s to present
00:38:32 3 Geography
00:40:09 3.1 Geology
00:43:46 3.2 Waters
00:48:15 3.3 Land use
00:50:07 3.4 Biodiversity
00:52:05 3.5 Climate
00:54:08 4 Politics
00:56:32 4.1 Law
01:00:23 4.2 Foreign relations
01:02:55 4.3 Administrative divisions
01:04:06 4.4 Military
01:08:03 4.5 Law enforcement and emergency services
01:09:29 5 Economy
01:13:56 5.1 Corporations
01:15:28 5.2 Tourism
01:17:21 5.3 Energy
01:19:18 5.4 Transport
01:23:19 5.5 Science and technology
01:26:00 5.6 Communications
01:27:42 6 Demographics
01:29:17 6.1 Urbanization
01:29:25 6.2 Languages
01:31:58 6.3 Ethnicity
01:35:04 6.4 Religion
01:38:58 6.5 Health
01:40:59 6.6 Education
01:43:51 7 Culture
01:44:50 7.1 Music
01:49:13 7.2 Art
01:51:49 7.3 Architecture
01:55:15 7.4 Literature
01:59:51 7.5 Cinema
02:02:15 7.6 Media
02:04:41 7.7 Cuisine
02:07:29 7.8 Sports
02:10:37 7.9 Fashion and design
02:14:16 8 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Poland (Polish: Polska [ˈpɔlska] (listen)), officially the Republic of Poland (Polish: Rzeczpospolita Polska [ʐɛt͡ʂpɔˈspɔlita ˈpɔlska] (listen)), is a country located in Central Europe. It is divided into 16 administrative subdivisions, covering an area of 312,696 square kilometres (120,733 sq mi), and has a largely temperate seasonal climate. With a population of approximately 38.5 million people, Poland is the sixth most populous member state of the European Union. Poland's capital and largest metropolis is Warsaw. Other major cities include Kraków, Łódź, Wrocław, Poznań, Gdańsk and Szczecin.
The establishment of the Polish state can be traced back to A.D. 966, when Mieszko I, ruler of the realm coextensive with the territory of present-day Poland, converted to Christianity. The Kingdom of Poland was founded in 1025, and in 1569 it cemented its longstanding political association with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by signing the Union of Lublin. This union formed the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, one of the largest (about 1 million km2) and most populous countries of 16th- and 17th-century Europe, with a uniquely liberal political system which adopted Europe's first written national constitution, the Constitution of 3 May 1791.
More than a century after the Partitions of Poland at the end of the 18th century, Poland regained its independence in 1918 with the Treaty of Versailles. In September 1939, World War II started with the invasion of Poland by Germany, followed by the Soviet Union invading Poland in accordance with the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact. More than six million Polish citizens perished in the war. In 1947, the Polish People's Republic was established as a satellite state under Soviet influence. In the aftermath of the Revolutions of 1989, most notably through the emergence of the Solidarity movement, the sovereign state of Poland reestablished itself as a presidential democratic republic.
Poland is a developed market and regional power. It has the eighth largest and one of the most dynamic economies in the European Union, simultaneously achieving a very high rank on the Human Development Index. Additionally, the Polish Stock Exchange in Warsaw is the largest and most important in Central Europe. Poland is a developed country, which maintains a high-income economy along with very high standards of living, life quality, safety, education and economic freedom. Poland has a developed school educational system. The country provides free university education, state-funded social security and a universal health care system for all citizens. Poland has 15 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, 14 of which are cultural. Poland is a m ...
Poland | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Poland
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Poland (Polish: Polska [ˈpɔlska] (listen)), officially the Republic of Poland (Polish: Rzeczpospolita Polska [ʐɛt͡ʂpɔˈspɔlita ˈpɔlska] (listen)), is a country located in Central Europe. It is divided into 16 administrative subdivisions, covering an area of 312,696 square kilometres (120,733 sq mi), and has a largely temperate seasonal climate. With a population of approximately 38.5 million people, Poland is the sixth most populous member state of the European Union. Poland's capital and largest metropolis is Warsaw. Other major cities include Kraków, Łódź, Wrocław, Poznań, Gdańsk and Szczecin.
The establishment of the Polish state can be traced back to A.D. 966, when Mieszko I, ruler of the realm coextensive with the territory of present-day Poland, converted to Christianity. The Kingdom of Poland was founded in 1025, and in 1569 it cemented its longstanding political association with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by signing the Union of Lublin. This union formed the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, one of the largest (about 1 million km2) and most populous countries of 16th- and 17th-century Europe, with a uniquely liberal political system which adopted Europe's first written national constitution, the Constitution of 3 May 1791.
More than a century after the Partitions of Poland at the end of the 18th century, Poland regained its independence in 1918 with the Treaty of Versailles. In September 1939, World War II started with the invasion of Poland by Germany, followed by the Soviet Union invading Poland in accordance with the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact. More than six million Polish citizens perished in the war. In 1947, the Polish People's Republic was established as a satellite state under Soviet influence. In the aftermath of the Revolutions of 1989, most notably through the emergence of the Solidarity movement, the sovereign state of Poland reestablished itself as a presidential democratic republic.
Poland is a developed market and regional power. It has the eighth largest and one of the most dynamic economies in the European Union, simultaneously achieving a very high rank on the Human Development Index. Additionally, the Polish Stock Exchange in Warsaw is the largest and most important in Central Europe. Poland is a developed country, which maintains a high-income economy along with very high standards of living, life quality, safety, education and economic freedom. Poland has a developed school educational system. The country provides free university education, state-funded social security and a universal health care system for all citizens. Poland has 15 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, 14 of which are cultural. Poland is a member state of the European Union, the Schengen Area, the United Nations, NATO, the OECD, the Three Seas Initiative, and the Visegrád Group.
Poland | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Poland
00:03:02 1 Etymology
00:03:42 2 History
00:03:51 2.1 Prehistory and protohistory
00:05:43 2.2 Piast dynasty
00:09:26 2.3 Jagiellon dynasty
00:12:27 2.4 Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
00:16:27 2.5 Partitions
00:19:09 2.6 Era of insurrections
00:23:38 2.7 Reconstruction
00:26:43 2.8 World War II
00:32:40 2.9 Post-war communism
00:35:24 2.10 1990s to present
00:38:32 3 Geography
00:40:09 3.1 Geology
00:43:46 3.2 Waters
00:48:15 3.3 Land use
00:50:07 3.4 Biodiversity
00:52:05 3.5 Climate
00:54:08 4 Politics
00:56:32 4.1 Law
01:00:23 4.2 Foreign relations
01:02:55 4.3 Administrative divisions
01:04:06 4.4 Military
01:08:03 4.5 Law enforcement and emergency services
01:09:29 5 Economy
01:13:56 5.1 Corporations
01:15:28 5.2 Tourism
01:17:21 5.3 Energy
01:19:18 5.4 Transport
01:23:19 5.5 Science and technology
01:26:00 5.6 Communications
01:27:42 6 Demographics
01:29:17 6.1 Urbanization
01:29:25 6.2 Languages
01:31:58 6.3 Ethnicity
01:35:04 6.4 Religion
01:38:58 6.5 Health
01:40:59 6.6 Education
01:43:51 7 Culture
01:44:50 7.1 Music
01:49:13 7.2 Art
01:51:49 7.3 Architecture
01:55:15 7.4 Literature
01:59:51 7.5 Cinema
02:02:15 7.6 Media
02:04:41 7.7 Cuisine
02:07:29 7.8 Sports
02:10:37 7.9 Fashion and design
02:14:16 8 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Poland (Polish: Polska [ˈpɔlska] (listen)), officially the Republic of Poland (Polish: Rzeczpospolita Polska [ʐɛt͡ʂpɔˈspɔlita ˈpɔlska] (listen)), is a country located in Central Europe. It is divided into 16 administrative subdivisions, covering an area of 312,696 square kilometres (120,733 sq mi), and has a largely temperate seasonal climate. With a population of approximately 38.5 million people, Poland is the sixth most populous member state of the European Union. Poland's capital and largest metropolis is Warsaw. Other major cities include Kraków, Łódź, Wrocław, Poznań, Gdańsk and Szczecin.
The establishment of the Polish state can be traced back to A.D. 966, when Mieszko I, ruler of the realm coextensive with the territory of present-day Poland, converted to Christianity. The Kingdom of Poland was founded in 1025, and in 1569 it cemented its longstanding political association with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by signing the Union of Lublin. This union formed the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, one of the largest (about 1 million km2) and most populous countries of 16th- and 17th-century Europe, with a uniquely liberal political system which adopted Europe's first written national constitution, the Constitution of 3 May 1791.
More than a century after the Partitions of Poland at the end of the 18th century, Poland regained its independence in 1918 with the Treaty of Versailles. In September 1939, World War II started with the invasion of Poland by Germany, followed by the Soviet Union invading Poland in accordance with the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact. More than six million Polish citizens perished in the war. In 1947, the Polish People's Republic was established as a satellite state under Soviet influence. In the aftermath of the Revolutions of 1989, most notably through the emergence of the Solidarity movement, the sovereign state of Poland reestablished itself as a presidential democratic republic.
Poland is a developed market and regional power. It has the eighth largest and one of the most dynamic economies in the European Union, simultaneously achieving a very high rank on the Human Development Index. Additionally, the Polish Stock Exchange in Warsaw is the largest and most important in Central Europe. Poland is a developed country, which maintains a high-income economy along with very high standards of living, life quality, safety, education and economic freedom. Poland has a developed school educational system. The country provides free university education, state-funded social security and a universal health care system for all citizens. Poland has 15 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, 14 of which are cultural. Poland is a m ...