Battle of Waterloo | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Battle of Waterloo
00:02:57 1 Prelude
00:08:41 2 Armies
00:13:25 3 Battlefield
00:16:57 4 Battle
00:17:06 4.1 Preparation
00:21:14 4.2 Hougoumont
00:25:18 4.3 The Grand Battery starts its bombardment
00:26:16 4.4 Napoleon spots Prussians
00:27:22 4.5 First French infantry attack
00:33:32 4.6 Charge of the British heavy cavalry
00:42:37 4.7 The French cavalry attack
00:48:27 4.8 Second French infantry attack
00:50:08 4.9 French capture of La Haye Sainte
00:54:48 4.10 Arrival of the Prussian IV Corps: Plancenoit
00:56:43 4.11 Zieten's flank march
00:59:35 4.12 Attack of the Imperial Guard
01:06:16 4.13 Prussian capture of Plancenoit
01:08:51 4.14 French disintegration
01:11:30 5 Aftermath
01:15:23 6 Analysis
01:15:31 6.1 Historical importance
01:17:01 6.2 Views on the reasons for Napoleon's defeat
01:20:39 7 Battlefield today
01:24:00 8 Coin controversy
01:24:56 9 See also
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- Socrates
SUMMARY
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The Battle of Waterloo, also called the Battle of Mount St. John, was fought on Sunday, 18 June 1815, near Waterloo in present-day Belgium, then part of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands. A French army under the command of Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte was defeated by two of the armies of the Seventh Coalition: a British-led Allied army under the command of the Duke of Wellington, and a Prussian army under the command of Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher, Prince of Wahlstatt. The battle marked the end of the Napoleonic Wars.
Upon Napoleon's return to power in March 1815, many states that had opposed him formed the Seventh Coalition, and began to mobilize armies. Wellington and Blücher's armies were cantoned close to the north-eastern border of France. Napoleon chose to attack them separately in the hope of destroying them before they could join in a co-ordinated invasion of France with other members of the coalition. On 16 June Napoleon successfully attacked the bulk of the Prussian army at the Battle of Ligny with his main force, while at the same time a portion of the French army attacked an Allied army at the Battle of Quatre Bras. Despite holding his ground at Quatre Bras, the defeat of the Prussians forced Wellington to withdraw north to Waterloo on the 17th. Napoleon sent a third of his forces to pursue the Prussians, who had withdrawn parallel to Wellington in good order. This resulted in the separate and simultaneous Battle of Wavre with the Prussian rear-guard.
Upon learning that the Prussian army was able to support him, Wellington decided to offer battle on the Mont-Saint-Jean escarpment, across the Brussels road. Here he withstood repeated attacks by the French throughout the afternoon of the 18th, aided by the progressively arriving Prussians. In the evening Napoleon committed his last reserves, the French Imperial Guard, to a desperate final attack, which was narrowly beaten back. With the Prussians breaking through on the French right flank, Wellington's Anglo-allied army counter-attacked in the centre, and the French army was routed.
Waterloo was the decisive engagement of the Waterloo Campaign and Napoleon's last. According to Wellington, the battle was the nearest-run thing you ever saw in your life. Napoleon abdicated four days later, and on 7 July coalition forces entered Paris. The defeat at Waterloo ended Napoleon's rule as Emperor of the French, and marked the end of his Hundred Days return from exile. This ended the First French Empire, and set a chronological milestone between serial European wars and decades of relative peace.
The battlefield is located in the municipalities of Braine-l'Alleud and Lasne, about 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) south of Brussels, and about 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) from the town of Waterloo. The site of the battlefield today is dominated by a large monument, the Lion's Mound. As this mound was constructed from earth taken from the battlefield itself, the contemporary topography of the battlefield near the mound has not been preserved.
Waterloo ⚔️ The Truth behind Napoleon's final defeat
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➤ Narration: Alexander Doddy
➤ Sources:
Operations of the Armee du Nord: 1815, The Analysis - by Stephen M. Beckett II -
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French science fiction | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:00:13 1 History
00:00:22 1.1 Proto science fiction before Jules Verne
00:02:52 1.2 After Jules Verne
00:05:39 1.3 After World War II
00:10:03 2 Other notable French science fiction authors, post-World War II
00:11:22 3 Literary awards
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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- increases imagination and understanding
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- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
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Speaking Rate: 0.9403250951175154
Voice name: en-AU-Wavenet-B
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
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French science fiction is a substantial genre of French literature. It remains an active and productive genre which has evolved in conjunction with anglophone science fiction and other French and international literature.