POLAND - WikiVidi Documentary
Poland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a sovereign country in Central Europe. It is a unitary state divided into 16 administrative subdivisions, covering an area of 312679 km2 with a mostly temperate climate. With a population of over 38.5 million people, Poland is the sixth most populous member state of the European Union. Poland's capital and largest city is Warsaw. Other cities include Kraków, Wrocław, Poznań, Gdańsk and Szczecin. The establishment of a Polish state can be traced back to 966, when Mieszko I, ruler of a territory roughly coextensive with that of present-day Poland, converted to Christianity. The Kingdom of Poland was founded in 1025, and in 1569 it cemented a longstanding political association with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by signing the Union of Lublin. This union formed the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, one of the largest and most populous countries of 16th and 17th century Europe with a uniquely liberal political system which declared Europe's fir...
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Shortcuts to chapters:
00:03:54: Etymology
00:04:29: Prehistory and protohistory
00:06:03: Piast dynasty
00:10:19: Jagiellon dynasty
00:13:41: Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
00:18:20: Partitions
00:21:28: Era of insurrections
00:26:58: Reconstruction
00:30:40: World War II
00:38:45: Post-war communism
00:41:58: Present-day
00:45:42: Geography
00:47:24: Geology
00:50:40: Waters
00:55:58: Land use
00:57:39: Biodiversity
00:59:21: Climate
01:01:04: Politics
01:03:31: Law
01:07:31: Foreign relations
01:10:20: Administrative divisions
01:11:15: Military
01:15:26: Law enforcement and emergency services
01:16:56: Economy
01:21:14: Corporations
01:22:48: Tourism
01:24:55: Energy
01:26:43: Transport
01:30:42: Science and technology
01:32:44: Communications
01:34:24: Demographics
01:38:07: Languages
01:39:57: Religion
01:44:47: Health
01:46:45: Education
01:49:26: Culture
01:50:25: Famous people
01:51:39: Society
01:54:06: Music
01:58:10: Art
02:00:44: Architecture
02:04:53: Literature
02:09:46: Media
02:12:18: Cuisine
02:14:37: Sports
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History of the Jews in Poland | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
History of the Jews in Poland
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written
language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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SUMMARY
=======
The history of the Jews in Poland dates back over 1,000 years. For centuries, Poland was home to the largest and most significant Jewish community in the world. Poland was a principal center of Jewish culture, thanks to a long period of statutory religious tolerance and social autonomy. This ended with the Partitions of Poland which began in 1772, in particular, with the discrimination and persecution of Jews in the Russian Empire. During World War II there was a nearly complete genocidal destruction of the Polish Jewish community by Nazi Germany and its collaborators, during the 1939–1945 German occupation of Poland and the ensuing Holocaust. Since the fall of communism in Poland, there has been a Jewish revival, featuring an annual Jewish Culture Festival, new study programs at Polish secondary schools and universities, the work of synagogues such as the Nożyk Synagogue, and Warsaw's Museum of the History of Polish Jews.
From the founding of the Kingdom of Poland in 1025 through to the early years of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth created in 1569, Poland was the most tolerant country in Europe. Known as paradisus iudaeorum (Latin for Paradise of the Jews), it became a shelter for persecuted and expelled European Jewish communities and the home to the world's largest Jewish community of the time. According to some sources, about three-quarters of the world's Jews lived in Poland by the middle of the 16th century. With the weakening of the Commonwealth and growing religious strife (due to the Protestant Reformation and Catholic Counter-Reformation), Poland's traditional tolerance began to wane from the 17th century onward. After the Partitions of Poland in 1795 and the destruction of Poland as a sovereign state, Polish Jews were subject to the laws of the partitioning powers, the increasingly antisemitic Russian Empire, as well as Austria-Hungary and Kingdom of Prussia (later a part of the German Empire). Still, as Poland regained independence in the aftermath of World War I, it was the center of the European Jewish world with one of the world's largest Jewish communities of over 3 million. Antisemitism was a growing problem throughout Europe in those years, from both the political establishment and the general population.At the start of World War II, Poland was partitioned between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union (see Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact). One-fifth of the Polish population perished during World War II, half of them were 3,000,000 Polish Jews murdered in The Holocaust, constituting 90% of Polish Jewry. Although the Holocaust occurred largely in German-occupied Poland, there was little collaboration with the Nazis by its citizens. Collaboration by individual Poles has been described as smaller than in other occupied countries. Statistics of the Israeli War Crimes Commission indicate that less than 0.1% of Poles collaborated with the Nazis. Examples of Polish attitudes to German atrocities varied widely, from actively risking death in order to save Jewish lives, and passive refusal to inform on them; to indifference, blackmail, and in extreme cases, participation in pogroms such as the Jedwabne pogrom. Grouped by nationality, Poles represent the largest number of people who rescued Jews during the Holocaust.
In the post-war period, many of the approximately 200,000 Jewish survivors registered at Central Committee of Polish Jews or CKŻP (of whom 136,000 arrived from the Soviet Union) left the People's Republic of Poland for the nascent State of Israel and North or South America. Their departure was hastened by the destruction of Jewish institutions, post-war violence and the hostility of the Communist Party to both religion and private enterprise, but also because in 1946–1947 Poland was the only Eastern Bloc country to allow free Jewish aliyah to Israel, without visas or exit permits. Britain demanded Poland to halt the exodus, but their pressure was largely unsuccessful. Most o ...
Missions Revival Week 4: Cheryl Argabright from Bulgaria
Cheryl Argabright is a fully-funded IMB missionary to Bulgaria.
Thank you for joining us in our final week of mission revival!
Official Tell the World Feature Film
Tell the World shares the compelling story of a small group of farmers from the northeast region of the United States who would go on to set the foundation of the Seventh-day Adventist Church. Since the 19th century, the Church has been at the forefront of matters relating to health, education, communication and Biblical interpretation.
Find out more at
Catholic Church and Nazi Germany | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Catholic Church and Nazi Germany
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written
language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
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- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through
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while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using
a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
In case you don't find one that you were looking for, put a comment.
This video uses Google TTS en-US-Standard-D voice.
SUMMARY
=======
Popes Pius XI (1922–39) and Pius XII (1939–58) led the Roman Catholic Church through the rise and fall of Nazi Germany. Around a third of Germans were Catholic in the 1930s. The Church in Germany had spoken against the rise of Nazism, but the Catholic aligned Centre Party capitulated in 1933 and was banned. In the various 1933 elections the percentage of Catholics voting for the Nazis party was remarkably lower than the average. Nazi key ideologue Alfred Rosenberg was banned on the index of the Inquisition, presided by later pope Pius XII. Adolf Hitler and several key Nazis had been raised Catholic, but became hostile to the Church in adulthood. While Article 24 of the NSDAP party platform called for conditional toleration of Christian denominations and the 1933 Reichskonkordat treaty with the Vatican purported to guarantee religious freedom for Catholics, the Nazis were essentially hostile to Christianity and the Catholic Church faced persecution in Nazi Germany. Its press, schools and youth organisations were closed, much property confiscated and around one third of its clergy faced reprisals from authorities. Catholic lay leaders were targeted in the Night of the Long Knives purge. The Church hierarchy attempted to co-operate with the new government, but in 1937, the Papal Encyclical Mit brennender Sorge accused the government of fundamental hostility to the church.
Among the most courageous demonstrations of opposition inside Germany were the 1941 sermons of Bishop August von Galen of Münster. Nevertheless, wrote Alan Bullock [n]either the Catholic Church nor the Evangelical Church... as institutions, felt it possible to take up an attitude of open opposition to the regime. In every country under German occupation, priests played a major part in rescuing Jews, but Catholic resistance to mistreatment of Jews in Germany was generally limited to fragmented and largely individual efforts. Mary Fulbrook wrote that when politics encroached on the church, Catholics were prepared to resist, but that the record was otherwise patchy and uneven, and that, with notable exceptions, it seems that, for many Germans, adherence to the Christian faith proved compatible with at least passive acquiescence in, if not active support for, the Nazi dictatorship.Catholics fought on both sides in the Second World War. Hitler's invasion of predominantly Catholic Poland ignited the conflict in 1939. Here, especially in the areas of Poland annexed to the Reich—as in other annexed regions of Slovenia and Austria—Nazi persecution of the church was intense. Many clergy were targeted for extermination. Through his links to the German Resistance, Pope Pius XII warned the Allies of the planned Nazi invasion of the Low Countries in 1940. From that year, the Nazis gathered priest-dissidents in a dedicated clergy barracks at Dachau, where 95 percent of its 2,720 inmates were Catholic (mostly Poles, and 411 Germans) and 1,034 priests died there. Expropriation of church properties surged from 1941.
The Vatican, surrounded by Fascist Italy, was officially neutral during the war, but used diplomacy to aid victims and lobby for peace. Vatican Radio and other media spoke out against atrocities. While Nazi antisemitism embraced modern pseudo-scientific racial principles, ancient antipathies between Christianity and Judaism contributed to European antisemitism. During the Nazi era, the church rescued many thousands of Jews by issuing false documents, lobbying Axis officials, hiding them in monasteries, convents, schools and elsewhere; including in the Vatican and papal residence at Castel Gandolfo. The Pope's role during this period is contested. The Reich Security Main Office called Pius XII a mouthpiece of the Jews. His first encyclical, Summi Pontificatus, called the invasion of Poland an hour of darkness, his 1942 Christmas address denounced race murders and his Mystici corporis Christi encyclical (1943) denounc ...
Holy Land: Israel and Palestine Today - Rick Steves Travel Talks
For more on Rick Steves' travels to the Holy Land, visit
American Identity in the Age of Trump with George Packer
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0:30 - About the Jefferson Lecture
1:57 - Introduction - Dylan Penningroth
5:55 - Main Presentation - George Packer
57:11 - Audience Questions
The Trump Presidency is a symptom of the fracturing in American society that goes deeper than economics and politics to the meaning of being an American. George Packer, Staff Writer for the New Yorker, argues that none of the currently available narratives of national identity point a way out of our failure and asks if there is another way to think of ourselves as Americans. George Packer is a contributor for numerous journals and magazines, including The New York Times magazine, Dissent, Mother Jones, and Harper’s. Series: UC Berkeley Graduate Lectures [1/2018] [Show ID: 33000]
James Elkins: On the Strange Place of Religion in Contemporary Art
Keynote Address from the 2008 Biola Art Symposium, On the Strange Place of Religion in Contemporary Art. Featuring Dr. James Elkins, School of the Art Institute of Chicago. From March 15, 2008.
A celebration of life: Edmund Capon AM, OBE
Now available to view - A Celebration of Life for Edmund Capon AM OBE, Tuesday 11 June 2019
Director of the Art Gallery of New South Wales 1978-2011
Siena and Tuscany's Wine Country
Rick Steves' Europe Travel Guide | Check your local public television station for this Rick Steves’ Europe episode or watch it on Siena, once a proud and independent city-state, retains its confidence and unique traditions. We'll enjoy a front-row seat at its wild horse race — the venerable Palio — and marvel at cultural treasures from the days when it rivaled Florence for leadership of Tuscany. Then we'll head into wine country for a little dolce vita under the Tuscan sun.
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Ks. Tadeusz Isakowicz-Zaleski - Cywilizacja Polska [Polish Civilization - English subtitles]
Panel dyskusyjny z ks. Tadeuszem Isakowiczem-Zaleskim, był częścią V Spotkań ludwiczańskich dnia 18 lutego 2018 roku organizowanych przez Stowarzyszenie Przystań Trzy Dęby, pełna relacja z uroczystości zostanie umieszczona na stronie facebook Przystań Trzy Dęby.
Panel dyskusyjny, miał znaczenie zasadnicze, gdyż perfekcyjnie rozprawił się z bardzo trudną kwestią jaką jest zrozumienie czym jest Polskość. Każda osoba, która była na panelu, bez względu na to, czy byłaby lekarzem, inżynierem, czy mechanikiem, nie wyjedzie z Polski, a jeżeli wyjedzie, to będzie dumna z Polskości i tutaj wróci. Dlatego panel dyskusyjny, którego byliśmy świadkami miał znaczenie nie tylko duchowe, ale i materialne. Pozwolił nam zrozumieć, że nauczanie historii, a szczególnie nauczanie Historii Polski ma fundamentalne znaczenie dla Polskiej gospodarki. Można by wymieniać szereg korzyści, które ks. Tadeusz zamknął we wprowadzonych przez niego pojęciach Naród Rzeczypospolitej, Cywilizacja Polska, a skromny autor tego sprawozdania wyszedł z tego spotkania szczęśliwy. Państwo ma obowiązek zapewnić ludziom szczęście i to był właśnie fenomen Kresów Wschodnich, które czerpały z dobrodziejstwa cywilizacji Polskiej.
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Fotorelacja na facebook ks. Tadeusza Isakowicza-Zaleskiego:
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Film ze spotkania nagrany przez Wolontariuszy Towarzystwa Miłośników Lwowa i Kresów Wschodnich Odział Bolesławiec:
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The River War: An Account of the Reconquest of the Sudan by Winston S. Churchill
When the self-proclaimed Mahdi (“Guided One”) gathered Islamic forces and kicked the Anglo-Egyptians out of the Sudan, he unleashed a backlash. With the image of the heroic General Charles Gordon dying at Khartoum, the British public was ready to support a war to reclaim the lost territories. And when the political time was right, a British-Egyptian-Sudanese expedition led by the redoubtable Herbert Kitchener set out to do just that.
The river involved was the Nile. For millennia, its annual flood has made habitable a slender strip, though hundreds of miles of deserts, between its tributaries and its delta. Through this desolate region, man and beast struggled to supply the bare essentials of life. Though this same region, the expedition had to find and defeat an enemy several times larger than itself.
The young Churchill was hot to gain war experience to aid his career, and so he wangled a transfer to the 21st Lancers and participated in the last successful cavalry charge the world ever saw, in the climactic battle of Omdurman. He also had a position as war correspondent for the Morning Post, and on his return to England he used his notes to compose this book.
Chapter 01. The Rebellion of the Mahdi - 00:00
Chapter 02. The Fate of the Envoy - 1:24:09
Chapter 03. The Dervish Empire - 2:45:41
Chapter 04. The Years of Preparation - 3:33:13
Chapter 05. The Beginning of the War - 4:15:26
Chapter 06. Firket - 5:00:59
Chapter 07. The Recovery of the Dongola Province - 5:21:57
Chapter 08. The Desert Railway - 6:15:20
Chapter 09. Abu Hamed - 7:04:52
Chapter 10. Berber - 7:46:23
Chapter 11. Reconaissance - 8:22:42
Chapter 12. The Battle of the Atbara - 8:52:56
Chapter 13. The Grand Advance - 9:21:50
Chapter 14. The Operations of the First of September - 9:50:47
Chapter 15. The Battle of Omdurman - 10:17:57
Chapter 16. The Fall of the City - 11:34:01
Chapter 17. The Fashoda Incident - 11:55:29
Chapter 18. On the Blue Nile - 12:28:57
Chapter 19. The End of the Khalifa - 13:12:58
Appendix - 13:54:27
The Crusades Documentary
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In the end, the crusades had failed to accomplish the goal of recapturing Jerusalem and the Holy Land. While every single one of the crusades did not count as a failure, and many achieved success in bringing parts of the Holy Land back to the Christians, not a single Crusader army was able to capture Jerusalem. Peace was brought in the land only through the means of a truce or agreements.
History of the Jews in Germany | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
History of the Jews in Germany
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written
language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through
audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio
while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using
a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
In case you don't find one that you were looking for, put a comment.
This video uses Google TTS en-US-Standard-D voice.
SUMMARY
=======
Jewish settlers founded the Ashkenazi Jewish community in the Early (5th to 10th centuries CE) and High Middle Ages (circa 1000–1299 CE). The community survived under Charlemagne, but suffered during the Crusades. Accusations of well poisoning during the Black Death (1346–53) led to mass slaughter of German Jews, and they fled in large numbers to Poland. The Jewish communities of the cities of Mainz, Speyer, and Worms became the center of Jewish life during Medieval times. This was a golden age as area bishops protected the Jews resulting in increased trade and prosperity. The First Crusade began an era of persecution of Jews in Germany. Entire communities, like those of Trier, Worms, Mainz, and Cologne, were murdered. The war upon the Hussite heretics became the signal for renewed persecution of Jews. The end of the 15th century was a period of religious hatred that ascribed to Jews all possible evils. The atrocities during the Khmelnytsky Uprising committed by Khmelnytskyi's Cossacks (1648, in the Ukrainian part of southeastern Poland) drove the Polish Jews back into western Germany. With Napoleon's fall in 1815, growing nationalism resulted in increasing repression. From August to October 1819, pogroms that came to be known as the Hep-Hep riots took place throughout Germany. During this time, many German states stripped Jews of their civil rights. As a result, many German Jews began to emigrate.
From the time of Moses Mendelssohn until the 20th century, the community gradually achieved emancipation, and then prospered. In January 1933, some 522,000 Jews lived in Germany. After the Nazis took power and implemented their antisemitic ideology and policies, the Jewish community was increasingly persecuted. About 60% (numbering around 304,000) emigrated during the first six years of the Nazi dictatorship. In 1933, persecution of the Jews became an official Nazi policy. In 1935 and 1936, the pace of antisemitic persecution increased. In 1936, Jews were banned from all professional jobs, effectively preventing them from participating in education, politics, higher education, and industry. The SS ordered the Night of Broken Glass (Kristallnacht) the night of November 9–10, 1938. The storefronts of Jewish shops and offices were smashed and vandalized, and many synagogues were destroyed by fire. This prompted a wave of Jewish mass emigration from Germany throughout the 1930s. Only roughly 214,000 Jews were left in Germany proper (1937 borders) on the eve of World War II.
Beginning in late 1941, the remaining community was subjected to systematic deportations to ghettos, and ultimately, to death camps in Eastern Europe. In May 1943, Germany was declared judenrein (clean of Jews; also judenfrei: free of Jews). By the end of the war, an estimated 160,000 to 180,000 German Jews had been killed by the Nazi regime, by the Germans and their collaborators. A total of about 6 million European Jews were murdered under the direction of the Nazis, in the genocide that later came to be known as the Holocaust.
After the war, the Jewish community in Germany started to slowly grow again. Beginning around 1990, a spurt of growth was fueled by immigration from the former Soviet Union, so that at the turn of the 21st century, Germany had the only growing Jewish community in Europe, and the majority of German Jews were Russian-speaking. By 2014, the Jewish population of Germany had leveled off at 118,000, not including non-Jewish members of households; the total estimated 'enlarged' population of Jews living in Germany, including non-Jewish household members, is close to 250,000. Currently in Germany, denial of the Holocaust or that six million Jews were murdered in the Holocaust (§ 130 StGB) is a criminal act; violations can be punished with up to five years of prison. In 2006, on the occasion of the World Cup held in Germany, the then Interior Minister of Germany, Wolfgang Schäuble, urged vigilism against far-r ...
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Opium | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:02:10 1 History
00:03:34 1.1 Ancient use (pre-500 CE)
00:07:24 1.2 Islamic societies (500–1500 CE)
00:10:30 1.3 Reintroduction to Western medicine
00:16:46 1.4 Recreational use in Europe, the Middle East and the US (11th to 19th centuries)
00:19:24 1.5 China
00:22:52 1.6 Recreational use in China
00:26:54 1.7 Chinese diaspora
00:29:52 1.8 Prohibition and conflict in China
00:46:15 1.9 Prohibition outside China
00:50:11 1.10 Indo-China tax
00:51:06 1.11 Regulation in Britain and the United States
00:54:13 1.12 20th-century use
00:54:41 1.13 Obsolescence
00:58:28 2 Modern production and use
01:00:10 2.1 iPapaver somniferum/i
01:03:48 2.2 Harvesting and processing
01:08:38 2.3 Illegal production
01:12:49 2.4 Legal production
01:17:36 2.5 Cultivation in the UK
01:18:46 2.6 Consumption
01:22:18 3 Chemical and physiological properties
01:24:17 4 Slang terms
01:25:15 5 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.8542187682293113
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-B
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Opium (or poppy tears, scientific name: Lachryma papaveris) is dried latex obtained from the seed capsules of the opium poppy Papaver somniferum. Approximately 12 percent of opium is made up of the analgesic alkaloid morphine, which is processed chemically to produce heroin and other synthetic opioids for medicinal use and for illegal drug trade. The latex also contains the closely related opiates codeine and thebaine, and non-analgesic alkaloids such as papaverine and noscapine. The traditional, labor-intensive method of obtaining the latex is to scratch (score) the immature seed pods (fruits) by hand; the latex leaks out and dries to a sticky yellowish residue that is later scraped off and dehydrated. The word meconium (derived from the Greek for opium-like, but now used to refer to newborn stools) historically referred to related, weaker preparations made from other parts of the opium poppy or different species of poppies.The production methods have not changed since ancient times. Through selective breeding of the Papaver somniferum plant, the content of the phenanthrene alkaloids morphine, codeine, and to a lesser extent thebaine has been greatly increased. In modern times, much of the thebaine, which often serves as the raw material for the synthesis for oxycodone, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, and other semisynthetic opiates, originates from extracting Papaver orientale or Papaver bracteatum.
For the illegal drug trade, the morphine is extracted from the opium latex, reducing the bulk weight by 88%. It is then converted to heroin which is two to four times as potent, and increases the value by a similar factor. The reduced weight and bulk make it easier to smuggle.
Pro-223 - Prophecy Update, 25 February 2018 (Termination Point)
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Marea Sărbătoare - Ștefan cel Mare 500
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Liberalism in the Age of Trump: George Packer
In this year’s Irving Howe Memorial Lecture, acclaimed author and journalist George Packer argues that the decline of liberal values helped to create the Trump presidency. Is a liberal renewal the answer? Packer is a staff writer at the New Yorker whose books include The Assassins’ Gate: America in Iraq and The Unwinding: The Inner History of the New America (winner of the National Book Award).
Presented on November 20, 2017, by GC Public Programs and the Center for the Humanities.
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Silas Marner Audiobook by George Eliot | Audiobook with subtitles
Silas Marner (originally published in 1861): Betrayed by a beloved friend and accused of a crime he didn’t commit, awkward Silas Marner is expelled from his beloved religious community — the only community he has ever known. He exiles himself in the remote village of Raveloe. Friendless and without family, set apart from the villagers by their superstition and fear of him, he plies his weaving trade day after day, storing up gold which becomes his idol. When his gold is stolen, he is rescued from despair by the arrival on his lonely hearth of a beautiful little girl, whom he adopts, and through whom he and the other people of the village learn that loving relationships are more fulfilling than material wealth. (Summary by rachelellen)
Genre(s):Published 1800 -1900
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George ELIOT
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1:37:56 | Chapter 06
1:59:53 | Chapter 07
2:11:39 | Chapter 08
2:30:14 | Chapter 09
2:45:07 | Chapter 10
3:18:26 | Chapter 11
4:01:28 | Chapter 12
4:16:09 | Chapter 13
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5:36:50 | Chapter 17
5:59:29 | Chapter 18
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