Россия: Торжок / Russia: Torzhok
Гуляем по городу Торжок Тверской области: набережная реки Тверцы, Борисоглебский монастырь (11 век), деревянный Храм Тихвинской иконы Божией Матери (17 век). /
The town of Torzhok is located in the Tver region, some 200 kilometers northwest of Moscow. It is particularly famous for the Borisoglebsky Monastry, founded in the 11th century, and the wooden Church of the Ascension built in the 17th century.
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Россия: Тверь / Russia: Tver
Россия: Кострома / Russia: Kostroma
Россия: Троице-Сергиева Лавра/Russia: The Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius
Москва: Крутицкое подворье / Moscow: Krutitsy Metochion
Россия: Ярославль / Russia: Yaroslavl
Россия: Рязань / Russia: Ryazan
Churches inside the Moscow's Kremlin. Russia. August 2014
Tours-TV.com: Uspensky Cathedral
Uspensky (Dormition) Cathedral, the main edifice of Rostov Kremlin's ensemble, is a monumental five-domed temple, fascinating with noble simplicity of its forms. Russia : Yaroslavskaya Oblast' : Rostov. See on map .
Рюриковичи. 6 Серия. Документальная Драма. Star Media
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Цикл фильмов в жанре документальной драмы.
Это одна из старейших династий Европы. Князья и цари из дома Рюриковичей правили страной непрерывно на протяжении 740 лет. За это время Русское государство, ими созданное, выросло до размеров 5,4 миллиона квадратных километров и стало больше всей Европы.
История династии началась одновременно с историей государства. Однако начало это скрыто в густом тумане легенд. Мы никогда не узнаем, кем на самом деле был легендарный варяг Рюрик, и был ли он реальным историческим лицом. Зато мы знаем, кем были его потомки. Среди них были поэты и воины, святые и разбойники, законодатели и братоубийцы. Одни восходили на престол по праву рождения, другие – по приглашению, третьи – по трупам родных братьев, но законной их власть над огромной страной делала сама принадлежность к правящему дому Рюриковичей.
В истории династии было все – яростная борьба за власть и высокое самопожертвование, завоевания и потери, интриги и новые законы, пепел пожарищ и создание мировых шедевров, любовь и предательство. Рюриковичи укрепляли, обороняли, расширяли своё государство: кто-то – огнем и мечом, кто-то – миром и договором. Во время их правления сформировалась русской нация и возник феномен русской культуры. Именно Рюриковичи создали ту самую страну - трансконтинентальную полиэтничную державу, - в которой мы сегодня живём.
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The Museum-reserve Kolomenskoye. Moscow. / Музей-заповедник Коломенское. Москва.
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Храм Вознесения Господня с. Большие Брусяны
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Grand Duchy of Moscow
The Grand Duchy of Moscow, or Grand Principality of Moscow, was a late medieval Rus' principality centered on Moscow and the predecessor state of the early modern Tsardom of Russia.
The state originated with Daniel I, who inherited Moscow in 1283, eclipsing and eventually absorbing its parent duchy of Vladimir-Suzdal by the 1320s. It later destroyed and annexed the Novgorod Republic in 1478 and the Grand Duchy of Tver in 1485. The Grand Duchy of Moscow expanded through conquest and annexation from just 20,000 square kilometers in 1300 to 430,000 in 1462, 2.8 million in 1533, and 5.4 million by 1584.
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Grand Duchy of Moscow | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Grand Duchy of Moscow
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Grand Duchy of Moscow, Muscovite Rus' or Grand Principality of Moscow (Russian: Великое Княжество Московское, Velikoye Knyazhestvo Moskovskoye, also known in English simply as Muscovy from the Latin: Moscovia) was a Rus' principality of the Late Middle Ages centered around Moscow, and the predecessor state of the Tsardom of Russia in the early modern period.
The state originated with Daniel I, who inherited Moscow in 1283, eclipsing and eventually absorbing its parent duchy of Vladimir-Suzdal by the 1320s. It later annexed the Novgorod Republic in 1478 and the Grand Duchy of Tver in 1485.After the Mongol invasion of Rus', Muscovy was a tributary vassal to the Mongol-ruled Golden Horde (under the Tatar Yoke) until 1480. Muscovites, Suzdalians and other inhabitans of the Rus' principality were able to maintain their Slavic, Pagan and Orthodox traditions for the most part under the Tatar Yoke. There was also strong contact and cultural exchange with the Byzantine Empire. Ivan III further consolidated the state during his 43-year reign, campaigning against his major remaining rival power, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and by 1503 he had tripled the territory of his realm, adopting the title of tsar and claiming the title of Ruler of all Rus'. By his marriage to the niece of the last Byzantine emperor, he established Muscovy as the successor state of the Roman Empire, the Third Rome. The emigration of the Byzantine people influenced and strengthened Moscow's identity as the heir of the Orthodox traditions. Ivan's successor Vasili III also enjoyed military success, gaining Smolensk from Lithuania in 1512, pushing Muscovy's borders to the Dniepr River. Vasili's son Ivan IV (later known as Ivan the Terrible) was an infant at his father's death in 1533. He was crowned in 1547, assuming the title of tsar together with the proclamation of Tsardom of Russia (Russian: Царство Русcкое, Tsarstvo Russkoye).
Nicholas II of Russia | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Nicholas II of Russia
00:03:16 1 Family background
00:06:34 2 Tsarevich
00:09:51 3 Engagement, accession and marriage
00:13:43 4 Reign
00:13:52 4.1 Coronation
00:17:55 4.2 Initiatives in foreign affairs
00:18:52 4.3 Ecclesiastical affairs
00:19:40 4.4 Russo-Japanese War
00:22:47 4.5 Anti-Jewish pogroms of 1903–1906
00:23:48 4.6 Bloody Sunday (1905)
00:28:08 4.7 1905 Revolution
00:31:49 4.8 Relationship with the Duma
00:41:58 4.9 Tsarevich Alexei's illness and Rasputin
00:44:33 4.10 European affairs
00:46:48 4.11 Tercentenary
00:47:26 4.12 First World War
00:56:40 4.13 Collapse
01:01:25 4.13.1 Abdication (1917)
01:04:41 4.14 Imprisonment
01:08:10 4.15 Execution
01:11:32 5 Identification
01:13:22 6 Funeral
01:14:12 7 Sainthood
01:16:19 8 Assessment
01:19:54 9 Ancestry
01:20:03 10 Titles, styles, honours and arms
01:20:14 10.1 Titles and styles
01:21:29 10.2 Honours
01:22:12 10.2.1 National
01:22:39 10.2.2 Foreign
01:23:30 10.3 Arms
01:23:38 11 Children
01:23:47 12 Wealth
01:25:01 13 Documentaries and films
01:25:37 14 See also
01:25:53 15 Note
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
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Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Nicholas II or Nikolai II (Russian: Николай II Алекса́ндрович, tr. Nikolai II Aleksandrovich; 18 May [O.S. 6 May] 1868 – 17 July 1918), known as Saint Nicholas the Passion-Bearer in the Russian Orthodox Church, was the last Emperor of Russia, ruling from 1 November 1894 until his forced abdication on 2 March 1917. His reign saw the fall of the Russian Empire from one of the foremost great powers of the world to economic and military collapse. He was given the nickname Nicholas the Bloody or Vile Nicholas by his political adversaries due to the Khodynka Tragedy, anti-Semitic pogroms, Bloody Sunday, the violent suppression of the 1905 Russian Revolution, the execution of political opponents, and his perceived responsibility for the Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905). Soviet historians portrayed Nicholas as a weak and incompetent leader whose decisions led to military defeats and the deaths of millions of his subjects.Russia was defeated in the 1904–1905 Russo-Japanese War which saw the annihilation of the reinforcing Russian Baltic Fleet after being sent on its round-the-world cruise at the naval Battle of Tsushima, off the coasts of Korea and Japan, the loss of Russian influence over Manchuria and Korea, and the Japanese annexation to the north of South Sakhalin Island. The Anglo-Russian Entente was designed to counter the German Empire's attempts to gain influence in the Middle East, but it also ended the Great Game of confrontation between Russia and the United Kingdom. When all Russian diplomatic efforts to prevent the First World War (1914–1918) failed, Nicholas approved the Imperial Russian Army mobilization on 30 July 1914 which gave Imperial Germany formal grounds to declare war on Russia on 1 August 1914. An estimated 3.3 million Russians were killed in the First World War. The Imperial Russian Army's severe losses, the High Command's incompetent management of the war efforts, and lack of food and supplies on the home front were all leading causes of the fall of the House of Romanov.
Following the February Revolution of 1917, Nicholas abdicated on behalf of himself and his son and heir, the Tsarevich Alexei Nikolaevich. He and his family were imprisoned and transferred to Tobolsk in late summer 1917. On 30 April 1918, Nicholas, Alexandra, and their daughter Maria were handed over to the local Ural Soviet council in Ekaterinburg (renamed Sverdlovsk during the Soviet era); the rest of the captives followed on 23 May. Nicholas and his family were executed by their Bolshevik guards on the night of 16/17 July 1918. The remains of the imperial family were later found, exhumed, identified and re-interred with elaborate State and Church ceremony in St. Petersburg on 17 July 1998 – 80 years later.
In 1981, Nicholas, his wife, and their children were recognized as martyrs by the Russian Orthodox Church Outsid ...
Cossacks | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:04:43 1 Etymology
00:05:26 2 Early history
00:10:17 2.1 Zaporozhian Cossacks
00:17:38 2.2 Registered Cossacks
00:20:55 2.3 Black Sea, Azov and Danubian Sich Cossacks
00:23:36 3 Russian Cossacks
00:27:18 3.1 Don Cossacks
00:29:38 3.2 Kuban Cossacks
00:30:20 3.3 Terek Cossacks
00:31:01 3.4 Yaik Cossacks
00:32:06 3.5 Razin and Pugachev Rebellions
00:42:28 3.6 In the Russian Empire
00:45:34 3.6.1 Cossacks in World War I and February Revolution
00:46:52 3.7 Civil War, Decossackization and Holodomor of 1932–33
00:50:30 3.8 Second World War
00:55:59 3.9 Modern times
00:57:50 4 Culture and organization
01:00:15 4.1 Settlements
01:01:51 4.2 Family life
01:03:29 4.3 Popular image
01:07:55 4.4 Ranks
01:10:11 4.5 Uniforms
01:13:08 5 Modern-day Cossack identity
01:14:46 6 Registered Cossacks of the Russian Federation
01:15:17 7 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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- learn while on the move
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Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
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Voice name: en-GB-Wavenet-D
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Cossacks are a group of predominantly East Slavic–speaking people who became known as members of democratic, self-governing, semi-military communities, predominantly located in Eastern and Southern Ukraine and in Southern Russia, within the borders of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. They inhabited sparsely populated areas and islands in the lower Dnieper, Don, Terek and Ural river basins and played an important role in the historical and cultural development of both Ukraine and Russia.The origins of the Cossacks are disputed, though the 1710 Constitution of Pylyp Orlyk attests to a combination of East Slavic and Khazar origin. The emergence of Cossacks is dated to the 14th or 15th centuries, when two connected groups emerged, the Zaporozhian Sich of the Dnieper and the Don Cossack Host.The Zaporizhian Sich were a vassal people of Poland–Lithuania during feudal times. Under increasing pressure from the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, in the mid-17th century the Sich declared an independent Cossack Hetmanate, initiated by a rebellion under Bohdan Khmelnytsky. Afterwards, the Treaty of Pereyaslav (1654) brought most of the Cossack state under Russian rule.
The Sich with its lands became an autonomous region under the Russian-Polish protectorate.The Don Cossack Host, which had been established by the 16th century, allied with the Tsardom of Russia. Together they began a systematic conquest and colonisation of lands in order to secure the borders on the Volga, the whole of Siberia (see Yermak Timofeyevich) and the Yaik (Ural) and the Terek rivers. Cossack communities had developed along the latter two rivers well before the arrival of the Don Cossacks.By the 18th century Cossack hosts in the Russian Empire occupied effective buffer zones on its borders. The expansionist ambitions of the Empire relied on ensuring the loyalty of Cossacks, which caused tension given their traditional exercise of freedom, democracy, self-rule, and independence. Cossacks such as Stenka Razin, Kondraty Bulavin, Ivan Mazepa and Yemelyan Pugachev led major anti-imperial wars and revolutions in the Empire in order to abolish slavery and odious bureaucracy and to maintain independence. The empire responded with ruthless executions and tortures, the destruction of the western part of the Don Cossack Host during the Bulavin Rebellion in 1707–08, the destruction of Baturyn after Mazepa's rebellion in 1708, and the formal dissolution of the Lower Dnieper Zaporozhian Host in 1775, after Pugachev's Rebellion.By the end of the 18th century Cossack nations had been transformed into a special military estate (Sosloviye), a military class. Similar to the knights of medieval Europe in feudal times or the tribal Roman auxiliaries, the Cossacks came to military service having to obtain charger horses, arms and supplies at their own expense. The government provided only firearms and suppl ...