Hotel Vostok - Hotel in Birobidzhan, Russian Federation
FR: Situé dans le centre de Birobidjan, à 10 minutes à pied de la place du théâtre et du marché central, l'Hotel Vostok dispose d'un sauna. Une connexion Wi-Fi y est disponible gratuitement.
ES: El Hotel Vostok ofrece una sauna y está situado en el centro de Birobidzhán, a 10 minutos a pie de la plaza del Teatro y del mercado central. Proporciona conexión Wi-Fi gratuita.
DE: Das Hotel Vostok liegt im Zentrum von Birobidschan, 10 Gehminuten vom Theaterplatz und vom zentralen Markt entfernt und bietet eine Sauna. WLAN nutzen Sie hier kostenfrei.
IT: Situato nel centro di Birobidzhan, a 10 minuti a piedi dalla Piazza del Teatro e dal mercato centrale, l'Hotel Vostok offre la sauna e il Wi-Fi gratuito.
ZH: Hotel Vostok酒店坐落在比罗比詹（Birobidzhan）市中心，距离剧院广场（Theatre Square）和中心市场有10分钟的步行路程，设有桑拿浴室和免费Wi-Fi。 舒适的客房设有空调、电视、冰箱以及带浴缸或淋浴、吹风机以及免费洗浴用品的私人浴室。 Vostok Hotel酒店的餐厅供应欧洲美食和自助早餐。酒店距离其他咖啡馆均有10分钟步行路程，距离罗迪纳电影院（Rodina Cinema）有10分钟的步行路程，提供洗衣和熨烫服务。 Vostok...
RU: Отель «Восток» расположен в центре Биробиджана, в 10 минутах ходьбы от Театральной площади и центрального рынка. К услугам гостей сауна и бесплатный WiFi. Комфортабельные номера оборудованы кондиционером, телевизором и холодильником.
AR: يقع Hotel Vostok في وسط بيروبيجان، على بعد 10 دقائق سيرا على الأقدام من ساحة المسرح والسوق المركزي، وتحتوي على ساونا. تتوفر خدمة الواي فاي مجاناً. تحتوي الغرف المريحة المكيفة على جهاز تلفزيون وثلاجة.
History of the Jews in Russia | Wikipedia audio article
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History of the Jews in Russia
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SUMMARY
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Jews in Russia have historically constituted a large religious diaspora; the vast territories of the Russian Empire at one time hosted the largest population of Jews in the world. Within these territories the primarily Ashkenazi Jewish communities of many different areas flourished and developed many of modern Judaism's most distinctive theological and cultural traditions, while also facing periods of anti-Semitic discriminatory policies and persecutions. The largest group among Russian Jews are Ashkenazi Jews, but the community also includes a significant number of other Diasporan Jewish groups, such as Mountain Jews, Sephardic Jews, Crimean Karaites, Krymchaks, Bukharan Jews, and Georgian Jews.
The presence of Jewish people in the European part of Russia can be traced to the 7th–14th centuries CE. In the 11th and 12th centuries, the Jewish population in Kiev, in present-day Ukraine, was restricted to a separate quarter. Evidence of the presence of Jewish people in Muscovite Russia is first documented in the chronicles of 1471. During the reign of Catherine II in the 18th century, Jewish people were restricted to the Pale of Settlement within Russia, the territory where they could live or immigrate to. Alexander III escalated anti-Jewish policies. Beginning in the 1880s, waves of anti-Jewish pogroms swept across different regions of the empire for several decades. More than two million Jews fled Russia between 1880 and 1920, mostly to the United States and what is today the State of Israel.The Pale of Settlement took away many of the rights that the Jewish people of the late 17th century Russia were experiencing. At this time, the Jewish people were restricted to an area of what is current day Belarus, Lithuania, Poland and Ukraine. Where Western Europe was experiencing emancipation at this time, the laws for the Jewish people were getting more strict. The general attitude towards Jewish people was to look down on the religion and the people. It was as both a religion and a race, something that one could not escape if they tried. Slowly, the Jewish people were allowed to move further east towards a less crowded population. This was a small change, and did not come to all Jewish people, and not even a small minority of them. In this more spread out area, the Jewish people lived in communities, known as Schtetls. These communities were very similar to what would be known as ghettos in World War II, with the cramped and subpar living conditions.Before 1917 there were 300,000 Zionists in Russia, while the main Jewish socialist organization, the Bund, had 33,000 members. Only 958 Jews had joined the Bolshevik Party before 1917; thousands joined after the Revolution. The chaotic years of World War I, the February and October Revolutions, and the Russian Civil War had created social disruption that led to anti-Semitism. Some 150,000 Jews were killed in the pogroms of 1918–1922, 125,000 of them in Ukraine, 25,000 in Belarus. The pogroms were mostly perpetrated by anti-communist forces; sometimes, Red Army units engaged in pogroms as well. After a short period of confusion, the Soviets started executing guilty individuals and even disbanding the army units whose men had attacked Jews. Although pogroms were still perpetrated after this, mainly by Ukrainian units of the Red Army during its retreat from Poland (1920), in general, the Jews regarded the Red Army as the only force which was able and willing to defend them. The Russian Civil War pogroms shocked world Jewry and rallied many Jews to the Red Army and the Soviet regime, and also strengthened the desire for the creation of a homeland for the Jewish people.In August 1919 the Soviet government arrested many rabbis, seized Jewish properties, including synagogues, and dissolved many Jewish communities. The Jewish section of the Communist Party labeled the use of the Hebrew language reactionary and elitist and the teaching of Hebrew was banned ...