Live stream 'Rechtszaak tegen de dood' #taz18
Julie Van Espen / 6 Mei 2019 Reportage vondst Albertkanaal
Op de vooravond van 4 mei 2019 vertrekt de 23-jarige Julie van Espen omstreeks 18h20 met de fiets vanuit haar woonplaats in Schilde naar Antwerpen. Ze had afgesproken om te gaan eten bij vriendinnen in Antwerpen-Zuid.
Julie fietst langs de noordelijke Vaartkaai van het Albertkanaal wanneer ze onder de Burgemeester Gabriel Theunisbrug door een man op klaarlichte dag van haar fiets wordt gesleurd. De man sleept haar vervolgens mee tot in een klein steegje tussen de brug en de aanpalende suikerfabriek.
Hoewel ze maar 1m64 meet verzet Julie zich als een leeuwin tegenover haar verkrachter. In het gevecht dat daarop volgt slaat de man Julie dood met een zware kabel. Hij laat haar vervolgens achter in de steeg maar keert enkele uren later terug om haar lichaam en fiets onder de brug in het kanaal te gooien.
De moord komt hard aan bij de bevolking. Elke Belg heeft een Julie als familielid of geliefde en wordt er bruusk aan herinnerd hoe kwetsbaar dat geluk is.
Dutch East India Company | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:06:10 1 Company name, logo, and flag
00:08:16 2 History
00:08:25 2.1 Origins
00:11:58 2.2 Formation, rise, and fall
00:12:08 2.2.1 Formative years
00:16:48 2.2.2 Growth
00:22:47 2.2.3 Reorientation
00:32:14 2.2.4 Decline and fall
00:38:43 3 Organizational structure
00:45:02 3.1 VOC outposts
00:45:44 3.2 Council of Justice in Batavia
00:46:04 4 Shareholder activism at the VOC and the beginnings of modern corporate governance problems
00:48:41 5 Main trading posts, settlements, and colonies
00:48:53 5.1 Europe
00:49:01 5.1.1 Netherlands
00:49:21 5.2 Africa
00:49:30 5.2.1 Mauritius
00:49:45 5.2.2 South Africa
00:49:58 5.3 Asia
00:50:06 5.3.1 Indonesia
00:50:18 5.3.2 Indian subcontinent
00:50:50 5.3.3 Japan
00:51:08 5.3.4 Taiwan
00:51:35 5.3.5 Malaysia
00:51:51 5.3.6 Thailand
00:52:03 5.3.7 Vietnam
00:52:21 6 Conflicts and wars involving the VOC
00:56:10 7 Historical roles and legacy
00:59:53 7.1 Institutional innovations and impacts on modern-day global business practices and financial system
01:06:23 7.2 Impacts on social, economic, financial, political, and military history of the Netherlands
01:11:11 7.3 Roles in the history of the global economy and international relations
01:15:59 7.4 Artistic, scientific, technological, and cultural legacies of the VOC World
01:16:14 7.4.1 VOC World as an information/knowledge exchange network in the Dutch maritime world-system
01:19:06 7.4.2 Influences on Dutch Golden Age art
01:20:23 7.4.3 Formation of early modern religious communities and ethnic groups within the VOC World
01:20:37 7.5 Contributions in the Age of Exploration
01:21:29 7.5.1 iHalve Maen'/is exploratory voyage and role in the formation of New Netherland
01:24:25 7.5.2 Dutch discovery, exploration, and mapping of mainland Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, and various islands
01:29:24 7.5.3 VOC-sponsored inland exploration and mapping of Southern Africa
01:29:37 8 Criticism
01:30:09 8.1 VOC colonialism, monopoly policy and uses of violence
01:30:22 8.2 Dutch slave trade and slavery under the VOC colonial rule
01:35:25 9 Cultural depictions of people and things associated with the VOC
01:39:36 10 VOC world etymologies
01:39:47 10.1 Places and things named after the VOC and its people
01:42:45 10.2 Places and things named by VOC people
01:43:58 11 Populated places established by VOC people
01:45:34 12 Important heritage sites in the VOC World
01:46:22 13 VOC buildings and structures
01:47:02 14 VOC archives and records
01:47:53 15 VOC coinage
01:48:03 16 VOC ships
01:48:18 17 Field of VOC World studies
01:51:21 17.1 VOC World archaeology
01:51:31 18 VOC timeline and historical firsts
01:52:23 18.1 Proto-VOC period (with the establishment of the ivoorcompagnieën/pre-companies/i)
01:55:14 18.2 VOC era (with the amalgamation of the ivoorcompagnieën/pre-companies/i)
02:08:20 19 Gallery
02:08:40 20 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.9307992778992489
Voice name: en-GB-Wavenet-D
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Dutch East India Company (Dutch: Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie; VOC) was an early megacorporation, founded by a government-directed amalgamation of several rival Dutch trading companies (the so-called voorcompagnieën or pre-companies) in the early 17th century. It was originally established, on 20 March 1602, as a chartered company to trade with India and Indianized Southeast Asian countries when the Dutch government granted it a 21-year monopoly on the Dutch spice trade. The VOC was an early multinational/transnational corporation in its modern sense. The Company has been often labelled a trading company (i.e. a company of merchants who buy and sell goods produced by other people) or sometimes a shipping company. However, the VOC was in fact a proto-conglomerate company, diversifying into multiple commercial and industrial activities such as internat ...
Naar het ziekenhuis vlog 29
via YouTube Capture
United East Indies Company | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:05:48 1 Company name, logo, and flag
00:07:45 2 History
00:07:54 2.1 Origins
00:11:17 2.2 Formation, rise, and fall
00:11:27 2.2.1 Formative years
00:15:54 2.2.2 Growth
00:21:43 2.2.3 Reorientation
00:30:47 2.2.4 Decline and fall
00:37:02 3 Organizational structure
00:43:02 4 Shareholder activism at the VOC and the beginnings of modern corporate governance problems
00:45:35 5 Main trading posts, settlements, and colonies
00:45:47 5.1 Europe
00:45:55 5.1.1 Netherlands
00:46:14 5.2 Africa
00:46:22 5.2.1 Mauritius
00:46:37 5.2.2 South Africa
00:46:50 5.3 Asia
00:46:58 5.3.1 Indonesia
00:47:09 5.3.2 Indian subcontinent
00:47:41 5.3.3 Japan
00:48:00 5.3.4 Taiwan
00:48:26 5.3.5 Malaysia
00:48:41 5.3.6 Thailand
00:48:54 5.3.7 Vietnam
00:49:11 6 Conflicts and wars involving the VOC
00:50:29 7 Historical roles and legacy
00:54:03 7.1 Institutional innovations and impacts on modern-day global business practices and financial system
01:00:16 7.2 Impacts on social, economic, financial, political, and military history of the Netherlands
01:04:52 7.3 Roles in the history of the global economy and international relations
01:09:30 7.4 Artistic, scientific, technological, and cultural legacies of the VOC World
01:09:44 7.4.1 VOC World as an information/knowledge exchange network in the Dutch maritime world-system
01:12:30 7.4.2 Influences on Dutch Golden Age art
01:13:45 7.4.3 Formation of early modern religious communities and ethnic groups within the VOC World
01:13:59 7.5 Contributions in the Age of Exploration
01:14:50 7.5.1 iHalve Maen'/is exploratory voyage and role in the formation of New Netherland
01:17:38 7.5.2 Dutch discovery, exploration, and mapping of mainland Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, and various islands
01:22:27 7.5.3 VOC-sponsored inland exploration and mapping of Southern Africa
01:22:39 8 Criticism
01:23:10 8.1 VOC colonialism, monopoly policy and uses of violence
01:23:23 8.2 Dutch slave trade and slavery under the VOC colonial rule
01:28:15 9 Cultural depictions of people and things associated with the VOC
01:32:08 10 VOC world etymologies
01:32:19 10.1 Places and things named after the VOC and its people
01:35:08 10.2 Places and things named by VOC people
01:36:16 11 Populated places established by VOC people
01:37:48 12 Important heritage sites in the VOC World
01:38:33 13 VOC buildings and structures
01:39:11 14 VOC archives and records
01:39:59 15 Field of VOC World studies
01:42:42 15.1 VOC World archaeology
01:42:53 16 VOC timeline and historical firsts
01:43:42 16.1 Proto-VOC period (with the establishment of the ivoorcompagnieën/pre-companies/i)
01:46:25 16.2 VOC era (with the amalgamation of the ivoorcompagnieën/pre-companies/i)
01:59:07 17 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.9770717874062174
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-B
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Dutch East India Company (Dutch: Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie; VOC) was an early megacorporation, founded by a government-directed amalgamation of several rival Dutch trading companies (voorcompagnieën) in the early-17th century. It was originally established, on 20 March 1602, as a chartered company to trade with India and Indianized Southeast Asian countries when the Dutch government granted it a 21-year monopoly on the Dutch spice trade. The Company has been often labelled a trading company (i.e. a company of merchants who buy and sell goods produced by other people) or sometimes a shipping company. However, the VOC was in fact a proto-conglomerate company, diversifying into multiple commercial and industrial activities such as international trade (especially intra-Asian trade), shipbuilding, both production and trade of East Indian spices, Formosan sugarcane, and South African wine. The Company was a transcontinental employer and an early pioneer of outward foreign direct invest ...
United East India Company | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:06:30 1 Company name, logo, and flag
00:08:40 2 History
00:08:49 2.1 Origins
00:12:29 2.2 Formation, rise, and fall
00:12:39 2.2.1 Formative years
00:17:32 2.2.2 Growth
00:23:47 2.2.3 Reorientation
00:33:35 2.2.4 Decline and fall
00:40:18 3 Organizational structure
00:46:48 3.1 VOC outposts
00:47:32 3.2 Council of Justice in Batavia
00:47:52 4 Shareholder activism at the VOC and the beginnings of modern corporate governance problems
00:50:35 5 Main trading posts, settlements, and colonies
00:50:47 5.1 Europe
00:50:55 5.1.1 Netherlands
00:51:16 5.2 Africa
00:51:24 5.2.1 Mauritius
00:51:40 5.2.2 South Africa
00:51:53 5.3 Asia
00:52:02 5.3.1 Indonesia
00:52:13 5.3.2 Indian subcontinent
00:52:47 5.3.3 Japan
00:53:07 5.3.4 Taiwan
00:53:36 5.3.5 Malaysia
00:53:51 5.3.6 Thailand
00:54:04 5.3.7 Vietnam
00:54:23 6 Conflicts and wars involving the VOC
00:58:30 7 Historical roles and legacy
01:02:22 7.1 Institutional innovations and impacts on modern-day global business practices and financial system
01:09:09 7.2 Impacts on social, economic, financial, political, and military history of the Netherlands
01:14:08 7.3 Roles in the history of the global economy and international relations
01:19:10 7.4 Artistic, scientific, technological, and cultural legacies of the VOC World
01:19:24 7.4.1 VOC World as an information/knowledge exchange network in the Dutch maritime world-system
01:22:24 7.4.2 Influences on Dutch Golden Age art
01:23:44 7.4.3 Formation of early modern religious communities and ethnic groups within the VOC World
01:23:58 7.5 Contributions in the Age of Exploration
01:24:53 7.5.1 iHalve Maen'/is exploratory voyage and role in the formation of New Netherland
01:27:53 7.5.2 Dutch discovery, exploration, and mapping of mainland Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, and various islands
01:33:05 7.5.3 VOC-sponsored inland exploration and mapping of Southern Africa
01:33:17 8 Criticism
01:33:51 8.1 VOC colonialism, monopoly policy and uses of violence
01:34:04 8.2 Dutch slave trade and slavery under the VOC colonial rule
01:39:19 9 Cultural depictions of people and things associated with the VOC
01:43:39 10 VOC world etymologies
01:43:50 10.1 Places and things named after the VOC and its people
01:46:59 10.2 Places and things named by VOC people
01:48:15 11 Populated places established by VOC people
01:49:56 12 Important heritage sites in the VOC World
01:50:47 13 VOC buildings and structures
01:51:29 14 VOC archives and records
01:52:22 15 VOC coinage
01:52:32 16 VOC ships
01:52:47 17 Field of VOC World studies
01:55:57 17.1 VOC World archaeology
01:56:08 18 VOC timeline and historical firsts
01:57:02 18.1 Proto-VOC period (with the establishment of the ivoorcompagnieën/pre-companies/i)
02:00:04 18.2 VOC era (with the amalgamation of the ivoorcompagnieën/pre-companies/i)
02:14:12 19 Gallery
02:14:32 20 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.8461302477082473
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-D
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Dutch East India Company (Dutch: Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie; VOC) was an early megacorporation, founded by a government-directed amalgamation of several rival Dutch trading companies (the so-called voorcompagnieën or pre-companies) in the early 17th century. It was originally established, on 20 March 1602, as a chartered company to trade with India and Indianized Southeast Asian countries when the Dutch government granted it a 21-year monopoly on the Dutch spice trade. The VOC was an early multinational/transnational corporation in its modern sense. The Company has been often labelled a trading company (i.e. a company of merchants who buy and sell goods produced by other people) or sometimes a shipping company. However, the VOC was in fact a proto-conglomerate company, diversifying into multiple commercial and industrial activities such as internat ...
Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:07:24 1 Company name, logo, and flag
00:09:49 2 History
00:09:59 2.1 Origins
00:14:14 2.2 Formation, rise, and fall
00:14:25 2.2.1 Formative years
00:20:06 2.2.2 Growth
00:27:25 2.2.3 Reorientation
00:38:52 2.2.4 Decline and fall
00:46:43 3 Organizational structure
00:54:19 4 Shareholder activism at the VOC and the beginnings of modern corporate governance problems
00:57:28 5 Main trading posts, settlements, and colonies
00:57:41 5.1 Europe
00:57:49 5.1.1 Netherlands
00:58:12 5.2 Africa
00:58:20 5.2.1 Mauritius
00:58:38 5.2.2 South Africa
00:58:52 5.3 Asia
00:59:01 5.3.1 Indonesia
00:59:13 5.3.2 Indian subcontinent
00:59:52 5.3.3 Japan
01:00:14 5.3.4 Taiwan
01:00:47 5.3.5 Malaysia
01:01:04 5.3.6 Thailand
01:01:18 5.3.7 Vietnam
01:01:39 6 Conflicts and wars involving the VOC
01:03:14 7 Historical roles and legacy
01:07:44 7.1 Institutional innovations and impacts on modern-day global business practices and financial system
01:15:39 7.2 Impacts on social, economic, financial, political, and military history of the Netherlands
01:21:28 7.3 Roles in the history of the global economy and international relations
01:27:18 7.4 Artistic, scientific, technological, and cultural legacies of the VOC World
01:27:34 7.4.1 VOC World as an information/knowledge exchange network in the Dutch maritime world-system
01:31:02 7.4.2 Influences on Dutch Golden Age art
01:32:35 7.4.3 Formation of early modern religious communities and ethnic groups within the VOC World
01:32:51 7.5 Contributions in the Age of Exploration
01:33:53 7.5.1 iHalve Maen'/is exploratory voyage and role in the formation of New Netherland
01:37:23 7.5.2 Dutch discovery, exploration, and mapping of mainland Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, and various islands
01:43:26 7.5.3 VOC-sponsored inland exploration and mapping of Southern Africa
01:43:39 8 Criticism
01:44:18 8.1 VOC colonialism, monopoly policy and uses of violence
01:44:32 8.2 Dutch slave trade and slavery under the VOC colonial rule
01:50:38 9 Cultural depictions of people and things associated with the VOC
01:55:31 10 VOC world etymologies
01:55:43 10.1 Places and things named after the VOC and its people
01:59:23 10.2 Places and things named by VOC people
02:00:50 11 Populated places established by VOC people
02:02:46 12 Important heritage sites in the VOC World
02:03:46 13 VOC buildings and structures
02:04:33 14 VOC archives and records
02:05:33 15 Field of VOC World studies
02:09:03 15.1 VOC World archaeology
02:09:14 16 VOC timeline and historical firsts
02:10:16 16.1 Proto-VOC period (with the establishment of the ivoorcompagnieën/pre-companies/i)
02:13:47 16.2 VOC era (with the amalgamation of the ivoorcompagnieën/pre-companies/i)
02:30:19 17 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.7188161908832603
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-D
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Dutch East India Company (Dutch: Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie; VOC) was an early megacorporation, founded by a government-directed amalgamation of several rival Dutch trading companies (voorcompagnieën) in the early-17th century. It was originally established, on 20 March 1602, as a chartered company to trade with India and Indianized Southeast Asian countries when the Dutch government granted it a 21-year monopoly on the Dutch spice trade. The Company has been often labelled a trading company (i.e. a company of merchants who buy and sell goods produced by other people) or sometimes a shipping company. However, the VOC was in fact a proto-conglomerate company, diversifying into multiple commercial and industrial activities such as international trade (especially intra-Asian trade), shipbuilding, both production and trade of East Indian spices, Formosan sugarcane, and South African wine. The Company was a transcontinental employer and an early pioneer of outward foreign direct invest ...
Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:05:14 1 Company name, logo, and flag
00:07:02 2 History
00:07:10 2.1 Origins
00:10:10 2.2 Formation, rise, and fall
00:10:20 2.2.1 Formative years
00:14:18 2.2.2 Growth
00:19:25 2.2.3 Reorientation
00:27:22 2.2.4 Decline and fall
00:32:50 3 Organizational structure
00:38:09 3.1 VOC outposts
00:38:47 3.2 Council of Justice in Batavia
00:39:05 4 Shareholder activism at the VOC and the beginnings of modern corporate governance problems
00:41:18 5 Main trading posts, settlements, and colonies
00:41:30 5.1 Europe
00:41:38 5.1.1 Netherlands
00:41:56 5.2 Africa
00:42:05 5.2.1 Mauritius
00:42:19 5.2.2 South Africa
00:42:32 5.3 Asia
00:42:40 5.3.1 Indonesia
00:42:51 5.3.2 Indian subcontinent
00:43:20 5.3.3 Japan
00:43:38 5.3.4 Taiwan
00:44:03 5.3.5 Malaysia
00:44:18 5.3.6 Thailand
00:44:29 5.3.7 Vietnam
00:44:46 6 Conflicts and wars involving the VOC
00:48:07 7 Historical roles and legacy
00:51:17 7.1 Institutional innovations and impacts on modern-day global business practices and financial system
00:56:44 7.2 Impacts on social, economic, financial, political, and military history of the Netherlands
01:00:48 7.3 Roles in the history of the global economy and international relations
01:04:51 7.4 Artistic, scientific, technological, and cultural legacies of the VOC World
01:05:05 7.4.1 VOC World as an information/knowledge exchange network in the Dutch maritime world-system
01:07:31 7.4.2 Influences on Dutch Golden Age art
01:08:38 7.4.3 Formation of early modern religious communities and ethnic groups within the VOC World
01:08:50 7.5 Contributions in the Age of Exploration
01:09:36 7.5.1 iHalve Maen'/is exploratory voyage and role in the formation of New Netherland
01:12:05 7.5.2 Dutch discovery, exploration, and mapping of mainland Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, and various islands
01:16:19 7.5.3 VOC-sponsored inland exploration and mapping of Southern Africa
01:16:30 8 Criticism
01:16:59 8.1 VOC colonialism, monopoly policy and uses of violence
01:17:11 8.2 Dutch slave trade and slavery under the VOC colonial rule
01:21:28 9 Cultural depictions of people and things associated with the VOC
01:25:02 10 VOC world etymologies
01:25:12 10.1 Places and things named after the VOC and its people
01:27:49 10.2 Places and things named by VOC people
01:28:53 11 Populated places established by VOC people
01:30:17 12 Important heritage sites in the VOC World
01:30:56 13 VOC buildings and structures
01:31:31 14 VOC archives and records
01:32:16 15 VOC coinage
01:32:25 16 VOC ships
01:32:40 17 Field of VOC World studies
01:35:13 17.1 VOC World archaeology
01:35:23 18 VOC timeline and historical firsts
01:36:07 18.1 Proto-VOC period (with the establishment of the ivoorcompagnieën/pre-companies/i)
01:38:37 18.2 VOC era (with the amalgamation of the ivoorcompagnieën/pre-companies/i)
01:50:01 19 Gallery
01:50:19 20 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.9307297285589624
Voice name: en-AU-Wavenet-B
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Dutch East India Company (Dutch: Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie; VOC) was an early megacorporation, founded by a government-directed amalgamation of several rival Dutch trading companies (the so-called voorcompagnieën or pre-companies) in the early 17th century. It was originally established, on 20 March 1602, as a chartered company to trade with India and Indianized Southeast Asian countries when the Dutch government granted it a 21-year monopoly on the Dutch spice trade. The VOC was an early multinational/transnational corporation in its modern sense. The Company has been often labelled a trading company (i.e. a company of merchants who buy and sell goods produced by other people) or sometimes a shipping company. However, the VOC was in fact a proto-conglomerate company, diversifying into multiple commercial and industrial activities such as internat ...