Dorotheenstadt cemetery Berlin
filmed in September 2017
Der Dorotheenstädtscher Friedrichswerderscher Friedhof Berlin Mitte
The Dorotheenstadt cemetery, officially the Cemetery of the Dorotheenstadt und Friedrichswerder Parishes, is a landmarked burial ground located in the Berlin district of Mitte. The entrance to the 17,000 m2 plot is at 126 Chaussee Straße (next door to the Brecht House, where Bertolt Brecht and Helene Weigel spent their last years, at 125 Chaussee Straße). It was established in 1762 by Prussian King Frederick II, the Great; burials began in 1770. The cemetery, like the neighbourhood of Berlin, was named after Dorothea, the second wife of the Great Elector Frederick William I (1620--1688). It is directly adjacent to the French cemetery (also known as the cemetery of the Huguenots), established in 1780, and is sometimes confused with it.
Dorotheenstädtischer Friedhof, Berlin cemetery wander
Looking for a toilet and found this cemetery in Berlin at the same time. Thought i would linger and look around.
Remains of 300 Nazi victims laid to rest at Berlin cemetery
A ceremony was held at Berlin's Dorotheenstadt cemetery with descendants of the victims in attendance (pictured left, a pallbearer carries the remains with family members behind). The remains (right, at a ceremony before the burial) were buried with a Catholic and a Protestant priest and a rabbi present. The 300 tissue samples, which are a hundredth of a millimetre thin and around one by one centimetre large, were uncovered on microscopic plates by the descendants of the Third Reich anatomy professor Hermann Stieve. Stieve (inset) dissected and researched the bodies of inmates killed at the Berlin Ploetzensee jail, including those of executed resistance fighters.
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Germany: Microscopic remains of dissected Nazi prisoners given burial in Berlin
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Seventy-four years after the end of World War II, the microscopic remains of political prisoners killed by the Nazi regime and then used in medical experiments, were finally buried in the Dorotheenstadt cemetery in Berlin on Monday.
According to reports, more than 300 tissue samples of people who were murdered by the Nazis in the Berlin-Plotzensee Prison were found in 2016 by the family of anatomy professor Hermann Stieve (1886-1952), who reportedly received bodies of Nazi victims for research purposes. The samples were reportedly given to Berlin's Charite hospital in order to be studied.
A mass was celebrated for the community and family members had the opportunity to pay their final respects.
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Cemetery Reads | Perfectly Preventable Deaths | Dorotheenstädt Cemetery
Come read with me and explore the Dorotheenstädt Cemetery in Berlin, Germany!
No music, no talking just the breeze, birds and graves!
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What is Harpies in the Trees?
Hi, I'm Mers and I used to be an avid reader, but life got in the way so I stopped reading for a very long time but decided to change that last year and I want to share what I'm reading and discovering on my journey back into the wonderful world of books.
Horror fiction is my favorite genre, especially the classic ghost story, to read but I will have other types of books in there from time to time. I will be doing book reviews, book hauls, book crate unboxings, creative projects inspired by books, checking out street libraries, exploring cemeteries here in Berlin and more!
Since I have started reading again I am finding new authors that I love, I have become inspired creatively to make things from the stories I am reading and meeting other book lovers too.
Come with me on my journey back to books, a beautiful place in the trees.
Victims of Nazi experiments laid to rest in Berlin
(13 May 2019) The partial remains of 300 Nazi resistance fighters were laid to rest Monday in a solemn ceremony in a downtown Berlin cemetery.
When the resistance fighters were executed for standing up against Adolf Hitler's dictatorship they were denied graves, so as not to become a rallying point for others.
On Monday a small wooden box lowered into the square granite-edged plot included remains of Erika von Brockdorff.
She was beheaded in the Nazis' notorious Ploetzensee Prison on May 13, 1943 - exactly 76 years ago - for her involvement in the famous Red Orchestra resistance movement.
I'm just happy that there is now this place, reflected her daughter, 81-year-old Saskia von Brockdorff, after sprinkling handfuls of earth into the grave.
We always drove with my sons to Ploetzensee, but that is really a place of execution even if it is not what it was then, and I'm glad I can come here now.
The remains - fragments of tissue - were discovered two years ago by descendants of Hermann Stieve, the former director of the Berlin Institute of Anatomy at the Charite hospital.
Stieve was not a member of the Nazi party himself, but was complicit in their crimes, said Johannes Tuchel, the director of the German Resistance Memorial Centre.
Tuchel has been involved in the investigation into the remains and organising their burial.
Among other things, Stieve reached a deal with Nazi authorities to quickly receive the bodies of victims who had been executed for his research, in exchange for agreeing to leave no traces of their bodies behind.
The Nazis worried that the graves of the resistance fighters could become martyrs' cemeteries, so to speak, and they wanted to avoid this, Tuchel told The Associated Press.
Stieve's main focus was on female menstrual cycles, and he wrote papers on how stress affected the female reproductive system.
The tissue samples discovered by Stieve's heirs were primarily taken from women, aged 20 to 40, Tuchel told relatives and others who packed the small chapel at the Dorotheenstadt Cemetery for a multi-denominational service by Protestant and Catholic priests and a Jewish Rabbi ahead of the burial.
He said the doctor would have certainly known that they did not die of natural causes.
It was clear they were involved in the resistance and were executed for their activities, he said.
Overall, more than 2,800 people were executed by hanging or guillotine at the Ploetzensee prison during the Nazi era.
Not all of the 300 tissue samples, which were on a collection of microscope slides, were identified and Tuchel said the families asked that the names of the identified victims not be released.
Von Brockdorff, however, agreed to talk with the AP about her story after the service.
She and more than 15 others sprinkled dirt into the grave, across from a memorial to some of the prominent leaders of the failed 1944 attempt to kill Hitler, while some placed flowers and said silent prayers.
Tuchel praised the courage of the Stieve family for coming forward with their discovery, knowing it would open new discussion and questions about their ancestor, who died in 1952.
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Dorotheenstädtischer Friedhof - HD
Famous Berlin cemetery in which some of the most famous Berliners are buried (Heinrich Mann, Bertolt Brecht, Karl Schinkel, etc).
Bärenbrunnen Friedrichswerderstadt
Behrenstraße
Vielen Dank für Ihre Unterstützung:
Behrenstraße
Die Behrenstraße liegt im Berliner Ortsteil Mitte des gleichnamigen Bezirks.Sie verbindet die Ebertstraße mit dem Bereich am Bebelplatz und der Straße Hinter der Katholischen Kirche.Sie wurde Ende des 17.Jahrhunderts auf einem früheren Befestigungswall der Dorotheenstadt angelegt.
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Berlino vista dello skyline al tramonto dal 37° piano
Berlino, vista aerea della citta' dal 37° piano
Berlino è la maggiore città e nel contempo un Bundesland della Germania, quindi una città-stato. Capitale federale della Repubblica Federale di Germania e sede del suo governo, è uno dei più importanti centri politici, culturali, scientifici, fieristici e mediatici d'Europa e, dopo Londra, il secondo comune più popoloso dell'Unione europea, con 3.562.166 abitanti.
Abgeordnetenhaus von Berlin (Consiglio comunale),Accademia delle Arti,Aeroporto di Berlino-Tempelhof,Alexanderplatz,Bauhaus Archiv,Bebelplatz,Porta di Brandeburgo,Castello di caccia di Grunewald,Cattedrale di Sant'Edvige,Checkpoint Charlie,Chiesa di San Nicola,Colonna della Vittoria,Deutscher Dom,Dorotheenstädtischer Friedhof,Duomo di Berlino,East Side Gallery,Ephraim-Palais,Französischer Dom,Gendarmenmarkt,Hackesche Höfe,Haus der Kulturen der Welt,Monumento alla memoria delle vittime dell’olocausto,KaDeWe,Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gedächtniskirche,Lustgarten,Martin-Gropius-Bau,Municipio Rosso,Museo Ebraico di Berlino,Museumsinsel,Sinagoga nuova di Berlino,Nuovo corpo di guardia,Oberbaumbrücke,Palazzo Bellevue, Bundespräsidialamt,Palazzo del Reichstag,Potsdamer Platz,Prinzessinnenpalais, Kronprinzenpalais,Schauspielhaus am Gendarmenmarkt, Konzerthaus,Schloss,Glienicke,Shellhaus,Sowjetisches Ehrenmal Tiergarten,St. Matthäus-Kirche,Stadio Olimpico di Berlino,Tiergarten,Torre della televisione di Berlino,Università Humboldt di Berlino,Zoo Berlin
Berlin aerial view of the city 'from the 37th floor
Berlin is the largest city and at the same time a Bundesland of Germany, then a city-state. Federal capital of the Federal Republic of Germany and the seat of his government, is one of the most important political, cultural, scientific, exhibition and media in Europe and, after London, the second most populous of the European Union, with 3,562,166 inhabitants.
Abgeordnetenhaus von Berlin (City Council), Academy of Arts, Berlin Tempelhof Airport, Alexanderplatz, Bauhaus Archiv, Bebelplatz, Brandenburg Gate, the Grunewald hunting castle, St. Hedwig's Cathedral, Checkpoint Charlie, St. Nicholas Church, Column Victory, Deutscher Dom, Dorotheenstadt cemetery, Berlin Cathedral, East Side Gallery, Ephraim-Palais, Französischer Dom, Gendarmenmarkt, Hackesche Hofe, Haus der Kulturen der Welt, Monument to the memory of Holocaust victims, KaDeWe, Kaiser-Wilhelm- Memorial Church, Lustgarten, Martin-Gropius-Bau, Red Town Hall, Berlin Jewish Museum, Museum Island, New Synagogue, New guardhouse, Oberbaumbrücke, Bellevue Palace, Bundespräsidialamt, Reichstag, Potsdamer Platz, Prinzessinnenpalais, Kronprinzenpalais, Schauspielhaus am Gendarmenmarkt, Konzerthaus, Schloss Glienicke, Shellhaus, Sowjetisches Ehrenmal Tiergarten St. Matthäus-Kirche, the Olympic Stadium in Berlin, Tiergarten, Television Tower of Berlin, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin Zoo
ベルリン、37階から街空中ビュー '
ベルリン最大の都市であると同時に、ドイツのBundesland、その後都市国家。 3562166と連邦ドイツ連邦共和国の首都と彼の政府の座席、ロンドンの後、ヨーロッパで最も重要な、政治的、文化的、科学的、メディアや見本市の一つであり、欧州連合（EU）で2番目に人口の多い自治体、住民。
Abgeordnetenhaus・フォン・ベルリン（市議会）、芸術アカデミー、ベルリン・テンペルホーフ、アレクサンダー広場、バウハウスアーカイブ空港、ベーベル広場、ブランデンブルク門、聖ヘドウィグ大聖堂、チェックポイント・チャーリー、聖ニコラ教会、列のグリューネ狩りの城勝利、ドイッチャードム、Dorotheenstadt墓地、ベルリン大聖堂、イーストサイドギャラリー、エフライム・パレ、Französischerドム、ジャンダルメンマルクト、Hackesche Hofe、ハウスデアクルトゥーレンデア・ヴェルト、記念碑ホロコースト犠牲者の記憶に、カーデーヴェー、カイザーWilhelm-記念教会、ラストガーテン、マーティン・グロピウス・バウ、レッドタウンホール、ベルリンユダヤ博物館、博物館島、新シナゴーグ、新衛兵所、Oberbaumbrücke、ベルビュー宮殿、Bundespräsidialamt、国会議事堂、ポツダム広場、Prinzessinnenpalais、Kronprinzenpalais、シアター午前ジャンダルメンマルクト、コンツェルトハウス、シュロス、グリエニケ、シェルハウス、Sowjetisches Ehrenmalティーアガルテン、セントマテウス・教会、ベルリンのオリンピックスタジアム、ティーアガルテン、ベルリンテレビ塔、ベルリンのフンボルト大学、ベルリン動物園
James Turrell - Meister des Lichts im Jüdischen Museum
Ist das eine Fläche, ein Nichts oder die Unendlichkeit? Wo ist oben, und wo ist unten? Die Lichtinstallation Ganzfeld Aural verwirrt das menschliche Auge und lässt es gleichzeitig genießen. Der international renommierte Künstler James Turrell beschäftigt sich seit Jahrzehnten mit der Wahrnehmung von Licht. Die Installation im Jüdischen Museum ist nach der dauerhaften Gestaltung der Kapelle auf dem Dorotheenstädtischen Friedhof 1 in Mitte sein zweites Werk in Berlin.
10 cose da vedere e fare a Berlino
10 cose da vedere e fare a Berlino
Berlino è la maggiore città e nel contempo un Bundesland della Germania, quindi una città-stato. Capitale federale della Repubblica Federale di Germania e sede del suo governo, è uno dei più importanti centri politici, culturali, scientifici, fieristici e mediatici d'Europa e, dopo Londra, il secondo comune più popoloso dell'Unione europea, con 3.562.166 abitanti.
Abgeordnetenhaus von Berlin (Consiglio comunale),Accademia delle Arti,Aeroporto di Berlino-Tempelhof,Alexanderplatz,Bauhaus Archiv,Bebelplatz,Porta di Brandeburgo,Castello di caccia di Grunewald,Cattedrale di Sant'Edvige,Checkpoint Charlie,Chiesa di San Nicola,Colonna della Vittoria,Deutscher Dom,Dorotheenstädtischer Friedhof,Duomo di Berlino,East Side Gallery,Ephraim-Palais,Französischer Dom,Gendarmenmarkt,Hackesche Höfe,Haus der Kulturen der Welt,Monumento alla memoria delle vittime dell’olocausto,KaDeWe,Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gedächtniskirche,Lustgarten,Martin-Gropius-Bau,Municipio Rosso,Museo Ebraico di Berlino,Museumsinsel,Sinagoga nuova di Berlino,Nuovo corpo di guardia,Oberbaumbrücke,Palazzo Bellevue, Bundespräsidialamt,Palazzo del Reichstag,Potsdamer Platz,Prinzessinnenpalais, Kronprinzenpalais,Schauspielhaus am Gendarmenmarkt, Konzerthaus,Schloss,Glienicke,Shellhaus,Sowjetisches Ehrenmal Tiergarten,St. Matthäus-Kirche,Stadio Olimpico di Berlino,Tiergarten,Torre della televisione di Berlino,Università Humboldt di Berlino,Zoo Berlin
Berlin is the largest city and at the same time a Bundesland of Germany, then a city-state. Federal capital of the Federal Republic of Germany and the seat of his government, is one of the most important political, cultural, scientific, exhibition and media in Europe and, after London, the second most populous of the European Union, with 3,562,166 inhabitants.
Abgeordnetenhaus von Berlin (City Council), Academy of Arts, Berlin Tempelhof Airport, Alexanderplatz, Bauhaus Archiv, Bebelplatz, Brandenburg Gate, the Grunewald hunting castle, St. Hedwig's Cathedral, Checkpoint Charlie, St. Nicholas Church, Column Victory, Deutscher Dom, Dorotheenstadt cemetery, Berlin Cathedral, East Side Gallery, Ephraim-Palais, Französischer Dom, Gendarmenmarkt, Hackesche Hofe, Haus der Kulturen der Welt, Monument to the memory of Holocaust victims, KaDeWe, Kaiser-Wilhelm- Memorial Church, Lustgarten, Martin-Gropius-Bau, Red Town Hall, Berlin Jewish Museum, Museum Island, New Synagogue, New guardhouse, Oberbaumbrücke, Bellevue Palace, Bundespräsidialamt, Reichstag, Potsdamer Platz, Prinzessinnenpalais, Kronprinzenpalais, Schauspielhaus am Gendarmenmarkt, Konzerthaus, Schloss Glienicke, Shellhaus, Sowjetisches Ehrenmal Tiergarten St. Matthäus-Kirche, the Olympic Stadium in Berlin, Tiergarten, Television Tower of Berlin, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin Zoo
ベルリンで見て行うための10の事柄
ベルリン最大の都市であると同時に、ドイツのBundesland、その後都市国家。 3562166と連邦ドイツ連邦共和国の首都と彼の政府の座席、ロンドンの後、ヨーロッパで最も重要な、政治的、文化的、科学的、メディアや見本市の一つであり、欧州連合（EU）で2番目に人口の多い自治体、住民。
Abgeordnetenhaus・フォン・ベルリン（市議会）、芸術アカデミー、ベルリン・テンペルホーフ、アレクサンダー広場、バウハウスアーカイブ空港、ベーベル広場、ブランデンブルク門、聖ヘドウィグ大聖堂、チェックポイント・チャーリー、聖ニコラ教会、列のグリューネ狩りの城勝利、ドイッチャードム、Dorotheenstadt墓地、ベルリン大聖堂、イーストサイドギャラリー、エフライム・パレ、Französischerドム、ジャンダルメンマルクト、Hackesche Hofe、ハウスデアクルトゥーレンデア・ヴェルト、記念碑ホロコースト犠牲者の記憶に、カーデーヴェー、カイザーWilhelm-記念教会、ラストガーテン、マーティン・グロピウス・バウ、レッドタウンホール、ベルリンユダヤ博物館、博物館島、新シナゴーグ、新衛兵所、Oberbaumbrücke、ベルビュー宮殿、Bundespräsidialamt、国会議事堂、ポツダム広場、Prinzessinnenpalais、Kronprinzenpalais、シアター午前ジャンダルメンマルクト、コンツェルトハウス、シュロス、グリエニケ、シェルハウス、Sowjetisches Ehrenmalティーアガルテン、セントマテウス・教会、ベルリンのオリンピックスタジアム、ティーアガルテン、ベルリンテレビ塔、ベルリンのフンボルト大学、ベルリン動物園
برتولت برشت ,رادیو آذربایجان سسین ده
برتولت برشت ,رادیو آذربایجان سسین ده
Leo Spies, Symphony No 2 in C minor (1961)
Leo Spies, Symphony No 2 in C minor (1961)
Rundfunk-Sinfonie-Orchester Leipzig
Gerhard Pflüger, conductor
(date of recording, 1961, Leipzig)
Leo Spies (4 June 1899 – 1 May 1965) was a Russian-born German composer and conductor active in the musical and theatrical life of Germany, and especially in Berlin.
Spies was born in Moscow and was educated there before his family emigrated to Dresden where he trained with Johannes Schreyer and Oskar von Riesemann. He then studied at the Berlin Hochschule für Musik under Engelbert Humperdinck and Robert Kahn from 1916 to 1917. In his early career he worked as a repetiteur in various German theatres and for Universum Film AG. During the late 1920s, he became involved with Hanns Eisler's circle and the workers' choral movement for which he composed several choral works. He was the ballet conductor of the Berlin State Opera from 1928 to 1935 and the Deutsche Opernhaus from 1935 to 1944. He then served as director of studies and conductor at the Komische Oper from 1947 to 1954.
As a composer, Spies's work was influenced by Russian romanticism and the works of Janáček. He composed in virtually all the classical genres: ballets, concertos, symphonies, chamber music, piano sonatas, lieder, and choral music. His principal ballet works are Apollo und Daphne (1936), Der Stralauer Fischzug (1936), Seefahrt (1937), Die Sonne lacht (1942), Pastorale (1943), Die Liebenden von Verona (1944), and Don Quijote (1944).[1] He also composed incidental music for plays, including the 1946 Berlin production of Zum goldenen Anker (the German language adaptation of Marcel Pagnol's Trilogie marseillaise).[3]
In 1956 Spies was awarded the National Prize of the German Democratic Republic. He died in Ahrenshoop shortly before his 65th birthday and is buried in the Dorotheenstadt cemetery.
The music on my channel is meant to introduce a large audience to music by unknown classical composers and unknown classical music by famous composers in the music period of about 1870 till about 1970.
The program presents works by relatively unknown composers and unknown music by well-known composers and has no commercial purposes.
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Die 3 Groschenoper: Die Ballade von der Unzulaenglichkeit Menchlichen Sterbens
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Die 3 Groschenoper: Die Ballade von der Unzulaenglichkeit Menchlichen Sterbens · Kurt Weill · Hans Sommer · Orchester der Theathers am Kurfürstendamm, Berlin · Bert Brecht
Die 3 Groschenoper
℗ 2010 M.A.T. Music Themem Licensing Ltd.
Released on: 2010-01-03
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Huguenot | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:03:06 1 Etymology
00:08:24 2 Symbol
00:08:53 3 Demographics
00:13:23 4 Emigration and diaspora
00:14:35 5 History
00:14:45 5.1 Origins
00:18:00 5.2 Criticism and conflict with the Catholic Church
00:20:14 5.3 Reformation and growth
00:21:34 5.4 Wars of religion
00:22:46 5.5 Civil wars
00:24:15 5.6 St. Bartholomew's Day massacre
00:25:22 5.7 Edict of Nantes
00:28:29 5.8 Edict of Fontainebleau
00:31:13 5.9 End of persecution
00:32:21 5.10 Right of return to France in the 19th and 20th centuries
00:33:54 5.11 Modern times
00:36:31 6 Exodus
00:36:58 6.1 Early emigration to colonies
00:38:08 6.2 South Africa
00:41:21 6.3 North America
00:50:49 6.3.1 Spoken language
00:51:30 6.4 Netherlands
00:55:20 6.5 Wales
00:55:58 6.6 England
01:00:26 6.7 Ireland
01:02:36 6.8 Germany and Scandinavia
01:05:51 7 Effects of the exodus
01:07:51 8 1985 apology
01:08:26 9 Legacy
01:08:40 9.1 France
01:09:27 9.2 United States
01:12:13 9.3 England
01:13:21 9.4 Prussia
01:13:47 9.5 Ireland
01:14:04 9.6 South Africa
01:14:40 9.7 Australia
01:15:34 10 See also
01:16:37 11 Notes
01:16:46 12 Further reading
01:21:17 12.1 In French
01:22:10 13 External links
01:23:12 13.1 Texts
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
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Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
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Speaking Rate: 0.9470992834942893
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I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Huguenots ( HEW-gə-nots, also UK: -nohz, French: [yɡ(ə)no]) were a religious group of French Protestants.
Huguenots were French protestants who held to the Reformed tradition of Protestantism. The term has its origin in early-16th-century France. It was frequently used in reference to those of the Reformed Church of France from the time of the Protestant Reformation. By contrast, the Protestant populations of eastern France, in Alsace, Moselle, and Montbéliard were mainly German Lutherans.
In his Encyclopedia of Protestantism, Hans Hillerbrand said that, on the eve of the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre in 1572, the Huguenot community included as much as 10% of the French population. By 1600 it had declined to 7–8%, and was reduced further after the return of severe persecution in 1685 under Louis XIV's Edict of Fontainebleau.
The Huguenots were believed to be concentrated among the population in the southern and western parts of the Kingdom of France. As Huguenots gained influence and more openly displayed their faith, Catholic hostility grew. A series of religious conflicts followed, known as the French Wars of Religion, fought intermittently from 1562 to 1598. The Huguenots were led by Jeanne d'Albret, her son, the future Henry IV (who would later convert to Catholicism in order to become king), and the princes of Condé. The wars ended with the Edict of Nantes, which granted the Huguenots substantial religious, political and military autonomy.
Huguenot rebellions in the 1620s resulted in the abolition of their political and military privileges. They retained the religious provisions of the Edict of Nantes until the rule of Louis XIV, who gradually increased persecution of Protestantism until he issued the Edict of Fontainebleau (1685). This ended legal recognition of Protestantism in France and the Huguenots were forced either to convert to Catholicism (possibly as Nicodemites) or flee as refugees; they were subject to violent dragonnades. Louis XIV claimed that the French Huguenot population was reduced from about 800,000 to 900,000 adherents to just 1,000 to 1,500. He exaggerated the decline, but the dragonnades were devastating for the French Protestant community.
The remaining Huguenots faced continued persecution under Louis XV. By the time of his death in 1774, Calvinism had been nearly eliminated from France. Persecution of Protestants officially ended with the Edict of Versailles, signed by Louis XVI in 1787. Two years later, with the Revolutionary Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen of 1789, P ...
Huguenots | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Huguenots
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Huguenots (; French: Les huguenots [yɡ(ə)no]) are an ethnoreligious group of French Protestants who follow the Reformed tradition.
The term has its origin in early 16th century France. It was frequently used in reference to those of the Reformed Church of France from the time of the Protestant Reformation. Huguenots were French Protestants who held to the Reformed tradition of Protestantism, while the populations of Alsace, Moselle and Montbéliard were mainly German Lutherans. In his Encyclopedia of Protestantism, Hans Hillerbrand claimed that on the eve of the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre in 1572, the Huguenot community included as much as 10% of the French population, but it declined to 7–8% by around 1600 and even further after the return of heavy persecution in 1685 with Louis XIV's Edict of Fontainebleau.
Huguenot numbers peaked near an estimated two million by 1562, concentrated mainly in the southern and western parts of the Kingdom of France. As Huguenots gained influence and more openly displayed their faith, Catholic hostility grew. A series of religious conflicts followed, known as the French Wars of Religion, fought intermittently from 1562 to 1598. The Huguenots were led by Jeanne d'Albret, her son, the future Henry IV (who would later convert to Catholicism to become king) and the princes of Condé. The wars ended with the Edict of Nantes, which granted the Huguenots substantial religious, political and military autonomy.
Huguenot rebellions in the 1620s prompted the abolition of their political and military privileges. They retained the religious provisions of the Edict of Nantes until the rule of Louis XIV, who gradually increased persecution of Protestantism until he issued the Edict of Fontainebleau (1685), ultimately ending any legal recognition of Protestantism in France and forcing the Huguenots to either convert or flee in a wave of violent dragonnades. Louis XIV laid claim that the French Huguenot population was reduced from about 800,000 to 900,000 adherents down to just 1,000 to 1,500; although he overexaggerated the reduction, the dragonnades certainly were devastating for the French Protestant community. Nevertheless, the remaining Huguenots faced continued persecution under Louis XV. At the time of Louis XV's death in 1774, Calvinism had been nearly eliminated from France. Persecution of Protestants officially ended with the Edict of Versailles, signed by Louis XVI in 1787. Two years later, with the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen of 1789, Protestants gained equal rights as citizens.The bulk of Huguenot émigrés relocated to Protestant states such as England and Wales, the Channel Islands, Scotland, Denmark, Sweden, Switzerland, the Dutch Republic, the Electorate of Brandenburg and Electorate of the Palatinate in the Holy Roman Empire, the Duchy of Prussia, as well as majority Catholic but Protestant-controlled Ireland. They also fled to the Dutch Cape Colony in South Africa, the Dutch East Indies, the Caribbean, New Netherland and several of the English colonies in North America. A few families also went to Orthodox Russia and Catholic Quebec.
By now, most Huguenots have been assimilated into various societies and cultures, but remnant communities of Camisards in the Cévennes, most Reformed members of the United Protestant Church of France, French members of the largely German Protestant Reformed Church of Alsace and Lorraine and the Huguenot diaspora in England and Australia all still retain their beliefs and Huguenot designation.
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Hegel | Wikipedia audio article
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Hegel
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
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Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (; German: [ˈɡeːɔɐ̯k ˈvɪlhɛlm ˈfʁiːdʁɪç ˈheːɡl̩]; August 27, 1770 – November 14, 1831) was a German philosopher and an important figure of German idealism. He achieved wide recognition in his day and—while primarily influential within the continental tradition of philosophy—has become increasingly influential in the analytic tradition as well. Although Hegel remains a divisive figure, his canonical stature within Western philosophy is universally recognized.
Hegel's principal achievement was his development of a distinctive articulation of idealism, sometimes termed absolute idealism, in which the dualisms of, for instance, mind and nature and subject and object are overcome. His philosophy of spirit conceptually integrates psychology, the state, history, art, religion and philosophy. His account of the master–slave dialectic has been highly influential, especially in 20th-century France. Of special importance is his concept of spirit (Geist, sometimes also translated as mind) as the historical manifestation of the logical concept and the sublation (Aufhebung, integration without elimination or reduction) of seemingly contradictory or opposing factors: examples include the apparent opposition between nature and freedom and between immanence and transcendence. Hegel has been seen in the 20th century as the originator of the thesis, antithesis, synthesis triad, but as an explicit phrase it originated with Johann Gottlieb Fichte.Hegel has influenced many thinkers and writers whose own positions vary widely. Karl Barth described Hegel as a Protestant Aquinas while Maurice Merleau-Ponty wrote that all the great philosophical ideas of the past century—the philosophies of Marx and Nietzsche, phenomenology, German existentialism, and psychoanalysis—had their beginnings in Hegel.