Best Attractions and Places to See in Dunhuang, China
Dunhuang Travel Guide. MUST WATCH. Top things you have to do in Dunhuang. We have sorted Tourist Attractions in Dunhuang for You. Discover Dunhuang as per the Traveler Resources given by our Travel Specialists. You will not miss any fun thing to do in Dunhuang.
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List of Best Things to do in Dunhuang, China
Mogao Caves
Mingsha Shan - Echoing-Sand Mountain
Crescent Moon Pool
Yadan National Geological Park
Yumen Pass
Dunhuang Grotto Art Protection,Examination and Exhibition Center
DunHuang MoGaoKu YiShuGuan
Dunhuang Museum
Yangguan Historic Sites
Great Wall of Han Dynasty
Digital Dunhuang show to open (10.7.2018)
The Heritage Museum will host the Digital Dunhuang – Tales of Heaven & Earth exhibition from July 11 to October 22.
It uses the latest multimedia technology to show Dunhuang's famous grottoes and cultural relics.
It will feature more than 100 exhibits, including a replica of cave 285, the most vibrant cave at Mogao, built during the Western Wei period.
Presented in Hong Kong for the first time, the cave has been reproduced at full scale to reveal its murals and stucco statues.
The exhibition's multimedia programmes and interactive installations have been produced by using high-fidelity images and cave scans provided by the Dunhuang Academy.
Visitors can view Dunhuang art in minute detail and see life in the Buddhist heaven and the ordinary world portrayed on the murals.
Click here for details. (
US exhibit features replicas of Chinese caves
This weekend, the Getty Center, one of the most famous museums in the US, will open a new exhibit years in the making. The Cave Temples of Dunhuang: Buddhist Art on China's Silk Road features incredible full-size replicas of ancient painted caves found in China. The project is a joint effort between Getty Conservation Institute and Dunhuang Academy.
《故事里的中国》郑恺版邓稼先：两弹一星《横空出世》 做隐姓埋名人 20191124 | CCTV
本期节目主要内容：
本期节目伴随电影《横空出世》的经典片段，和观众一起回眸那段刻在民族丰碑上的光荣岁月。作为事件的亲历者和见证者，88岁的中国工程物理研究院原院长胡仁宇院士、“核司令”张蕴钰将军的儿子张旅天、电影《横空出世》的主创代表陈国星和彭继超，还有邓稼先院士曾经的警卫员游泽华，无不在讲述中眼眶湿润。本期节目就让我们一起重温那段峥嵘岁月，用心灵触摸“两弹一星”精神的巍峨丰碑，向“干惊天动地事，做隐姓埋名人”的先辈们致以由衷的敬意。
《故事里的中国》通过系统梳理与总结新中国成立70年以来的现实主义题材文艺作品，从中选取集思想性、艺术性、观赏性于一体的优秀人物和故事，融合影视、戏剧、综艺等艺术手法，以此串联新中国的“影像艺术博物馆”，不仅重现经典，更挖掘经典背后荡气回肠的真实印记和时代精神。《故事里的中国》，不仅是一次感同身受的重温，更是一场跨越时空的对白，它努力用时代的语言将过去说给今天的人们尤其是年轻一代，不要忘了经典，更不要忘了国家走过的道路，先辈流过的血与汗，尤其是他们燃烧过的梦想与青春。
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《国家宝藏》第二季 佟丽娅上演古墓版“芭比娃娃”再现最美大唐风华 92岁“姜子牙”蓝天野演绎传奇英雄 20190113 | CCTV综艺
本期节目主要内容：小仙女佟丽娅一袭白色长裙空降“国宝”舞台，上演古墓版“芭比娃娃”。姜子牙再次挂帅出征，廉颇老矣，尚能战否？知名主持人尼格买提要在“国宝”舞台揭秘人类神秘基因密码。《国家宝藏》第二季新疆维吾尔自治区博物馆将携绢衣彩绘木俑、伏羲女娲图、“五星出东方利中国”锦护膊三件国宝震撼亮相。
05:29 绢衣彩绘木俑 国宝守护人：佟丽娅；
09:03 佟丽娅上演古墓版“芭比娃娃” 再现最美大唐风华；
19:36 唯一一批穿衣俑 孝道文化温暖人心；
21:04 佟丽娅自夸身材好 是个美人！
21:50 楚艳：知来处，明去处；
23:35 惊奇！古代植物染料不仅防虫抗菌还尽显审美意象；
28:37 古代服饰艺术再现 带你穿越大唐；
36:21 伏羲女娲图 国宝守护人：尼格买提；
40:02 小尼化身神秘“守墓人” 揭秘华夏儿女基因密码；
49:20 伏羲女娲图：研究中西文化艺术的神秘钥匙；
50:19 国立老师主持太辛苦 小尼暖心送香馕；
51:34 小尼化身艺术鉴赏专家 奔波半生终找归属；
54:36 于军：天地之大德曰生；
55:59 古人已开始研究基因技术？伏羲女娲图居然暗藏DNA密码；
01:00:21 技术是把双刃剑 遵守“规矩”才能造福人类；
01:04:16 “五星出东方利中国”锦护膊 国宝守护人：蓝天野；
01:08:47 蓝天野92岁高龄再挂帅 传奇英雄誓死守护西汉；
01:22:45 赵丰：生自蚕茧 成于机杼；
01:24:17 五星锦：丝织品“鄙视链”最顶端产品；
01:26:51 了不起！汉代“计算机”操作织造五星锦。
《国家宝藏》第二季，每集以一个博物馆为主题，亮相三件文物，每件文物绑定一位与之气质相符的明星嘉宾，他们或娓娓道来文物传奇的前世，或打扮成古人的形象演绎宝藏诞生的故事，带领观众进入一个神秘的探寻空间。
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Root of the Problem
Neville Agnew of the Getty Conservation Institute speaks about the conservation of the hominid footprints at Laetoli, Tanzania. He lists three primary conservation topics that the general public will care about: Egyptology, dinosaurs, and human ancestry. The hominid footprints at Laetoli are the only soft-tissue record of our ancestry that has been found to date.
Vajrayana | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Vajrayana
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Vajrayāna, Mantrayāna, Tantrayāna, Tantric Buddhism and Esoteric Buddhism are the various Buddhist traditions of Tantra and Secret Mantra, which developed in medieval India and spread to Tibet, Bhutan, and East Asia. In Tibet, Buddhist Tantra is termed Vajrayāna, while in China it is generally known as Tángmì (唐密, Chinese Tantrayāna) or Mìzōng (密宗, church of Tantrayāna), in Pali it is known as Pyitsayãna (ပစ္စယာန) , and in Japan it is known as Mikkyō (密教, secret teachings).
Vajrayāna is usually translated as Diamond Vehicle or Thunderbolt Vehicle, referring to the Vajra, a mythical weapon which is also used as a ritual implement.
Founded by medieval Indian Mahāsiddhas, Vajrayāna subscribes to the literature known as the Buddhist Tantras. It includes practices that make use of mantras, dharanis, mudras, mandalas and the visualization of deities and Buddhas. According to Vajrayāna scriptures, the term Vajrayāna refers to one of three vehicles or routes to enlightenment, the other two being the Śrāvakayāna (also known as the Hīnayāna) and Mahāyāna.
Infrared | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Infrared
00:02:39 1 Definition and relationship to the electromagnetic spectrum
00:03:12 2 Natural infrared
00:04:17 3 Regions within the infrared
00:04:55 3.1 Commonly used sub-division scheme
00:05:31 3.2 CIE division scheme
00:05:48 3.3 ISO 20473 scheme
00:06:04 3.4 Astronomy division scheme
00:06:52 3.5 Sensor response division scheme
00:09:49 3.6 Telecommunication bands in the infrared
00:10:23 4 Heat
00:12:36 5 Applications
00:12:45 5.1 Night vision
00:13:35 5.2 Thermography
00:14:44 5.3 Hyperspectral imaging
00:15:44 5.4 Other imaging
00:16:42 5.5 Tracking
00:17:25 5.6 Heating
00:18:19 5.7 Cooling
00:18:45 5.8 Communications
00:21:01 5.9 Spectroscopy
00:22:25 5.10 Thin film metrology
00:23:03 5.11 Meteorology
00:24:58 5.12 Climatology
00:25:42 5.13 Astronomy
00:27:31 5.14 Infrared cleaning
00:28:12 5.15 Art conservation and analysis
00:30:14 5.16 Biological systems
00:31:23 5.17 Photobiomodulation
00:31:53 5.18 Health hazards
00:32:16 6 History of infrared science
00:37:31 7 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Infrared radiation (IR) is electromagnetic radiation (EMR) with longer wavelengths than those of visible light, and is therefore generally invisible to the human eye (although IR at wavelengths up to 1050 nm from specially pulsed lasers can be seen by humans under certain conditions ). It is sometimes called infrared light. IR wavelengths extend from the nominal red edge of the visible spectrum at 700 nanometers (frequency 430 THz), to 1 millimeter (300 GHz) Most of the thermal radiation emitted by objects near room temperature is infrared. Like all EMR, IR carries radiant energy, and behaves both like a wave and like its quantum particle, the photon.
Infrared was discovered in 1800 by astronomer Sir William Herschel, who discovered a type of invisible radiation in the spectrum lower in energy than red light, by means of its effect on a thermometer. Slightly more than half of the total energy from the Sun was eventually found to arrive on Earth in the form of infrared. The balance between absorbed and emitted infrared radiation has a critical effect on Earth's climate.
Infrared radiation is emitted or absorbed by molecules when they change their rotational-vibrational movements. It excites vibrational modes in a molecule through a change in the dipole moment, making it a useful frequency range for study of these energy states for molecules of the proper symmetry. Infrared spectroscopy examines absorption and transmission of photons in the infrared range.Infrared radiation is used in industrial, scientific, military,
law enforcement, and medical applications. Night-vision devices using active near-infrared illumination allow people or animals to be observed without the observer being detected. Infrared astronomy uses sensor-equipped telescopes to penetrate dusty regions of space such as molecular clouds, detect objects such as planets, and to view highly red-shifted objects from the early days of the universe. Infrared thermal-imaging cameras are used to detect heat loss in insulated systems, to observe changing blood flow in the skin, and to detect overheating of electrical apparatus.
Extensive uses for military and civilian applications include target acquisition, surveillance, night vision, homing, and tracking. Humans at normal body temperature radiate chiefly at wavelengths around 10 μm (micrometers). Non-military uses include thermal efficiency analysis, environmental monitoring, industrial facility inspections, detection of grow-ops, remote temperature sensing, short-range wireless communication, spectroscopy, and weather forecasting.
Vajrayana | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:01:25 1 History of Vajrayāna
00:01:35 1.1 Mahasiddha movement
00:04:33 1.2 Tantras
00:08:23 1.3 Relationship to Saivism
00:12:37 2 Philosophical background
00:18:29 3 Place within Buddhist tradition
00:20:07 4 Characteristics of Vajrayana
00:20:18 4.1 Goal
00:21:42 4.2 Esoteric transmission
00:23:54 4.3 Affirmation of the feminine, antinomian and taboo
00:27:49 4.4 Vows and behaviour
00:29:15 5 Tantra techniques
00:31:36 5.1 Deity yoga
00:35:09 5.2 Other practices
00:36:33 6 Symbols and imagery
00:37:13 6.1 The Vajra
00:38:52 6.2 Imagery and ritual in deity yoga
00:41:15 7 Vajrayana textual tradition
00:42:21 7.1 Literary characteristics
00:42:55 7.2 Dunhuang manuscripts
00:43:45 8 Schools of Vajrayana
00:44:48 8.1 Tibetan Buddhism
00:46:06 8.2 Nepalese Newar Buddhism
00:46:41 8.3 Tantric Theravada
00:47:34 8.4 Indonesian Esoteric Buddhism
00:48:29 8.5 Philippine Esoteric Buddhism
00:50:18 8.6 Chinese Esoteric Buddhism
00:51:56 8.7 Korean imilgyo/i
00:53:39 8.8 Japan
00:53:47 8.8.1 Shingon Buddhism
00:55:20 8.8.2 Tendai Buddhism
00:56:01 8.8.3 Shugendō
00:57:27 9 Academic study difficulties
00:59:03 9.1 Terminology
01:01:42 10 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.8066849848806138
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-F
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Vajrayāna, Mantrayāna, Tantrayāna, Tantric Buddhism and Esoteric Buddhism are the various Buddhist traditions of Tantra and Secret Mantra, which developed in medieval India and spread to Tibet, Bhutan, and East Asia. In Tibet, Buddhist Tantra is termed Vajrayāna, while in China it is generally known as Tángmì Hanmi 漢密 (唐密, Chinese Esotericism) or Mìzōng (密宗, Esoteric Sect), in Pali it is known as Pyitsayãna (ပစ္စယာန) , and in Japan it is known as Mikkyō (密教, secret teachings).
Vajrayāna is usually translated as Diamond Vehicle or Thunderbolt Vehicle, referring to the Vajra, a mythical weapon which is also used as a ritual implement.
Founded by medieval Indian Mahāsiddhas, Vajrayāna subscribes to the literature known as the Buddhist Tantras. It includes practices that make use of mantras, dharanis, mudras, mandalas and the visualization of deities and Buddhas. According to Vajrayāna scriptures, the term Vajrayāna refers to one of three vehicles or routes to enlightenment, the other two being the Śrāvakayāna (also known as the Hīnayāna) and Mahāyāna.
Vajrayana | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:01:36 1 History of Vajrayāna
00:01:46 1.1 Mahasiddha movement
00:05:03 1.2 Tantras
00:09:21 1.3 Relationship to Saivism
00:14:03 2 Philosophical background
00:20:37 3 Place within Buddhist tradition
00:22:25 4 Characteristics of Vajrayana
00:22:36 4.1 Goal
00:24:11 4.2 Esoteric transmission
00:26:38 4.3 Affirmation of the feminine, antinomian and taboo
00:31:00 4.4 Vows and behaviour
00:32:36 5 Tantra techniques
00:35:13 5.1 Deity yoga
00:39:10 5.2 Other practices
00:40:42 6 Symbols and imagery
00:41:26 6.1 The Vajra
00:43:16 6.2 Imagery and ritual in deity yoga
00:45:57 7 Vajrayana textual tradition
00:47:10 7.1 Literary characteristics
00:47:47 7.2 Dunhuang manuscripts
00:48:42 8 Schools of Vajrayana
00:49:51 8.1 Tibetan Buddhism
00:51:17 8.2 Nepalese Newar Buddhism
00:51:55 8.3 Tantric Theravada
00:52:54 8.4 Indonesian Esoteric Buddhism
00:53:55 8.5 Philippine Esoteric Buddhism
00:55:57 8.6 Chinese Esoteric Buddhism
00:57:47 8.7 Korean imilgyo/i
00:59:42 8.8 Japan
00:59:51 8.8.1 Shingon Buddhism
01:01:35 8.8.2 Tendai Buddhism
01:02:21 8.8.3 Shugendō
01:03:58 9 Academic study difficulties
01:05:43 9.1 Terminology
01:08:40 10 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.7763601857255413
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-B
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Vajrayāna (वज्रयान), Mantrayāna, Tantrayāna, Tantric Buddhism and Esoteric Buddhism are the various Buddhist traditions of Tantra and Secret Mantra, which developed in medieval India and spread to Tibet, Bhutan, and East Asia. In Tibet, Buddhist Tantra is termed Vajrayāna, while in China it is generally known as Tángmì Hanmi 漢密 (唐密, Chinese Esotericism) or Mìzōng (密宗, Esoteric Sect), in Pali it is known as Pyitsayãna (ပစ္စယာန) , and in Japan it is known as Mikkyō (密教, secret teachings).
Vajrayāna is usually translated as Diamond Vehicle or Thunderbolt Vehicle, referring to the Vajra, a mythical weapon which is also used as a ritual implement.
Founded by medieval Indian Mahāsiddhas, Vajrayāna subscribes to the literature known as the Buddhist Tantras. It includes practices that make use of mantras, dharanis, mudras, mandalas and the visualization of deities and Buddhas. According to Vajrayāna scriptures, the term Vajrayāna refers to one of three vehicles or routes to enlightenment, the other two being the Śrāvakayāna (also known as the Hīnayāna) and Mahāyāna.
Vajrayana | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Vajrayana
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Vajrayāna, Mantrayāna, Tantrayāna, Tantric Buddhism and Esoteric Buddhism are the various Buddhist traditions of Tantra and Secret Mantra, which developed in medieval India and spread to Tibet, Bhutan, and East Asia. In Tibet, Buddhist Tantra is termed Vajrayāna, while in China it is generally known as Tángmì (唐密, Chinese Tantrayāna) or Mìzōng (密宗, church of Tantrayāna), in Pali it is known as Pyitsayãna (ပစ္စယာန) , and in Japan it is known as Mikkyō (密教, secret teachings).
Vajrayāna is usually translated as Diamond Vehicle or Thunderbolt Vehicle, referring to the Vajra, a mythical weapon which is also used as a ritual implement.
Founded by medieval Indian Mahāsiddhas, Vajrayāna subscribes to the literature known as the Buddhist Tantras. It includes practices that make use of mantras, dharanis, mudras, mandalas and the visualization of deities and Buddhas. According to Vajrayāna scriptures, the term Vajrayāna refers to one of three vehicles or routes to enlightenment, the other two being the Śrāvakayāna (also known as the Hīnayāna) and Mahāyāna.
Vajrayana | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Vajrayana
00:01:09 1 History of Vajrayāna
00:01:18 1.1 Mahasiddha movement
00:03:44 1.2 Tantras
00:06:54 1.3 Relationship to Saivism
00:10:22 2 Philosophical background
00:15:12 3 Place within Buddhist tradition
00:16:32 4 Characteristics of Vajrayana
00:16:42 4.1 Goal
00:17:52 4.2 Esoteric transmission
00:19:40 4.3 Affirmation of the feminine, antinomian and taboo
00:22:53 4.4 Vows and behaviour
00:24:04 5 Tantra techniques
00:26:01 5.1 Deity yoga
00:28:56 5.2 Other practices
00:30:07 6 Symbols and imagery
00:30:40 6.1 The Vajra
00:32:03 6.2 Imagery and ritual in deity yoga
00:34:01 7 Vajrayana textual tradition
00:34:56 7.1 Literary characteristics
00:35:26 7.2 Dunhuang manuscripts
00:36:07 8 Schools of Vajrayana
00:37:00 8.1 Tibetan Buddhism
00:38:06 8.2 Nepalese Newar Buddhism
00:38:35 8.3 Tantric Theravada
00:39:19 8.4 Indonesian Esoteric Buddhism
00:40:06 8.5 Philippine Esoteric Buddhism
00:41:36 8.6 Chinese Esoteric Buddhism
00:42:58 8.7 Korean imilgyo/i
00:44:23 8.8 Japan
00:44:31 8.8.1 Shingon Buddhism
00:45:48 8.8.2 Tendai Buddhism
00:46:23 8.8.3 Shugendō
00:47:35 9 Academic study difficulties
00:48:54 9.1 Terminology
00:51:06 10 See also
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Vajrayāna, Mantrayāna, Tantrayāna, Tantric Buddhism and Esoteric Buddhism are the various Buddhist traditions of Tantra and Secret Mantra, which developed in medieval India and spread to Tibet, Bhutan, and East Asia. In Tibet, Buddhist Tantra is termed Vajrayāna, while in China it is generally known as Tángmì (唐密, Chinese Tantrayāna) or Mìzōng (密宗, church of Tantrayāna), in Pali it is known as Pyitsayãna (ပစ္စယာန) , and in Japan it is known as Mikkyō (密教, secret teachings).
Vajrayāna is usually translated as Diamond Vehicle or Thunderbolt Vehicle, referring to the Vajra, a mythical weapon which is also used as a ritual implement.
Founded by medieval Indian Mahāsiddhas, Vajrayāna subscribes to the literature known as the Buddhist Tantras. It includes practices that make use of mantras, dharanis, mudras, mandalas and the visualization of deities and Buddhas. According to Vajrayāna scriptures, the term Vajrayāna refers to one of three vehicles or routes to enlightenment, the other two being the Śrāvakayāna (also known as the Hīnayāna) and Mahāyāna.
Vajrayana | Wikipedia audio article | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Vajrayana | Wikipedia audio article
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written
language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through
audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio
while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using
a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
In case you don't find one that you were looking for, put a comment.
This video uses Google TTS en-US-Standard-D voice.
SUMMARY
=======
Vajrayāna, Mantrayāna, Tantrayāna, Tantric Buddhism and Esoteric Buddhism are the various Buddhist traditions of Tantra and Secret Mantra, which developed in medieval India and spread to Tibet, Bhutan, and East Asia. In Tibet, Buddhist Tantra is termed Vajrayāna, while in China it is generally known as Tángmì (唐密, Chinese Tantrayāna) or Mìzōng (密宗, church of Tantrayāna), in Pali it is known as Pyitsayãna (ပစ္စယာန) , and in Japan it is known as Mikkyō (密教, secret teachings).
Vajrayāna is usually translated as Diamond Vehicle or Thunderbolt Vehicle, referring to the Vajra, a mythical weapon which is also used as a ritual implement.
Founded by medieval Indian Mahāsiddhas, Vajrayāna subscribes to the literature known as the Buddhist Tantras. It includes practices that make use of mantras, dharanis, mudras, mandalas and the visualization of deities and Buddhas. According to Vajrayāna scriptures, the term Vajrayāna refers to one of three vehicles or routes to enlightenment, the other two being the Śrāvakayāna (also known as the Hīnayāna) and Mahāyāna.