The Effects of the Bomb: Hiroshima Nagasaki
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A Walk through Okinawa Prefectural Peace Memorial Museum, Japan
The Basic Concept of the Okinawa Prefectural Peace Memorial Museum
In late March 1945, a fierce battle such as has rarely been seen in history took place on these islands. The Typhoon of Steel that lasted for ninety days disfigured mountains, destroyed much of the cultural legacy, and claimed the precious lives of upward of 200,000 people. The Battle of Okinawa was the only ground fighting fought on Japanese soil and was also the largest-scale campaign of the Asia-Pacific War. Even countless Okinawan civilians were fully mobilized.
A significant aspect of the Battle of Okinawa was the great loss of civilian life. At more than 100,000 civilian losses far outnumbered the military death toll. Some were blown apart by shells, some finding themselves in a hopeless situation were driven to suicide, some died of starvation, some succumbed to malaria, while other fell victim to the retreating Japanese troops. Under the most desperate and unimaginable circumstances, Okinawans directly experienced the absurdity of war and atrocities it inevitably brings about.
This war experience is at the very core of what is popularly called the Okinawan Heart, a resilient yet strong attitude to life that Okinawan people developed as they struggled against the pressures of many years of U. S. military control.
The Okinawan Heart is a human response that respects personal dignity above all else, rejects any acts related to war, and truly cherishes culture, which is a supreme expression of humanity. In order that we may mourn for those who perished during the war, pass on to future generations the historic lessons of the Battle of Okinawa, convey our message to the peoples of the world and thereby established, displaying the whole range of the individual war experiences of the people in this prefecture, the Okinawa Prefectural Peace Memorial Museum.
【ロス旅行 #3】プレーンズ・オブ・フェーム航空博物館 ジェット機編 PLANES OF FAME the JET FIGHTER (Enjoy Trip LA #2) soezimax
カルフォルニアはチノにあります「プレーンズ・オブ・フェーム航空博物館」に行ってきました。折しもこの日は12/7（日本時間12/8）太平洋戦争が始まった日です。博物館では日本軍機の展示を中心に記念イベントが行われておりました。もちろんそれを目当てにいったんだけどね。数多くの名機コレクションを有する博物館はいったいどんなところなのか？外に置いてあるジェット機を見て、他のハンガーを回ります！
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PLANES OF FAME #1 プレーンズ・オブ・フェーム航空博物館
レシプロ編 Chino California
*Pressing Setting button to see English subtitles!
I have gone to the Planes of Fame Air Museum in Chino in California. It happened to be the very day of December 7th (December 8th Japan time), when the Pacific War began. At the museum, there was a memorial event centering on the display of Japanese war planes. Of course, I had gone intending to see them. What sort of museum is this, with its collection of many famed planes? I'm really going to focus on the piston planes as I make my way about!
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⓪本気でネコに襲われてみた
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④長崎の実家で作る皿うどん
⑤奈良県の金魚資料館
⑥フェリーで旅行！
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⑧天空の城「竹田城」
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HIROSHIMA MEMORIAL PEACE PARK & MUSEUM (広島) ???????? | #9 Vlog JAPÓN
HIROSHIMA MEMORIAL PEACE PARK (広島): La ciudad de Hiroshima se ha sobrepuesto a uno de los capítulos más trágicos de la historia de la humanidad: la bomba atómica tirada por EEUU sobre la ciudad durante la segunda guerra mundial.
En homenaje a las víctimas y para que Hiroshima sea considerada por siempre como ciudad de paz, se construyó el enorme Parque Memorial de la Paz con cantidad de monumentos en recuerdo a las víctimas y un Museo de la Paz para no olvidar lo ocurrido.
Una visita que encoge el corazón y de la que poca gente sale sin haber derramado una lágrima...
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SHW Wampthing's in ring debut Facing the House Of Pain
Wampthing faces off against Scrubbz McGee and Fat Stuff of group House of Pain. And later on in the match, 3 other Trainees get in on the action.
Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in World War II | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:03:30 1 Background
00:03:39 1.1 Pacific War
00:07:34 1.2 Preparations to invade Japan
00:12:07 1.3 Air raids on Japan
00:18:24 1.4 Atomic bomb development
00:20:42 2 Preparations
00:20:52 2.1 Organization and training
00:24:26 2.2 Choice of targets
00:29:22 2.3 Proposed demonstration
00:32:52 2.4 Leaflets
00:35:38 2.5 Consultation with Britain and Canada
00:38:34 2.6 Potsdam Declaration
00:40:48 2.7 Bombs
00:43:02 3 Hiroshima
00:43:11 3.1 Hiroshima during World War II
00:46:46 3.2 Bombing of Hiroshima
00:51:32 3.3 Events on the ground
00:57:39 3.4 Japanese realization of the bombing
00:59:47 4 Events of August 7–9
01:03:33 5 Nagasaki
01:03:42 5.1 Nagasaki during World War II
01:06:27 5.2 Bombing of Nagasaki
01:16:15 5.3 Events on the ground
01:20:05 6 Plans for more atomic attacks on Japan
01:22:07 7 Surrender of Japan and subsequent occupation
01:26:10 8 Reportage
01:32:19 9 Post-attack casualties
01:35:04 9.1 Cancer increases
01:36:54 9.2 Birth defect investigations
01:39:42 9.3 Investigations into brain development
01:44:24 10 iHibakusha/i
01:47:01 10.1 Double survivors
01:48:22 10.2 Korean survivors
01:49:11 11 Memorials
01:51:37 12 Debate over bombings
01:53:24 13 Legacy
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I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
During the final stage of World War II, the United States detonated two nuclear weapons over the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on August 6 and 9, 1945, respectively, with the consent of the United Kingdom, as required by the Quebec Agreement. The two bombings killed 129,000–226,000 people, most of whom were civilians, and remain the only use of nuclear weapons in the history of armed conflict.
In the final year of the war, the Allies prepared for what was anticipated to be a very costly invasion of the Japanese mainland. This undertaking was preceded by a conventional and firebombing campaign that devastated 67 Japanese cities. The war in Europe had concluded when Germany signed its instrument of surrender on May 8, 1945. As the Allies turned their full attention to the Pacific theater, Japan faced the same fate. The Allies called for the unconditional surrender of the Imperial Japanese armed forces in the Potsdam Declaration on July 26, 1945—the alternative being prompt and utter destruction. Japan ignored the ultimatum and the war continued.
By August 1945, the Allies' Manhattan Project had produced two types of atomic bombs, and the 509th Composite Group of the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) was equipped with the specialized Silverplate version of the Boeing B-29 Superfortress that could deliver them from Tinian in the Mariana Islands. Orders for atomic bombs to be used on four Japanese cities were issued on July 25. On August 6, one of the modified B-29s dropped a uranium gun-type (Little Boy) bomb on Hiroshima. Three days later, on August 9, a plutonium implosion (Fat Man) bomb was dropped by another B-29 on Nagasaki. The bombs immediately devastated their targets. Over the next two to four months, the acute effects of the atomic bombings killed 90,000–146,000 people in Hiroshima and 39,000–80,000 people in Nagasaki; roughly half of the deaths in each city occurred on the first day. Large numbers of people continued to die from the effects of burns, radiation sickness, and other injuries, compounded by illness and malnutrition, for many months afterward. In both cities, most of the dead were civilians, although Hiroshima had a sizable military garrison.
On August 15—six days after the bombing of Nagasaki and the Soviet Union's declaration of war—Japan announced its surrender to the Allies. On September 2 in Tokyo Bay, the Japanese government signed the instrument of surrender, which effectively ended World War II. The effects of ...
World War II ONLINEv2016 widescreen
The Battle of Okinawa: World War 2 Facts, Kamikaze Attacks, Timeline, Summary, Significance (1995)
The Battle of Okinawa, codenamed Operation Iceberg, was fought on the Ryukyu Islands of Okinawa and was the largest amphibious assault in the Pacific War of World War II. About the book:
The 82-day-long battle lasted from early April until mid-June 1945. After a long campaign of island hopping, the Allies were approaching Japan, and planned to use Okinawa, a large island only 340 mi (550 km) away from mainland Japan, as a base for air operations on the planned invasion of Japanese mainland (coded Operation Downfall). Four divisions of the U.S. 10th Army (the 7th, 27th, 77th, and 96th) and two Marine Divisions (the 1st and 6th) fought on the island. Their invasion was supported by naval, amphibious, and tactical air forces.
The battle has been referred to as the typhoon of steel in English, and tetsu no ame (rain of steel) or tetsu no bōfū (violent wind of steel) in Japanese. The nicknames refer to the ferocity of the fighting, the intensity of kamikaze attacks from the Japanese defenders, and to the sheer numbers of Allied ships and armored vehicles that assaulted the island. The battle resulted in the highest number of casualties in the Pacific Theater during World War II. Based on Okinawan government sources, mainland Japan lost 77,166 soldiers, who were either killed or committed suicide, and the Allies suffered 14,009 deaths (with an estimated total of more than 65,000 casualties of all kinds). Simultaneously, 149,193 local civilians were killed or committed suicide, more than one third of the total local population. The atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki caused Japan to surrender less than two months after the end of the fighting at Okinawa.
Ninety percent of the buildings on the island were destroyed, along with countless historical documents, artifacts, and cultural treasures, and the tropical landscape was turned into a vast field of mud, lead, decay and maggots.[67] The military value of Okinawa exceeded all hope. Okinawa provided a fleet anchorage, troop staging areas, and airfields in close proximity to Japan. The U.S. cleared the surrounding waters of mines in Operation Zebra, occupied Okinawa, and set up the United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands, a form of military government, after the battle.[68]
Some military historians believe that the Okinawa campaign led directly to the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, as a means of avoiding the planned ground invasion of the Japanese mainland. An alternate view is offered by Victor Davis Hanson in his book Ripples of Battle:
...because the Japanese on Okinawa... were so fierce in their defense (even when cut off, and without supplies), and because casualties were so appalling, many American strategists looked for an alternative means to subdue mainland Japan, other than a direct invasion. This means presented itself, with the advent of atomic bombs, which worked admirably in convincing the Japanese to sue for peace [unconditionally], without American casualties. Ironically, the American conventional firebombing of major Japanese cities (which had been going on for months before Okinawa) was far more effective at killing civilians than the atomic bombs and, had the Americans simply continued, or expanded this, the Japanese would likely have surrendered anyway.
In 1995, the Okinawa government erected a memorial monument named the Cornerstone of Peace in Mabuni, the site of the last fighting in southeastern Okinawa.[69] The memorial lists all the known names of those who died in the battle, civilian and military, Japanese and foreign. As of June 2008, it contains 240,734 names.[70] Controversially,[71][72] significant U.S. forces remain garrisoned there as the United States Forces Japan, and Kadena remains the largest U.S. air base in Asia. In 2011, one official of the prefectural government told David Hearst of The Guardian:
You have the Battle of Britain, in which your airmen protected the British people. We had the Battle of Okinawa, in which the exact opposite happened. The Japanese army not only starved the Okinawans but used them as human shields. That dark history is still present today - and Japan and the US should study it before they decide what to do with next.
Little Boy
Little Boy was the codename for the type of atomic bomb dropped on the Japanese city of Hiroshima on August 6, 1945 by the Boeing B-29 Superfortress Enola Gay, piloted by Colonel Paul W. Tibbets, Jr., commander of the 509th Composite Group of the United States Army Air Forces. It was the first atomic bomb to be used as a weapon. The Hiroshima bombing was the second artificial nuclear explosion in history, after the Trinity test, and the first uranium-based detonation. Approximately 600 to 860 milligrams (9.3 to 13.3 grains) of matter in the bomb was converted into the energy of heat and radiation. It exploded with an energy of 16 kilotons of TNT (67 TJ).
Little Boy was developed by Lieutenant Commander Francis Birch's group of Captain William S. Parsons's Ordnance (O) Division at the Manhattan Project's Los Alamos Laboratory during World War II. Parsons flew on the Hiroshima mission as weaponeer. The Little Boy was a development of the unsuccessful Thin Man nuclear bomb. Like Thin Man, it was a gun-type fission weapon, but derived its explosive power from the nuclear fission of uranium-235. This was accomplished by shooting a hollow cylinder of uranium over another hollow enriched uranium cylinder by means of a charge of nitrocellulose propellant powder. It contained 64 kg (141 lb) of enriched uranium, of which less than a kilogram underwent nuclear fission. Its components were fabricated at three different plants so that no one would have a copy of the complete design.
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Hiroshima, Japan Concert
I can't remember what this was for but several people from my office participated. After watching this tonight, it reminded me of the wacky Japanese TV shows we use to watch.
Trinity (nuclear test) | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Trinity (nuclear test)
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Trinity was the code name of the first detonation of a nuclear weapon. It was conducted by the United States Army at 5:29 a.m. on July 16, 1945, as part of the Manhattan Project. The test was conducted in the Jornada del Muerto desert about 35 miles (56 km) southeast of Socorro, New Mexico, on what was then the USAAF Alamogordo Bombing and Gunnery Range, now part of White Sands Missile Range. The only structures originally in the vicinity were the McDonald Ranch House and its ancillary buildings, which scientists used as a laboratory for testing bomb components. A base camp was constructed, and there were 425 people present on the weekend of the test.
The code name Trinity was assigned by J. Robert Oppenheimer, the director of the Los Alamos Laboratory, inspired by the poetry of John Donne. The test was of an implosion-design plutonium device, informally nicknamed The Gadget, of the same design as the Fat Man bomb later detonated over Nagasaki, Japan, on August 9, 1945. The complexity of the design required a major effort from the Los Alamos Laboratory, and concerns about whether it would work led to a decision to conduct the first nuclear test. The test was planned and directed by Kenneth Bainbridge.
Fears of a fizzle led to the construction of a steel containment vessel called Jumbo that could contain the plutonium, allowing it to be recovered, but Jumbo was not used.
A rehearsal was held on May 7, 1945, in which 108 short tons (96 long tons; 98 t) of high explosive spiked with radioactive isotopes were detonated.
The Gadget's detonation released the explosive energy of about 22 kilotons of TNT (92 TJ). Observers included Vannevar Bush, James Chadwick, James Conant, Thomas Farrell, Enrico Fermi, Richard Feynman, Leslie Groves, Robert Oppenheimer, Geoffrey Taylor, and Richard Tolman.
The test site was declared a National Historic Landmark district in 1965, and listed on the National Register of Historic Places the following year.
Trinity: A Graphic History of the First Atomic Bomb Webinar
Near the 70th anniversaries of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, join Museum educators and graphic novelist Jonathan Fetter-Vorm to explore the history, science, and legacy of the Manhattan Project and the atomic bombs. Fetter-Vorm’s debut graphic novel, Trinity, documents the race to build bomb and the scientific achievements and discoveries of the top-secret Manhattan Project. Fetter-Vorm will share how he uses both illustration and narrative to convey intricate nuclear science, the complicated history leading up to the bombings, and the aftermath and ethics of atomic weapons themselves.
Captions are available in English and Spanish. Spanish captions are made possible through generous support from Pan-American Life Insurance Group.
Oberlin Taiko
Oberlin Taiko drum performances during Commencement 2015 Weekend.
Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
During the final stage of World War II, the United States detonated two nuclear weapons over the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on August 6 and 9, 1945, respectively. The United States dropped the bombs after obtaining the consent of the United Kingdom, as required by the Quebec Agreement. The two bombings killed 129,000–226,000 people, most of whom were civilians. They remain the only use of nuclear weapons in the history of warfare.
In the final year of the war, the Allies prepared for what was anticipated to be a very costly invasion of the Japanese mainland. This undertaking was preceded by a conventional and firebombing campaign that destroyed 67 Japanese cities. The war in Europe had concluded when Germany signed its instrument of surrender on May 8, 1945. As the Allies turned their full attention to the Pacific War, the Japanese faced the same fate. The Allies called for the unconditional surrender of the Imperial Japanese armed forces in the Potsdam Declaration on July 26, 1945—the alternative being prompt and utter destruction. The Japanese rejected the ultimatum and the war continued.
By August 1945, the Allies' Manhattan Project had produced two types of atomic bombs, and the 509th Composite Group of the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) was equipped with the specialized Silverplate version of the Boeing B-29 Superfortress that could deliver them from Tinian in the Mariana Islands. Orders for atomic bombs to be used on four Japanese cities were issued on July 25. On August 6, one of its B-29s dropped a Little Boy uranium gun-type bomb on Hiroshima. Three days later, on August 9, a Fat Man plutonium implosion-type bomb was dropped by another B-29 on Nagasaki. The bombs immediately devastated their targets. Over the next two to four months, the acute effects of the atomic bombings killed 90,000–146,000 people in Hiroshima and 39,000–80,000 people in Nagasaki; roughly half of the deaths in each city occurred on the first day. Large numbers of people continued to die from the effects of burns, radiation sickness, and other injuries, compounded by illness and malnutrition, for many months afterward. In both cities, most of the dead were civilians, although Hiroshima had a sizable military garrison.
Japan announced its surrender to the Allies on August 15, six days after the bombing of Nagasaki and the Soviet Union's declaration of war. On September 2, the Japanese government signed the instrument of surrender, effectively ending World War II. The ethical and legal justification for the bombings is still debated to this day.
John Coster-Mullen's Interview
John Coster-Mullen is a photographer, truck-driver, and nuclear archeologist. He has played a crucial role in establishing a public, permanent record of the creation of the bomb, and was featured in “The New Yorker.” In this interview, Coster-Mullen discusses the origins of his project and roadblocks he has encountered along the way, and addresses concerns that his works has revealed classified information. He shares a number of turning point moments and recounts important conversations with Manhattan Project veterans and government officials. He also talks about his time visiting Japan and Tinian Island. Finally, he describes some of the nuclear artifacts he has acquired over the years.
For the full transcript:
PACIFIC WAR - WikiVidi Documentary
The Pacific War, sometimes called the Asia-Pacific War, was the theater of World War II that was fought in the Pacific and East Asia. It was fought over a vast area that included the Pacific Ocean and islands, the South West Pacific, South-East Asia, and in China . The Second Sino-Japanese War between the Empire of Japan and the Republic of China had been in progress since 7 July 1937, with hostilities dating back as far as 19 September 1931 with the Japanese invasion of Manchuria. However, it is more widely accepted that the Pacific War itself began on 7/8 December 1941, when Japan invaded Thailand and attacked the British possessions of Malaya, Singapore, and Hong Kong as well as the United States military and naval bases in Hawaii, Wake Island, Guam and the Philippines. The Pacific War saw the Allies pitted against the Empire of Japan, the latter briefly aided by Thailand and to a much lesser extent by the Axis allied Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy. The war culminated in the atomi...
____________________________________
Shortcuts to chapters:
00:02:15: Names for the war
00:03:41: Participants
00:06:58: Theaters
00:07:51: Conflict between China and Japan
00:13:32: Tensions between Japan and the West
00:15:25: Japanese preparations
00:19:15: Japanese offensives, 1941–42
00:20:01: Attack on Pearl Harbor
00:22:45: South-East Asian campaigns of 1941–42
00:28:33: Threat to Australia
00:31:28: Allies re-group, 1942–43
00:33:14: Coral Sea and Midway: the turning point
00:40:42: New Guinea and the Solomons
00:41:41: Guadalcanal
00:43:50: Allied advances in New Guinea and the Solomons
00:44:50: China 1942–1943
00:47:12: Burma 1942–1943
00:49:00: Cairo Conference
00:49:27: Allied offensives, 1943–44
00:51:20: Submarine warfare
00:59:03: Japanese counteroffensives in China, 1944
01:01:01: Japanese offensive in India, 1944
01:04:34: The Marianas and the Philippine Sea
01:10:19: Leyte Gulf, 1944
01:20:48: Philippines, 1944–45
01:25:21: Iwo Jima, February 1945
01:29:05: Allied offensives in Burma, 1944–45
01:33:02: Liberation of Borneo
01:34:53: China, 1945
01:37:03: Okinawa
01:38:48: Landings in the Japanese home islands
01:41:03: The Atomic bomb
01:42:42: Soviet invasion of Manchuria
01:44:09: Surrender
____________________________________
Copyright WikiVidi.
Licensed under Creative Commons.
Wikipedia link:
Compass for Navy Spouses
Adjusting to military life can be overwhelming, especially when you're moving to a foreign country. Fortunately there is a program to help ease the transition for new spouses. Petty Officer Sarah Villegas tells us how spouses in the community are making a difference.
MacArthur
General Douglas MacArthur (Gregory Peck), one of the most controversial public figures of our time, is the subject of this superb biographical drama which traces his outstanding career. In 1942, with his position in the Philippines made hopeless by Japan's destruction of more than half the planes in his Far East Command, MacArthur leaves pledging I shall return! MacArthur does return, with riveting victories in the Pacific and the deft handling of the democratization of Japan, he is also armed with Presidential aspirations. While serving in Korea, it is there that his colossal ego and insubordination results in dismissal by Truman in 1951. MacArthur is a compelling story which explores the many facets of his ambitious character. It clearly demonstrates his brilliance as a strategist, his lust for publicity and flair for dramatics.
Nagasaki | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Nagasaki
00:01:14 1 History
00:01:23 1.1 Christian Nagasaki
00:07:13 1.2 Seclusion era
00:09:19 1.3 Meiji Japan
00:10:52 1.4 Atomic bombing of Nagasaki during World War II
00:14:42 1.5 After the war
00:15:55 2 Geography and climate
00:17:54 3 Education
00:18:03 3.1 Universities
00:18:32 3.2 Junior colleges
00:18:56 4 Transportation
00:19:41 5 Demographics
00:20:09 6 Sports
00:20:25 7 Main sites
00:22:38 8 Events
00:23:09 9 Cuisine
00:23:39 10 Notable people
00:24:00 11 Twin towns
00:24:48 12 See also
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
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Nagasaki (長崎市, Nagasaki-shi, Japanese: [naɡaꜜsaki]) (listen ) is the capital and the largest city of Nagasaki Prefecture on the island of Kyushu in Japan. The city's name, 長崎, means long cape in Japanese. Nagasaki became a centre of colonial Portuguese and Dutch influence in the 16th through 19th centuries, and the Hidden Christian Sites in the Nagasaki Region have been recognized and included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. Part of Nagasaki was home to a major Imperial Japanese Navy base during the First Sino-Japanese War and Russo-Japanese War.
During World War II, the American atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki made Nagasaki the second and, to date, last city in the world to experience a nuclear attack (at 11:02 a.m., August 9, 1945 'Japan Standard Time (UTC+9)').As of 1 March 2017, the city has an estimated population of 425,723 and a population density of 1,000 people per km2. The total area is 406.35 km2 (156.89 sq mi).
Surrender of Japan | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Surrender of Japan
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The surrender of Imperial Japan was announced on August 15 and formally signed on September 2, 1945, bringing the hostilities of World War II to a close. By the end of July 1945, the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) was incapable of conducting major operations and an Allied invasion of Japan was imminent. Together with the British Empire and China, the United States called for the unconditional surrender of the Japanese armed forces in the Potsdam Declaration on July 26, 1945—the alternative being prompt and utter destruction. While publicly stating their intent to fight on to the bitter end, Japan's leaders (the Supreme Council for the Direction of the War, also known as the Big Six) were privately making entreaties to the still-neutral Soviet Union to mediate peace on terms more favorable to the Japanese. Meanwhile, the Soviets were preparing to attack Japanese forces in Manchuria and Korea (in addition to South Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands) in fulfillment of promises they had secretly made to the United States and the United Kingdom at the Tehran and Yalta Conferences.
On August 6, 1945, at 8:15 AM local time, the United States detonated an atomic bomb over the Japanese city of Hiroshima. Sixteen hours later, American President Harry S. Truman called again for Japan's surrender, warning them to expect a rain of ruin from the air, the like of which has never been seen on this earth. Late in the evening of August 8, 1945, in accordance with the Yalta agreements, but in violation of the Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact, the Soviet Union declared war on Japan, and soon after midnight on August 9, 1945, the Soviet Union invaded the Imperial Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo. Later in the day, the United States dropped a second atomic bomb, this time on the Japanese city of Nagasaki. Following these events, Emperor Hirohito intervened and ordered the Supreme Council for the Direction of the War to accept the terms the Allies had set down in the Potsdam Declaration for ending the war. After several more days of behind-the-scenes negotiations and a failed coup d'état, Emperor Hirohito gave a recorded radio address across the Empire on August 15. In the radio address, called the Jewel Voice Broadcast (玉音放送, Gyokuon-hōsō), he announced the surrender of Japan to the Allies.
On August 28, the occupation of Japan led by the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers began. The surrender ceremony was held on September 2, aboard the United States Navy battleship USS Missouri, at which officials from the Japanese government signed the Japanese Instrument of Surrender, thereby ending the hostilities. Allied civilians and military personnel alike celebrated V-J Day, the end of the war; however, isolated soldiers and personnel from Japan's far-flung forces throughout Asia and the Pacific refused to surrender for months and years afterwards, some even refusing into the 1970s. The role of the atomic bombings in Japan's unconditional surrender, and the ethics of the two attacks, is still debated. The state of war formally ended when the Treaty of San Francisco came into force on April 28, 1952. Four more years passed before Japan and the Soviet Union signed the Soviet–Japanese Joint Declaration of 1956, which formally brought an end to their state of war.