Western Ukraine. Ukraine My Home . A trip through Dniester Canyon.
Zalishchytsk tour office
The group comprises of 8, 9, 15, 25 people.
Write us at turbyro@meta.ua
zal-tyrizm.at.ua
During the ride, you can get a pretty tan in the sun, swim in the river, see various sights of nature and history: silvery waterfalls, travertine cliffs, caves, grottoes, sit by the evening campfire... Unite with the nature, feel the harmony.
It's not the kind of experience you forget in a hurry.
Feel the hospitality of Ukrainian people; get to know customs, culture and traditions of Western Ukraine. Watch the sun set and the evening sky as catching fish alone, sit around the campfire, meet the sunrise, hear the birds singing, wash your face in the morning dew... Take as many pictures of beautiful natural scenery which the Dniester Canyon is so rich in and see rare plants and animals, most of which are listed in the Red Data List.
It will be a good chance to meet Ukraine. Many Europeans know Russia, but Ukraine - is a different story, a different language, different customs and traditions. It is much more beautiful and colorful than how it's shaped to international tourists. Therefore, you do have to try to go to Ukraine and form an opinion about our Ukrainian independent state.
However, Ukraine's independence has brought a lot of political infightings. It is difficult to promote the country where there is a constant change in leadership floors for foreign tourists, and we understand it! Also, one should understand that perhaps political battles are an integral part of any young country. But we can change your opinion about Ukraine, you will fall in love with its natural beauty and we, in turn, will make every effort to make this journey memorable.
The group comprises of 8, 9, 15, 25 people.
Write us at turbyro@meta.ua
Principality of Moldavia | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:01:02 1 Name and etymology
00:03:25 2 History
00:03:34 2.1 Prehistory and antiquity
00:03:44 2.2 Early Middle Ages
00:05:44 2.3 High Middle Ages
00:12:33 2.4 Late Middle Ages
00:13:54 2.5 Early Modern Era and Renaissance
00:20:34 2.6 Phanariots (1711–1822)
00:22:42 2.7 Fragmentation
00:23:34 2.8 Organic Statute, 1848 revolution
00:26:17 2.9 Southern Bessarabia
00:26:43 2.10 Union with Wallachia
00:29:23 3 Society
00:29:32 3.1 Slavery
00:33:53 4 Military forces
00:38:50 4.1 Fleet
00:39:33 4.2 Flags and historical coats of arms
00:39:44 5 Geography
00:41:03 5.1 Administrative divisions
00:41:13 6 Population
00:41:22 6.1 Historical population
00:42:29 6.2 Cities
00:44:32 7 Education
00:46:03 8 Culture
00:46:12 8.1 Literature
00:46:43 8.2 Magazines and newspapers
00:47:06 8.3 Theatre
00:47:18 8.4 Architecture
00:48:04 9 Image gallery
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.8361671604105457
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-F
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Moldavia (Romanian: Moldova, pronounced [molˈdova] (listen) or Țara Moldovei (in Romanian Latin alphabet), Цара Мѡлдовєй (in old Romanian Cyrillic alphabet) is a historical region and former principality in Central and Eastern Europe, corresponding to the territory between the Eastern Carpathians and the Dniester River. An initially independent and later autonomous state, it existed from the 14th century to 1859, when it united with Wallachia (Țara Românească) as the basis of the modern Romanian state; at various times, Moldavia included the regions of Bessarabia (with the Budjak), all of Bukovina and Hertza. The region of Pokuttya was also part of it for a period of time.
The western half of Moldavia is now part of Romania, the eastern side belongs to the Republic of Moldova, and the northern and southeastern parts are territories of Ukraine.
Moldova | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Moldova
00:02:49 1 Etymology
00:03:49 2 History
00:03:58 2.1 Prehistory
00:04:57 2.2 Moldovan lands in antiquity and the early Middle Ages
00:06:47 2.3 Founding of the Principality of Moldavia
00:07:55 2.4 Between Poland and Hungary
00:10:37 2.5 The Ottomans
00:13:08 2.6 Modern history
00:13:17 2.6.1 Russian Empire
00:15:19 2.6.2 Russian Revolution and Greater Romania
00:17:40 2.6.3 World War II and Soviet era
00:23:07 2.6.4 Independence
00:31:26 3 Government
00:33:33 3.1 Internal affairs
00:34:23 3.2 Foreign relations
00:38:15 3.3 Military
00:40:04 3.4 Human rights
00:41:48 3.5 Administrative divisions
00:42:55 4 Geography
00:45:03 4.1 Climate
00:46:25 5 Economy
00:54:10 5.1 Energy
00:55:09 5.2 Wine industry
00:55:52 5.3 Agriculture
00:56:20 5.4 Tourism
00:56:44 5.5 Transport
00:57:31 6 Telecommunications
00:58:30 7 Demographics
00:59:21 7.1 Cultural and ethnic composition
01:01:09 7.2 Languages
01:03:08 7.3 Religion
01:03:57 7.4 Education
01:05:16 7.5 Crime
01:05:58 7.6 Health and fertility
01:07:37 7.7 Emigration
01:08:04 8 Culture
01:10:47 8.1 Media
01:11:29 8.2 Food and beverage
01:12:04 8.3 Music
01:14:32 8.4 Holidays
01:15:01 8.5 Sports
01:15:48 9 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Moldova ( (listen), sometimes UK: ), officially the Republic of Moldova (Romanian: Republica Moldova), is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered by Romania to the west and Ukraine to the north, east, and south. The capital city is Chișinău.
Most of the Moldovan territory was a part of the Principality of Moldavia from the 14th century until 1812, when it was ceded to the Russian Empire by the Ottoman Empire (to which Moldavia was a vassal state) and became known as Bessarabia. In 1856, southern Bessarabia was returned to Moldavia, which three years later united with Wallachia to form Romania, but Russian rule was restored over the whole of the region in 1878. During the 1917 Russian Revolution, Bessarabia briefly became autonomous and then the independent Moldavian Democratic Republic until it was integrated into Romania in 1918 following a vote of its assembly. The decision was disputed by Soviet Russia, which in 1924 allowed the establishment, within the Ukrainian SSR, of a Moldavian autonomous republic (MASSR) on partial Moldovan-inhabited territories to the east of the Dniester. In 1940, as a consequence of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, Romania was compelled to cede Bessarabia to the Soviet Union, leading to the creation of the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic (Moldavian SSR), which included the greater part of Bessarabia and the westernmost strip of the former MASSR.
On 27 August 1991, as the dissolution of the Soviet Union was under way, the Moldavian SSR declared independence and took the name Moldova. The Constitution of Moldova was adopted in 1994. The strip of the Moldovan territory on the east bank of the Dniester river has been under the de facto control of the breakaway government of Transnistria since 1990.
Due to a decrease in industrial and agricultural output following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the service sector has grown to dominate Moldova's economy and is over 60% of the nation's GDP. Its economy is the poorest in Europe in per capita terms and has the lowest Human Development Index in the continent. Moldova is also the least visited country in Europe by tourists with only 11,000 annually recorded visitors from abroad.Moldova is a parliamentary republic with a president as head of state and a prime minister as head of government. It is a member state of the United Nations, the Council of Europe, the World Trade Organization (WTO), the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), the GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development, the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) and the Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC) and aspires to join the European Union.
Cossacks 3 - Path to Grandeur - Turkish Campaign - Fourth Austro-Turkish War part 2/2
Cossacks 3: Path to Grandeur will allow you to participate in glorious wars, marching through half of the Europe and battling the greatest empires of an era. It includes two new nations, 8 unique units, amusing campaigns and much more!
Main Features:
Ottoman campaign: Take part in greatest battles of Köprülü era and lead the Ottoman empire to grandeur.
Spanish campaign: Become an Ambrogio Spinola. Demonstrate your wits in sieges of mighty fortress and calm mind in fiery battles.
New units: 8 new unique units for Ottoman Empire, Spain, Portugal and Hungary. 6 units are exclusive to Cossacks 3.
New climatic zone: Get ready to fierce battles among great sands under scorching desert sun.
New nations: Highly anticipated by our players Hungary and Portugal are returning to game and entering the battlefields, each has its own custom soundtrack.
- In the Service of the Grand Vizier
-- Fourth Austro-Turkish War
--- Part 2/2
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written
language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through
audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio
while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using
a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
In case you don't find one that you were looking for, put a comment.
This video uses Google TTS en-US-Standard-D voice.
SUMMARY
=======
The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, formally the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, after 1791 the Commonwealth of Poland, was a dualistic state, a bi-confederation of Poland and Lithuania ruled by a common monarch, who was both the King of Poland and the Grand Duke of Lithuania. It was one of the largest and most populous countries of the 16th–17th century Europe. At its largest territorial extent, in the early 17th century, the Commonwealth spanned almost 400,000 square miles (1,000,000 km2) and sustained a multi-ethnic population of 11 million.The Commonwealth was established by the Union of Lublin in July 1569, but the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania had been in a de facto personal union since 1386 with the marriage of the Polish queen Hedwig and Lithuania's Grand Duke Jogaila, who was crowned King jure uxoris Władysław II Jagiełło of Poland. The First Partition of Poland in 1772 and the Second Partition of Poland in 1793 greatly reduced the state's size and the Commonwealth collapsed as an independent state following the Third Partition of Poland in 1795.
The Union possessed many features unique among contemporary states. Its political system was characterized by strict checks upon monarchical power. These checks were enacted by a legislature (sejm) controlled by the nobility (szlachta). This idiosyncratic system was a precursor to modern concepts of democracy, constitutional monarchy, and federation. Although the two component states of the Commonwealth were formally equal, Poland was the dominant partner in the union.The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was marked by high levels of ethnic diversity and by relative religious tolerance, guaranteed by the Warsaw Confederation Act 1573; however, the degree of religious freedom varied over time. The Constitution of 1791 acknowledged Catholicism as the dominant religion, unlike the Warsaw Confederation, but freedom of religion was still granted with it.After several decades of prosperity, it entered a period of protracted political, military and economic decline. Its growing weakness led to its partitioning among its neighbors (Austria, Prussia and the Russian Empire) during the late 18th century. Shortly before its demise, the Commonwealth adopted a massive reform effort and enacted the May 3 Constitution—the first codified constitution in modern European history and the second in modern world history (after the United States Constitution).
Moldova | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Moldova
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Moldova ( (listen), sometimes UK: ), officially the Republic of Moldova (Romanian: Republica Moldova), is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered by Romania to the west and Ukraine to the north, east, and south. The capital city is Chișinău.
Most of the Moldovan territory was a part of the Principality of Moldavia from the 14th century until 1812, when it was ceded to the Russian Empire by the Ottoman Empire (to which Moldavia was a vassal state) and became known as Bessarabia. In 1856, southern Bessarabia was returned to Moldavia, which three years later united with Wallachia to form Romania, but Russian rule was restored over the whole of the region in 1878. During the 1917 Russian Revolution, Bessarabia briefly became autonomous and then the independent Moldavian Democratic Republic until it was integrated into Romania in 1918 following a vote of its assembly. The decision was disputed by Soviet Russia, which in 1924 allowed the establishment, within the Ukrainian SSR, of a Moldavian autonomous republic (MASSR) on partial Moldovan-inhabited territories to the east of the Dniester. In 1940, as a consequence of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, Romania was compelled to cede Bessarabia to the Soviet Union, leading to the creation of the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic (Moldavian SSR), which included the greater part of Bessarabia and the westernmost strip of the former MASSR.
On 27 August 1991, as the dissolution of the Soviet Union was under way, the Moldavian SSR declared independence and took the name Moldova. The Constitution of Moldova was adopted in 1994. The strip of the Moldovan territory on the east bank of the Dniester river has been under the de facto control of the breakaway government of Transnistria since 1990.
Due to a decrease in industrial and agricultural output following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the service sector has grown to dominate Moldova's economy and is over 60% of the nation's GDP. Its economy is the poorest in Europe in per capita terms and has the lowest Human Development Index in the continent. Moldova is also the least visited country in Europe by tourists with only 11,000 annually recorded visitors from abroad.Moldova is a parliamentary republic with a president as head of state and a prime minister as head of government. It is a member state of the United Nations, the Council of Europe, the World Trade Organization (WTO), the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), the GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development, the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) and the Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC) and aspires to join the European Union.
Ottoman Empire | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Ottoman Empire
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written
language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through
audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio
while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using
a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
In case you don't find one that you were looking for, put a comment.
This video uses Google TTS en-US-Standard-D voice.
SUMMARY
=======
The Ottoman Empire (; Ottoman Turkish: دولت عليه عثمانیه, Devlet-i ʿAlīye-i ʿOsmānīye, literally The Exalted Ottoman State; Modern Turkish: Osmanlı İmparatorluğu or Osmanlı Devleti), also historically known in Western Europe as the Turkish Empire or simply Turkey, was a state that controlled much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia and North Africa between the 14th and early 20th centuries. It was founded at the end of the 13th century in northwestern Anatolia in the town of Söğüt (modern-day Bilecik Province) by the Oghuz Turkish tribal leader Osman I. After 1354, the Ottomans crossed into Europe, and with the conquest of the Balkans, the Ottoman beylik was transformed into a transcontinental empire. The Ottomans ended the Byzantine Empire with the 1453 conquest of Constantinople by Mehmed the Conqueror.During the 16th and 17th centuries, at the height of its power under the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent, the Ottoman Empire was a multinational, multilingual empire controlling most of Southeast Europe, parts of Central Europe, Western Asia, parts of Eastern Europe and the Caucasus, North Africa and the Horn of Africa. At the beginning of the 17th century, the empire contained 32 provinces and numerous vassal states. Some of these were later absorbed into the Ottoman Empire, while others were granted various types of autonomy during the course of centuries.With Constantinople as its capital and control of lands around the Mediterranean basin, the Ottoman Empire was at the centre of interactions between the Eastern and Western worlds for six centuries. While the empire was once thought to have entered a period of decline following the death of Suleiman the Magnificent, this view is no longer supported by the majority of academic historians. The empire continued to maintain a flexible and strong economy, society and military throughout the 17th and much of the 18th century. However, during a long period of peace from 1740 to 1768, the Ottoman military system fell behind that of their European rivals, the Habsburg and Russian empires. The Ottomans consequently suffered severe military defeats in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, which prompted them to initiate a comprehensive process of reform and modernisation known as the Tanzimat. Thus, over the course of the 19th century, the Ottoman state became vastly more powerful and organised, despite suffering further territorial losses, especially in the Balkans, where a number of new states emerged. The empire allied with Germany in the early 20th century, hoping to escape from the diplomatic isolation which had contributed to its recent territorial losses, and thus joined World War I on the side of the Central Powers. While the Empire was able to largely hold its own during the conflict, it was struggling with internal dissent, especially with the Arab Revolt in its Arabian holdings. During this time, atrocities were committed by the Ottoman government against the Armenians, Assyrians and Pontic Greeks.The Empire's defeat and the occupation of part of its territory by the Allied Powers in the aftermath of World War I resulted in its partitioning and the loss of its Middle Eastern territories, which were divided between the United Kingdom and France. The successful Turkish War of Independence against the occupying Allies led to the emergence of the Republic of Turkey in the Anatolian heartland and the abolition of the Ottoman monarchy.
Moldova | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Moldova
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written
language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through
audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio
while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using
a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
In case you don't find one that you were looking for, put a comment.
This video uses Google TTS en-US-Standard-D voice.
SUMMARY
=======
Moldova ( ( listen), sometimes UK: ), officially the Republic of Moldova (Romanian: Republica Moldova), is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered by Romania to the west and Ukraine to the north, east, and south. The capital city is Chișinău.
Most of the Moldovan territory was a part of the Principality of Moldavia from the 14th century until 1812, when it was ceded to the Russian Empire by the Ottoman Empire (to which Moldavia was a vassal state) and became known as Bessarabia. In 1856, southern Bessarabia was returned to Moldavia, which three years later united with Wallachia to form Romania, but Russian rule was restored over the whole of the region in 1878. During the 1917 Russian Revolution, Bessarabia briefly became autonomous and then the independent Moldavian Democratic Republic until it was integrated into Romania in 1918 following a vote of its assembly. The decision was disputed by Soviet Russia, which in 1924 allowed the establishment, within the Ukrainian SSR, of a Moldavian autonomous republic (MASSR) on partial Moldovan-inhabited territories to the east of the Dniester. In 1940, as a consequence of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, Romania was compelled to cede Bessarabia to the Soviet Union, leading to the creation of the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic (Moldavian SSR), which included the greater part of Bessarabia and the westernmost strip of the former MASSR.
On 27 August 1991, as the dissolution of the Soviet Union was under way, the Moldavian SSR declared independence and took the name Moldova. The Constitution of Moldova was adopted in 1994. The strip of the Moldovan territory on the east bank of the Dniester river has been under the de facto control of the breakaway government of Transnistria since 1990.
Due to a decrease in industrial and agricultural output following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the service sector has grown to dominate Moldova's economy and is over 60% of the nation's GDP. Its economy is the poorest in Europe in per capita terms and has the lowest Human Development Index in the continent. Moldova is also the least visited country in Europe by tourists with only 11,000 annually recorded visitors from abroad.Moldova is a parliamentary republic with a president as head of state and a prime minister as head of government. It is a member state of the United Nations, the Council of Europe, the World Trade Organization (WTO), the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), the GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development, the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) and the Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC) and aspires to join the European Union.
Moldova | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Moldova
00:02:48 1 Etymology
00:03:48 2 History
00:03:57 2.1 Prehistory
00:04:54 2.2 Moldovan lands in antiquity and the early Middle Ages
00:06:44 2.3 Founding of the Principality of Moldavia
00:07:52 2.4 Between Poland and Hungary
00:10:34 2.5 The Ottomans
00:13:04 2.6 Modern history
00:13:13 2.6.1 Russian Empire
00:15:15 2.6.2 Russian Revolution and Greater Romania
00:17:35 2.6.3 World War II and Soviet era
00:23:00 2.6.4 Independence
00:31:17 3 Government
00:33:24 3.1 Internal affairs
00:34:14 3.2 Foreign relations
00:38:05 3.3 Military
00:39:54 3.4 Human rights
00:41:37 3.5 Administrative divisions
00:42:44 4 Geography
00:44:52 4.1 Climate
00:46:13 5 Economy
00:53:56 5.1 Energy
00:54:56 5.2 Wine industry
00:55:38 5.3 Agriculture
00:56:07 5.4 Tourism
00:56:30 5.5 Transport
00:57:17 6 Telecommunications
00:58:16 7 Demographics
00:59:07 7.1 Cultural and ethnic composition
01:00:54 7.2 Languages
01:02:52 7.3 Religion
01:03:41 7.4 Education
01:05:00 7.5 Crime
01:05:42 7.6 Health and fertility
01:07:20 7.7 Emigration
01:07:47 8 Culture
01:10:29 8.1 Media
01:11:11 8.2 Food and beverage
01:11:46 8.3 Music
01:14:14 8.4 Holidays
01:14:42 8.5 Sports
01:15:30 9 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Moldova ( (listen), sometimes UK: ), officially the Republic of Moldova (Romanian: Republica Moldova), is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered by Romania to the west and Ukraine to the north, east, and south. The capital city is Chișinău.
Most of the Moldovan territory was a part of the Principality of Moldavia from the 14th century until 1812, when it was ceded to the Russian Empire by the Ottoman Empire (to which Moldavia was a vassal state) and became known as Bessarabia. In 1856, southern Bessarabia was returned to Moldavia, which three years later united with Wallachia to form Romania, but Russian rule was restored over the whole of the region in 1878. During the 1917 Russian Revolution, Bessarabia briefly became autonomous and then the independent Moldavian Democratic Republic until it was integrated into Romania in 1918 following a vote of its assembly. The decision was disputed by Soviet Russia, which in 1924 allowed the establishment, within the Ukrainian SSR, of a Moldavian autonomous republic (MASSR) on partial Moldovan-inhabited territories to the east of the Dniester. In 1940, as a consequence of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, Romania was compelled to cede Bessarabia to the Soviet Union, leading to the creation of the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic (Moldavian SSR), which included the greater part of Bessarabia and the westernmost strip of the former MASSR.
On 27 August 1991, as the dissolution of the Soviet Union was under way, the Moldavian SSR declared independence and took the name Moldova. The Constitution of Moldova was adopted in 1994. The strip of the Moldovan territory on the east bank of the Dniester river has been under the de facto control of the breakaway government of Transnistria since 1990.
Due to a decrease in industrial and agricultural output following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the service sector has grown to dominate Moldova's economy and is over 60% of the nation's GDP. Its economy is the poorest in Europe in per capita terms and has the lowest Human Development Index in the continent. Moldova is also the least visited country in Europe by tourists with only 11,000 annually recorded visitors from abroad.Moldova is a parliamentary republic with a president as head of state and a prime minister as head of government. It is a member state of the United Nations, the Council of Europe, the World Trade Organization (WTO), the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), the GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development, the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) and the Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC) and aspires to join the European Union.
Moldavia | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:01:08 1 Name and etymology
00:03:38 2 History
00:03:47 2.1 Prehistory and antiquity
00:03:57 2.2 Early Middle Ages
00:06:20 2.3 High Middle Ages
00:13:26 2.4 Late Middle Ages
00:14:50 2.5 Early Modern Era and Renaissance
00:21:47 2.6 Phanariots (1711–1822)
00:24:00 2.7 Fragmentation
00:24:54 2.8 Organic Statute, 1848 revolution
00:27:43 2.9 Southern Bessarabia
00:28:11 2.10 Union with Wallachia
00:30:57 3 Society
00:31:07 3.1 Slavery
00:35:37 4 Military forces
00:40:49 4.1 Fleet
00:41:34 4.2 Flags and historical coats of arms
00:41:45 5 Geography
00:43:11 5.1 Administrative divisions
00:43:21 6 Population
00:43:31 6.1 Historical population
00:44:39 6.2 Cities
00:46:43 7 Education
00:48:17 8 Culture
00:48:27 8.1 Literature
00:48:59 8.2 Magazines and newspapers
00:49:22 8.3 Theatre
00:49:34 8.4 Architecture
00:50:22 9 Image gallery
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.8407487535005256
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-F
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Moldavia (Romanian: Moldova, pronounced [molˈdova] (listen) or Țara Moldovei (in Romanian Latin alphabet), literally The Moldavian Country; in old Romanian Cyrillic alphabet: Цара Мѡлдовєй) is a historical region and former principality in Central and Eastern Europe, corresponding to the territory between the Eastern Carpathians and the Dniester River. An initially independent and later autonomous state, it existed from the 14th century to 1859, when it united with Wallachia (Țara Românească) as the basis of the modern Romanian state; at various times, Moldavia included the regions of Bessarabia (with the Budjak), all of Bukovina and Hertza. The region of Pokuttya was also part of it for a period of time.
The western half of Moldavia is now part of Romania, the eastern side belongs to the Republic of Moldova, and the northern and southeastern parts are territories of Ukraine.
Moldavia | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Moldavia
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Moldavia (Romanian: Moldova, pronounced [molˈdova] (listen) or Țara Moldovei (in Romanian Latin alphabet), Цара Мѡлдовєй (in old Romanian Cyrillic alphabet) is a historical region and former principality in Central and Eastern Europe, corresponding to the territory between the Eastern Carpathians and the Dniester River. An initially independent and later autonomous state, it existed from the 14th century to 1859, when it united with Wallachia (Țara Românească) as the basis of the modern Romanian state; at various times, Moldavia included the regions of Bessarabia (with the Budjak), all of Bukovina and Hertza. The region of Pokuttya was also part of it for a period of time.
The western half of Moldavia is now part of Romania, the eastern side belongs to the Republic of Moldova, and the northern and southeastern parts are territories of Ukraine.
Moldova | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:02:49 1 Etymology
00:03:49 2 History
00:03:58 2.1 Prehistory
00:04:57 2.2 Moldovan lands in antiquity and the early Middle Ages
00:07:09 2.3 Founding of the Principality of Moldavia
00:08:17 2.4 Between Poland and Hungary
00:11:00 2.5 The Ottomans
00:13:31 2.6 Modern history
00:13:39 2.6.1 Russian Empire
00:15:42 2.6.2 Russian Revolution and Greater Romania
00:18:03 2.6.3 World War II and Soviet era
00:23:30 2.6.4 Independence
00:31:49 3 Government
00:33:56 3.1 Internal affairs
00:34:46 3.2 Foreign relations
00:38:38 3.3 Military
00:40:27 3.4 Human rights
00:42:11 3.5 Administrative divisions
00:43:18 4 Geography
00:45:26 4.1 Climate
00:46:48 5 Economy
00:54:33 5.1 Energy
00:55:32 5.2 Wine industry
00:56:15 5.3 Agriculture
00:56:43 5.4 Tourism
00:57:06 5.5 Transport
00:57:54 6 Telecommunications
00:58:53 7 Demographics
00:59:44 7.1 Cultural and ethnic composition
01:01:32 7.2 Languages
01:03:31 7.3 Religion
01:04:20 7.4 Education
01:05:39 7.5 Crime
01:06:21 7.6 Health and fertility
01:08:00 7.7 Emigration
01:08:27 8 Culture
01:11:10 8.1 Media
01:11:52 8.2 Food and beverage
01:12:27 8.3 Music
01:14:55 8.4 Holidays
01:15:23 8.5 Sports
01:16:11 9 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Moldova ( (listen), sometimes UK: ), officially the Republic of Moldova (Romanian: Republica Moldova), is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered by Romania to the west and Ukraine to the north, east, and south. The capital city is Chișinău.
Most of the Moldovan territory was a part of the Principality of Moldavia from the 14th century until 1812, when it was ceded to the Russian Empire by the Ottoman Empire (to which Moldavia was a vassal state) and became known as Bessarabia. In 1856, southern Bessarabia was returned to Moldavia, which three years later united with Wallachia to form Romania, but Russian rule was restored over the whole of the region in 1878. During the 1917 Russian Revolution, Bessarabia briefly became autonomous and then the independent Moldavian Democratic Republic until it was integrated into Romania in 1918 following a vote of its assembly. The decision was disputed by Soviet Russia, which in 1924 allowed the establishment, within the Ukrainian SSR, of a Moldavian autonomous republic (MASSR) on partial Moldovan-inhabited territories to the east of the Dniester. In 1940, as a consequence of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, Romania was compelled to cede Bessarabia to the Soviet Union, leading to the creation of the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic (Moldavian SSR), which included the greater part of Bessarabia and the westernmost strip of the former MASSR.
On 27 August 1991, as the dissolution of the Soviet Union was under way, the Moldavian SSR declared independence and took the name Moldova. The Constitution of Moldova was adopted in 1994. The strip of the Moldovan territory on the east bank of the Dniester river has been under the de facto control of the breakaway government of Transnistria since 1990.
Due to a decrease in industrial and agricultural output following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the service sector has grown to dominate Moldova's economy and is over 60% of the nation's GDP. Its economy is the poorest in Europe in per capita terms and has the lowest Human Development Index in the continent. Moldova is also the least visited country in Europe by tourists with only 11,000 annually recorded visitors from abroad.Moldova is a parliamentary republic with a president as head of state and a prime minister as head of government. It is a member state of the United Nations, the Council of Europe, the World Trade Organization (WTO), the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), the GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development, the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) and the Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC) and aspires to join the European Union.
Moldavia | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Moldavia
00:00:53 1 Name and etymology
00:02:55 2 History
00:03:03 2.1 Prehistory and antiquity
00:03:13 2.2 Early Middle Ages
00:04:55 2.3 High Middle Ages
00:10:20 2.4 Late Middle Ages
00:11:30 2.5 Early Modern Era and Renaissance
00:17:13 2.6 Phanariots (1711–1822)
00:19:03 2.7 Fragmentation
00:19:49 2.8 Organic Statute, 1848 revolution
00:22:09 2.9 Southern Bessarabia
00:22:33 2.10 Union with Wallachia
00:24:50 3 Society
00:24:59 3.1 Slavery
00:28:42 4 Military forces
00:32:55 4.1 Fleet
00:33:33 4.2 Flags and historical coats of arms
00:33:43 5 Geography
00:34:51 5.1 Administrative divisions
00:35:00 6 Population
00:35:09 6.1 Historical population
00:36:07 6.2 Cities
00:37:55 7 Education
00:39:14 8 Culture
00:39:22 8.1 Literature
00:39:49 8.2 Magazines and newspapers
00:40:09 8.3 Theatre
00:40:20 8.4 Architecture
00:40:59 9 Image gallery
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Moldavia (Romanian: Moldova, pronounced [molˈdova] (listen) or Țara Moldovei (in Romanian Latin alphabet), Цара Мѡлдовєй (in old Romanian Cyrillic alphabet) is a historical region and former principality in Central and Eastern Europe, corresponding to the territory between the Eastern Carpathians and the Dniester River. An initially independent and later autonomous state, it existed from the 14th century to 1859, when it united with Wallachia (Țara Românească) as the basis of the modern Romanian state; at various times, Moldavia included the regions of Bessarabia (with the Budjak), all of Bukovina and Hertza. The region of Pokuttya was also part of it for a period of time.
The western half of Moldavia is now part of Romania, the eastern side belongs to the Republic of Moldova, and the northern and southeastern parts are territories of Ukraine.
Moldova | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Moldova
00:02:48 1 Etymology
00:03:48 2 History
00:03:57 2.1 Prehistory
00:04:54 2.2 Moldovan lands in antiquity and the early Middle Ages
00:06:44 2.3 Founding of the Principality of Moldavia
00:07:52 2.4 Between Poland and Hungary
00:10:34 2.5 The Ottomans
00:13:04 2.6 Modern history
00:13:13 2.6.1 Russian Empire
00:15:15 2.6.2 Russian Revolution and Greater Romania
00:17:35 2.6.3 World War II and Soviet era
00:23:00 2.6.4 Independence
00:31:17 3 Government
00:33:24 3.1 Internal affairs
00:34:14 3.2 Foreign relations
00:38:05 3.3 Military
00:39:54 3.4 Human rights
00:41:37 3.5 Administrative divisions
00:42:44 4 Geography
00:44:52 4.1 Climate
00:46:13 5 Economy
00:53:56 5.1 Energy
00:54:56 5.2 Wine industry
00:55:38 5.3 Agriculture
00:56:07 5.4 Tourism
00:56:30 5.5 Transport
00:57:17 6 Telecommunications
00:58:16 7 Demographics
00:59:07 7.1 Cultural and ethnic composition
01:00:54 7.2 Languages
01:02:52 7.3 Religion
01:03:41 7.4 Education
01:05:00 7.5 Crime
01:05:42 7.6 Health and fertility
01:07:20 7.7 Emigration
01:07:47 8 Culture
01:10:29 8.1 Media
01:11:11 8.2 Food and beverage
01:11:46 8.3 Music
01:14:14 8.4 Holidays
01:14:42 8.5 Sports
01:15:30 9 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Moldova ( (listen), sometimes UK: ), officially the Republic of Moldova (Romanian: Republica Moldova), is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered by Romania to the west and Ukraine to the north, east, and south. The capital city is Chișinău.
Most of the Moldovan territory was a part of the Principality of Moldavia from the 14th century until 1812, when it was ceded to the Russian Empire by the Ottoman Empire (to which Moldavia was a vassal state) and became known as Bessarabia. In 1856, southern Bessarabia was returned to Moldavia, which three years later united with Wallachia to form Romania, but Russian rule was restored over the whole of the region in 1878. During the 1917 Russian Revolution, Bessarabia briefly became autonomous and then the independent Moldavian Democratic Republic until it was integrated into Romania in 1918 following a vote of its assembly. The decision was disputed by Soviet Russia, which in 1924 allowed the establishment, within the Ukrainian SSR, of a Moldavian autonomous republic (MASSR) on partial Moldovan-inhabited territories to the east of the Dniester. In 1940, as a consequence of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, Romania was compelled to cede Bessarabia to the Soviet Union, leading to the creation of the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic (Moldavian SSR), which included the greater part of Bessarabia and the westernmost strip of the former MASSR.
On 27 August 1991, as the dissolution of the Soviet Union was under way, the Moldavian SSR declared independence and took the name Moldova. The Constitution of Moldova was adopted in 1994. The strip of the Moldovan territory on the east bank of the Dniester river has been under the de facto control of the breakaway government of Transnistria since 1990.
Due to a decrease in industrial and agricultural output following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the service sector has grown to dominate Moldova's economy and is over 60% of the nation's GDP. Its economy is the poorest in Europe in per capita terms and has the lowest Human Development Index in the continent. Moldova is also the least visited country in Europe by tourists with only 11,000 annually recorded visitors from abroad.Moldova is a parliamentary republic with a president as head of state and a prime minister as head of government. It is a member state of the United Nations, the Council of Europe, the World Trade Organization (WTO), the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), the GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development, the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) and the Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC) and aspires to join the European Union.
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written
language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through
audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio
while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using
a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
In case you don't find one that you were looking for, put a comment.
This video uses Google TTS en-US-Standard-D voice.
SUMMARY
=======
The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, formally the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, after 1791 the Commonwealth of Poland, was a dualistic state, a bi-confederation of Poland and Lithuania ruled by a common monarch, who was both the King of Poland and the Grand Duke of Lithuania. It was one of the largest and most populous countries of the 16th–17th century Europe. At its largest territorial extent, in the early 17th century, the Commonwealth spanned almost 400,000 square miles (1,000,000 km2) and sustained a multi-ethnic population of 11 million.The Commonwealth was established by the Union of Lublin in July 1569, but the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania had been in a de facto personal union since 1386 with the marriage of the Polish queen Hedwig and Lithuania's Grand Duke Jogaila, who was crowned King jure uxoris Władysław II Jagiełło of Poland. The First Partition of Poland in 1772 and the Second Partition of Poland in 1793 greatly reduced the state's size and the Commonwealth collapsed as an independent state following the Third Partition of Poland in 1795.
The Union possessed many features unique among contemporary states. Its political system was characterized by strict checks upon monarchical power. These checks were enacted by a legislature (sejm) controlled by the nobility (szlachta). This idiosyncratic system was a precursor to modern concepts of democracy, constitutional monarchy, and federation. Although the two component states of the Commonwealth were formally equal, Poland was the dominant partner in the union.The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was marked by high levels of ethnic diversity and by relative religious tolerance, guaranteed by the Warsaw Confederation Act 1573; however, the degree of religious freedom varied over time. The Constitution of 1791 acknowledged Catholicism as the dominant religion, unlike the Warsaw Confederation, but freedom of religion was still granted with it.After several decades of prosperity, it entered a period of protracted political, military and economic decline. Its growing weakness led to its partitioning among its neighbors (Austria, Prussia and the Russian Empire) during the late 18th century. Shortly before its demise, the Commonwealth adopted a massive reform effort and enacted the May 3 Constitution—the first codified constitution in modern European history and the second in modern world history (after the United States Constitution).
Moldova | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Moldova
00:02:48 1 Etymology
00:03:48 2 History
00:03:57 2.1 Prehistory
00:04:54 2.2 Moldovan lands in antiquity and the early Middle Ages
00:06:44 2.3 Founding of the Principality of Moldavia
00:07:52 2.4 Between Poland and Hungary
00:10:34 2.5 The Ottomans
00:13:04 2.6 Modern history
00:13:13 2.6.1 Russian Empire
00:15:15 2.6.2 Russian Revolution and Greater Romania
00:17:35 2.6.3 World War II and Soviet era
00:23:00 2.6.4 Independence
00:31:17 3 Government
00:33:24 3.1 Internal affairs
00:34:14 3.2 Foreign relations
00:38:05 3.3 Military
00:39:54 3.4 Human rights
00:41:37 3.5 Administrative divisions
00:42:44 4 Geography
00:44:52 4.1 Climate
00:46:13 5 Economy
00:53:56 5.1 Energy
00:54:56 5.2 Wine industry
00:55:38 5.3 Agriculture
00:56:07 5.4 Tourism
00:56:30 5.5 Transport
00:57:17 6 Telecommunications
00:58:16 7 Demographics
00:59:07 7.1 Cultural and ethnic composition
01:00:54 7.2 Languages
01:02:52 7.3 Religion
01:03:41 7.4 Education
01:05:00 7.5 Crime
01:05:42 7.6 Health and fertility
01:07:20 7.7 Emigration
01:07:47 8 Culture
01:10:29 8.1 Media
01:11:11 8.2 Food and beverage
01:11:46 8.3 Music
01:14:14 8.4 Holidays
01:14:42 8.5 Sports
01:15:30 9 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Moldova ( (listen), sometimes UK: ), officially the Republic of Moldova (Romanian: Republica Moldova), is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered by Romania to the west and Ukraine to the north, east, and south. The capital city is Chișinău.
Most of the Moldovan territory was a part of the Principality of Moldavia from the 14th century until 1812, when it was ceded to the Russian Empire by the Ottoman Empire (to which Moldavia was a vassal state) and became known as Bessarabia. In 1856, southern Bessarabia was returned to Moldavia, which three years later united with Wallachia to form Romania, but Russian rule was restored over the whole of the region in 1878. During the 1917 Russian Revolution, Bessarabia briefly became autonomous and then the independent Moldavian Democratic Republic until it was integrated into Romania in 1918 following a vote of its assembly. The decision was disputed by Soviet Russia, which in 1924 allowed the establishment, within the Ukrainian SSR, of a Moldavian autonomous republic (MASSR) on partial Moldovan-inhabited territories to the east of the Dniester. In 1940, as a consequence of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, Romania was compelled to cede Bessarabia to the Soviet Union, leading to the creation of the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic (Moldavian SSR), which included the greater part of Bessarabia and the westernmost strip of the former MASSR.
On 27 August 1991, as the dissolution of the Soviet Union was under way, the Moldavian SSR declared independence and took the name Moldova. The Constitution of Moldova was adopted in 1994. The strip of the Moldovan territory on the east bank of the Dniester river has been under the de facto control of the breakaway government of Transnistria since 1990.
Due to a decrease in industrial and agricultural output following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the service sector has grown to dominate Moldova's economy and is over 60% of the nation's GDP. Its economy is the poorest in Europe in per capita terms and has the lowest Human Development Index in the continent. Moldova is also the least visited country in Europe by tourists with only 11,000 annually recorded visitors from abroad.Moldova is a parliamentary republic with a president as head of state and a prime minister as head of government. It is a member state of the United Nations, the Council of Europe, the World Trade Organization (WTO), the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), the GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development, the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) and the Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC) and aspires to join the European Union.