John Sherman | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
John Sherman
00:02:25 1 Early life and education
00:05:44 2 House of Representatives
00:07:16 2.1 Kansas
00:09:15 2.2 Lecompton and financial reform
00:11:24 2.3 House leadership
00:14:52 3 Senate
00:16:04 3.1 Financing the Civil War
00:20:22 3.2 Slavery and Reconstruction
00:24:21 3.3 Post-war finances
00:27:56 3.4 Coinage Act of 1873
00:32:08 3.5 Resumption of specie payments
00:33:56 3.6 Election of 1876
00:35:48 4 Secretary of the Treasury
00:36:46 4.1 Preparing for specie resumption
00:37:42 4.2 Bland–Allison Act
00:39:57 4.3 Civil service reform
00:42:13 5 Election of 1880
00:46:05 6 Return to the Senate
00:47:26 6.1 Garfield's assassination and the Pendleton Act
00:49:38 6.2 The Mongrel Tariff
00:51:14 6.3 Chinese immigration
00:52:57 6.4 Further presidential ambitions
00:56:14 6.5 Interstate commerce
00:57:24 6.6 Sherman Antitrust Act
00:59:36 6.7 Silver Purchase Act
01:03:05 6.8 Final years in the Senate
01:04:17 7 Secretary of State
01:06:23 8 Retirement, death, and legacy
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
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John Sherman (May 10, 1823 – October 22, 1900) was a politician from the U.S. state of Ohio during the American Civil War and into the late nineteenth century. A member of the Republican Party, he served in both houses of the U.S. Congress. He also served as Secretary of the Treasury and Secretary of State. Sherman sought the Republican presidential nomination three times, coming closest in 1888, but was never chosen by the party. His brothers included General William Tecumseh Sherman; Charles Taylor Sherman, a federal judge in Ohio; and Hoyt Sherman, an Iowa banker.
Born in Lancaster, Ohio, Sherman later moved to Mansfield, where he began a law career before entering politics. Initially a Whig, Sherman was among those anti-slavery activists who formed what became the Republican Party. He served three terms in the House of Representatives. As a member of the House, Sherman traveled to Kansas to investigate the unrest between pro- and anti-slavery partisans there. He rose in party leadership and was nearly elected Speaker in 1859. Sherman was elevated to the Senate in 1861. As a senator, he was a leader in financial matters, helping to redesign the United States' monetary system to meet the needs of a nation torn apart by civil war. After the war, he worked to produce legislation that would restore the nation's credit abroad and produce a stable, gold-backed currency at home.
Serving as Secretary of the Treasury in the administration of Rutherford B. Hayes, Sherman continued his efforts for financial stability and solvency, overseeing an end to wartime inflationary measures and a return to gold-backed money. He returned to the Senate after his term expired, serving there for a further sixteen years. During that time he continued his work on financial legislation, as well as writing and debating laws on immigration, business competition law, and the regulation of interstate commerce. Sherman was the principal author of the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890, which was signed into law by President Benjamin Harrison. In 1897, President William McKinley appointed him Secretary of State. Failing health and declining faculties made him unable to handle the burdens of the job, and he retired in 1898 at the start of the Spanish–American War. Sherman died at his home in Washington, D.C. in 1900.
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Bricker Amendment | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:03:03 1 Historical background
00:03:13 1.1 American non-interventionism
00:05:16 1.2 Fears return after World War II
00:09:35 2 Legal background
00:11:02 2.1 Early precedents
00:14:39 2.2 Twentieth century rulings
00:14:49 2.2.1 iMissouri v. Holland/i
00:17:55 2.2.2 iBelmont/i and iPink/i
00:21:18 2.2.3 Rulings during Congressional debate
00:22:30 2.2.4 State precedents
00:24:45 2.3 Internationalization and the United Nations
00:30:03 3 Congress considers the proposal
00:32:58 3.1 82nd Congress
00:35:19 3.2 83rd Congress: Consideration by the new Republican majority
00:37:46 3.3 Eisenhower seeks delay
00:40:01 3.4 Republican infighting
00:44:12 3.5 Eisenhower aided by Democrats
00:49:15 4 Aftermath
00:53:45 5 See also
00:54:01 6 Timeline
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Speaking Rate: 0.8344064134532752
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-A
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Bricker Amendment is the collective name of a number of slightly different proposed amendments to the United States Constitution considered by the United States Senate in the 1950s. Each of these amendments would have insulated American laws and policies from foreign influence exerted through treaties, executive agreements, international law, or the United Nations. They are named for their sponsor, Republican Senator John W. Bricker of Ohio.
The Bricker Amendment was designed to keep world entanglements from entering into American life. American entry into World War II led to a new sense of internationalism, which seemed threatening to many conservatives.Frank E. Holman, president of the American Bar Association (ABA), called attention to Federal court decisions, notably Missouri v. Holland, which he claimed could give international treaties and agreements precedence over the United States Constitution and could be used by foreigners to threaten American liberties. Senator Bricker was influenced by the ABA's work and first introduced a proposed constitutional amendment in 1951. With substantial popular support and the election of a Republican president and Congress in the elections of 1952, together with support from many Southern Democrats, Bricker's plan seemed destined to be sent to the individual states for ratification.
The best-known version of the Bricker Amendment, considered by the Senate in 1953–54, declared that no treaty could be made by the United States that conflicted with the Constitution; treaties could not be self-executing without the passage of separate enabling legislation through Congress; treaties could not give Congress legislative powers beyond those specified in the Constitution. It also limited the president's power to enter into executive agreements with foreign powers.
Bricker's proposal attracted broad bipartisan support and was a focal point of intra-party conflict between the administration of president Dwight D. Eisenhower and the Old Right faction of conservative Republican senators. Despite the initial support, the Bricker Amendment was blocked through the intervention of President Eisenhower with then-Senate Minority Leader Lyndon Johnson and failed in the Senate by a single vote in 1954. Three years later the Supreme Court of the United States explicitly ruled in Reid v. Covert that the Bill of Rights cannot be abrogated by agreements with foreign powers. Nevertheless, Senator Bricker's ideas still have supporters, and new versions of his amendment have been reintroduced in Congress periodically.