Introduction to Labour History
This series of five short videos (stitched together here for continuous watching) serve as introductions to the topics in AUPE's Introduction to Labour History course. The five topics are: The Origins of Unions; Industrial Unions; Public Sector Unions; Widening the Circle (Marginalized Workers and Unions); and Preserving and Sharing Our Stories.
Anglicanism | Wikipedia audio article
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Anglicanism
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
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Anglicanism is a Western Christian tradition that evolved out of the practices, liturgy and identity of the Church of England following the Protestant Reformation.Adherents of Anglicanism are called Anglicans. The majority of Anglicans are members of national or regional ecclesiastical provinces of the international Anglican Communion, which forms the third-largest Christian communion in the world, after the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church. They are in full communion with the See of Canterbury, and thus the Archbishop of Canterbury, whom the communion refers to as its primus inter pares (Latin, first among equals). He calls the decennial Lambeth Conference, chairs the meeting of primates, and the Anglican Consultative Council. Some churches that are not part of the Anglican Communion also consider themselves Anglican, including those that are part of the Continuing Anglican movement and Anglican realignment.Anglicans base their Christian faith on the Bible, traditions of the apostolic Church, apostolic succession (historic episcopate), and writings of the Church Fathers. Anglicanism forms one of the branches of Western Christianity, having definitively declared its independence from the Holy See at the time of the Elizabethan Religious Settlement. Many of the new Anglican formularies of the mid-16th century corresponded closely to those of contemporary Protestantism. These reforms in the Church of England were understood by one of those most responsible for them, Thomas Cranmer, the Archbishop of Canterbury, as navigating a middle way between two of the emerging Protestant traditions, namely Lutheranism and Calvinism.In the first half of the 17th century, the Church of England and its associated Church of Ireland were presented by some Anglican divines as comprising a distinct Christian tradition, with theologies, structures, and forms of worship representing a different kind of middle way, or via media, between Protestantism and Roman Catholicism – a perspective that came to be highly influential in later theories of Anglican identity and expressed in the description of Anglicanism as Catholic and Reformed. The degree of distinction between Protestant and Catholic tendencies within the Anglican tradition is routinely a matter of debate both within specific Anglican churches and throughout the Anglican Communion. Unique to Anglicanism is the Book of Common Prayer, the collection of services that worshippers in most Anglican churches have used for centuries, and is thus acknowledged as one of the ties that bind the Anglican Communion together.
After the American Revolution, Anglican congregations in the United States and British North America (which would later form the basis for the modern country of Canada) were each reconstituted into autonomous churches with their own bishops and self-governing structures; these were known as the American Episcopal Church and the Church of England in the Dominion of Canada. Through the expansion of the British Empire and the activity of Christian missions, this model was adopted as the model for many newly formed churches, especially in Africa, Australasia, and Asia-Pacific. In the 19th century, the term Anglicanism was coined to describe the common religious tradition of these churches; as also that of the Scottish Episcopal Church, which, though originating earlier within the Church of Scotland, had come to be recognised as sharing this common identity.
Cooperative | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:02:26 1 Origins and history
00:10:59 2 Meaning
00:11:07 2.1 Identity
00:11:15 2.1.1 Coop principles and values
00:12:15 2.1.2 Coop Marque and domain
00:13:31 2.2 Cooperatives as legal entities
00:15:23 3 Economic stability
00:16:21 3.1 In Europe
00:17:49 3.2 In North America
00:17:58 3.2.1 In the United States of America
00:18:59 3.2.2 In Canada
00:20:04 4 Types of cooperatives
00:20:31 4.1 Consumers' cooperative
00:21:01 4.1.1 Retail cooperative
00:21:31 4.1.2 Housing cooperative
00:23:33 4.1.3 Utility cooperative
00:24:44 4.1.4 Credit unions, cooperative banking and co-operative insurance
00:26:42 4.2 Worker cooperative
00:28:54 4.2.1 Business and employment cooperative
00:30:11 4.3 Purchasing cooperative
00:31:42 4.4 Producer cooperative
00:32:47 4.5 Multi-stakeholder cooperatives
00:33:06 4.5.1 Social cooperative
00:36:04 4.5.2 New generation cooperative
00:37:08 4.6 Other
00:37:16 4.6.1 Platform cooperative
00:38:27 4.6.2 Volunteer cooperative
00:39:29 4.7 Federal or secondary cooperative
00:40:17 4.7.1 Cooperative union
00:40:55 4.7.2 Cooperative political movements
00:41:26 4.7.2.1 UK
00:42:18 4.7.2.2 Philippines
00:42:48 5 Women in cooperatives
00:44:17 6 Cooperatives in popular culture
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.7519360152411938
Voice name: en-AU-Wavenet-D
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
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A cooperative (also known as co-operative, co-op, or coop) is an autonomous association of persons united voluntarily to meet their common economic, social, and cultural needs and aspirations through a jointly-owned and democratically-controlled enterprise. Cooperatives may include:
businesses owned and managed by the people who use their services (a consumer cooperative)
organizations managed by the people who work there (worker cooperatives)
multi-stakeholder or hybrid cooperatives that share ownership between different stakeholder groups. For example, care cooperatives where ownership is shared between both care-givers and receivers. Stakeholders might also include non-profits or investors.
second- and third-tier cooperatives whose members are other cooperatives
platform cooperatives that use a cooperatively owned and governed website, mobile app or a protocol to facilitate the sale of goods and services.Research published by the Worldwatch Institute found that in 2012 approximately one billion people in 96 countries had become members of at least one cooperative. The turnover of the largest three hundred cooperatives in the world reached $2.2 trillion.Cooperative businesses are typically more economically resilient than many other forms of enterprise, with twice the number of co-operatives (80%) surviving their first five years compared with other business ownership models (41%). Cooperatives frequently have social goals which they aim to accomplish by investing a proportion of trading profits back into their communities. As an example of this, in 2013, retail co-operatives in the UK invested 6.9% of their pre-tax profits in the communities in which they trade as compared with 2.4% for other rival supermarkets.Since 2002 cooperatives and credit unions could be distinguished on the Internet by use of a .coop domain. Since 2014, following International Cooperative Alliance's introduction of the Cooperative Marque, ICA cooperatives and WOCCU credit unions can also be identified by a coop ethical consumerism label.