James Longstreet | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
James Longstreet
00:03:25 1 Early life and career
00:08:19 2 Mexican-American War
00:09:28 3 Subsequent activities
00:11:54 4 American Civil War
00:12:04 4.1 First Bull Run
00:16:10 4.2 Family tragedy and Peninsula
00:21:13 4.3 Second Bull Run
00:26:58 4.4 Antietam and Fredericksburg
00:31:14 4.5 Suffolk
00:33:59 4.6 Gettysburg
00:34:07 4.6.1 Campaign plans
00:38:03 4.6.2 July 1–2
00:42:52 4.6.3 July 3
00:46:15 4.7 Chickamauga
00:50:16 4.8 Tennessee
00:55:43 4.9 Wilderness to Appomattox
01:00:16 5 Postbellum life
01:07:18 6 Legacy
01:07:27 6.1 Historical reputation
01:11:33 6.2 In memoriam
01:12:58 7 In popular culture
01:14:49 8 See also
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
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James Longstreet (January 8, 1821 – January 2, 1904) was one of the foremost Confederate generals of the American Civil War and the principal subordinate to General Robert E. Lee, who called him his Old War Horse. He served under Lee as a corps commander for many of the famous battles fought by the Army of Northern Virginia in the Eastern Theater, and briefly with Braxton Bragg in the Army of Tennessee in the Western Theater.
After graduating from the United States Military Academy at West Point, Longstreet served in the Mexican–American War. He was wounded in the thigh at the Battle of Chapultepec, and afterward married his first wife, Louise Garland. Throughout the 1850s, he served on frontier duty in the American Southwest. In June 1861, Longstreet resigned his U.S. Army commission and joined the Confederate Army. He commanded Confederate troops during an early victory at Blackburn's Ford in July and played a minor role at the First Battle of Bull Run.
Longstreet's talents as a general made significant contributions to several important Confederate victories, mostly in the Eastern Theater as one of Robert E. Lee's chief subordinates in the Army of Northern Virginia. He performed poorly at Seven Pines by accidentally marching his men down the wrong road, causing them to be late in arrival. He played an important role in the success of the Seven Days Battles in the summer of 1862. Longstreet led a devastating counterattack that routed the Union army at Second Bull Run in August. His men held their ground in defensive roles at Antietam and Fredericksburg. Longstreet's most controversial service was at the Battle of Gettysburg in July 1863, where he openly disagreed with General Lee on the tactics to be employed and reluctantly supervised several attacks on Union forces, including the disastrous Pickett's Charge. Afterwards, Longstreet was, at his own request, sent to the Western Theater to fight under Braxton Bragg, where his troops launched a ferocious assault on the Union lines at Chickamauga, which carried the day. Afterwards, his performance in semiautonomous command during the Knoxville Campaign resulted in a Confederate defeat. Longstreet's tenure in the Western Theater was marred by his central role in numerous conflicts amongst important Confederate generals. Unhappy serving under Bragg, Longstreet and his men were sent back to Lee. He ably commanded troops during the Battle of the Wilderness in 1864, where he was seriously wounded by friendly fire. He later returned to the field, serving under Lee in the Siege of Petersburg and the Appomattox Campaign.
He enjoyed a successful post-war career working for the U.S. government as a diplomat, civil servant, and administrator. His conversion to the Republican Party and his cooperation with his old friend, President Ulysses S. Grant, as well as critical comments he wrote in his memoirs about General Lee's wartime performance, made him anathema to many of his former Confederate colleagues. His reputation in the South further suffered when he led African-American militia against the anti-Reconstruction White League at the Battle of Liberty Place in 1874. Authors of the Lost Cause movement focused on Longstreet's actions at Gettysburg as a primary reason for the Confederacy's loss ...
Ulysses S. Grant | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:04:11 1 Early life and education
00:06:51 2 Early military career and personal life
00:07:02 2.1 West Point and first assignment
00:10:21 2.2 Marriage and family
00:11:26 2.3 Mexican–American War
00:14:41 2.4 Post-war assignments
00:17:49 3 Civilian struggles and politics
00:21:32 4 Civil War
00:22:34 4.1 Early commands
00:24:26 4.2 Belmont, Forts Henry and Donelson
00:29:01 4.3 Shiloh and aftermath
00:34:26 4.4 Vicksburg campaign
00:38:36 4.5 Chattanooga and promotion
00:41:55 4.6 Overland Campaign and Petersburg Siege
00:47:16 4.7 Appomattox campaign, and victory
00:49:25 4.8 Lincoln's assassination
00:50:44 5 Commanding General
00:51:45 5.1 Reconstruction
00:53:22 5.2 Break from Johnson
00:56:27 5.3 Election of 1868
00:58:57 6 Presidency (1869–1877)
01:01:49 6.1 Later Reconstruction and civil rights
01:08:38 6.2 Native American iPeace/i policy
01:12:10 6.3 Foreign affairs
01:16:49 6.4 Gold standard and gold conspiracy
01:20:32 6.5 Election of 1872 and second term
01:24:05 6.6 Panic of 1873 and loss of Congress
01:27:15 6.7 Scandals and reform
01:34:34 6.8 Election of 1876
01:36:14 7 Post-presidency
01:36:24 7.1 World tour and diplomacy
01:38:08 7.2 Third term attempt
01:40:26 7.3 Business reversals, speculation and confidence men
01:43:33 7.4 Memoirs, pension, and death
01:49:48 8 Historical reputation
01:53:12 9 Memorials and presidential library
01:55:44 10 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
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- reduce eye strain
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I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Ulysses S. Grant (born Hiram Ulysses Grant; April 27, 1822 – July 23, 1885) was an American soldier, politician, and international statesman who served as the 18th president of the United States from 1869 to 1877. During the American Civil War, General Grant, with President Abraham Lincoln, led the Union Army to victory over the Confederacy. During the Reconstruction Era, President Grant led the Republicans in their efforts to remove the vestiges of Confederate nationalism, racism, and slavery.
From early childhood in Ohio, Grant was a skilled equestrian who had a talent for taming horses. He graduated from West Point in 1843 and served with distinction in the Mexican–American War. Upon his return, Grant married Julia Dent, and together they had four children. In 1854, Grant abruptly resigned from the army. He and his family struggled financially in civilian life for seven years. When the Civil War broke out in 1861, Grant joined the Union Army and rapidly rose in rank to general. Grant was persistent in his pursuit of the Confederate enemy, winning major battles and gaining Union control of the Mississippi River. In March 1864, President Lincoln promoted Grant to Lieutenant General, a rank previously reserved for George Washington. For over a year Grant's Army of the Potomac fought the Army of Northern Virginia led by Robert E. Lee in the Overland Campaign and at Petersburg. On April 9, 1865, Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox, and the war ended.
On April 14, 1865, Lincoln was assassinated. Grant continued his service under Lincoln's successor President Andrew Johnson and was promoted General of the Army in 1866. Disillusioned by Johnson's conservative approach to Reconstruction, Grant drifted toward the Radical Republicans. Elected the youngest 19th Century president in 1868, Grant stabilized the post-war national economy, created the Department of Justice, and prosecuted the Ku Klux Klan. He appointed African-Americans and Jewish-Americans to prominent federal offices. In 1871, Grant created the first Civil Service Commission. The Democrats and Liberal Republicans united behind Grant's opponent in the presidential election of 1872, but Grant was handily re-elected. Grant's new Peace Policy for Native Americans had both successes and failures. Grant's administration successfully resolv ...