Javad Khan

Siege of Ganja (January 1804) - Ganja Khanate vs Russia

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Cut from Azerbaijani movie Cavad xan (Javad khan) 2009.

The Battle of Ganja, Siege of Ganja Fortress, was the result of a Russian offensive in the South Caucasus intended to conquer the Ganja Khanate, which contributed to the escalation of the Russo-Persian War (1804–1813).

Tsitsianov divided the Russian troops into two columns, one was entrusted to Major-General Portnyagin (Karabagh gate) and the other to Colonel Pavel Karyagin (Tbilisi Gate). Early morning (5.00 am ), January 15, the column of Portnyagin, approached the Karabagh gate, and pierced a hole in the ground before the wall, but because the defenders have focused their main forces on the site of the gap then Portnyagin left it aside and stormed the ramparts with ladders.The resistance he met was so great that the Russian troops resumed the attack twice, and twice were repulsed with considerable loss. Then Portniagin rushed himself at the head of the column and first went to the wall, followed by a Lieutenant of the regiment of the Narva that fell, struck by several bullets.Then Major Bartenev of Caucasus Grenadier Regiment fell and finally, it was Lieutenant Colonel Simanovich Grenadiers that managed to climb the stairs to the wall and help out Portnyagina .Meanwhile, the second column, led by Colonel Karyagin, ascended the wall from the gate of Tbilisi, and took possession of the main tower. The other two towers were taken one by one by major Lisanevich. Javad Khan,who did not want to seek safety in flight,took the gun and sword in hand and defended himself until he has been killed by captain Kalovski, who himself was immediately killed by the defenders. Khan's death brought confusion into the ranks of the defenders, but they still showed resistance and piled heavy stones.

The city at this time was in a terrible confusion. Crowds of the people, on horse and foot, rushed in disorder on the streets, vainly searching for already deceased Khan. Bewildered residents hid in their homes and barns, women filled the air with frantic cries. Meanwhile, Russian soldiers with bayonets cleared the street, entirely covered with dead bodies, and seized the booty, finding on a horseback some precious gold jewelry. By noon the battle began to subside, and broke again only for a moment when, according to Tstsianov, the soldiers came upon five hundred men, who have entrenched themselves in the Juma mosque. At first they offered to surrender, but when one Armenian said that among them are some Lezgins, it was the signal for the death of all defenders, because the hatred of Lezghins was so strong among the Russian troops.

Tsitsianov deeply appreciated the effort of the soldiers in the capture of the fortress and wrote:...this is proof of moral superiority of Russian Empire over Persians and that spirit of confidence in the victory, will feed and warm up the soldiers that I consider as the my first purpose.

The elder son of Javad Khan, Hossein Quli khan, was also killed during the battle, the rest of the khan's family was taken prisoner and years later (1812) were given permission to go to Iran via Baku. His younger son, Ughurlu, survived, went to Iran and later fought the Russian Empire when the Iranians attacked Ganja in the second Russo-Persian war.

Battle of Quru Qobu (September 1803) - Ganja Khanate vs Russia

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Cut from Azerbaijani movie Cavad xan (Javad khan) 2009.

HISTORICAL PLACES OF AZERBAIJAN IN GOOGLE EARTH PART TWO ( 2/2 )

1. MEDIEVAL CEMETERY OF JUGHA 38°58'27.75N 45°33'51.96E
2. MAIDEN TOWER,BAKU 40°21'58.26N 49°50'13.83E
3. FORT WALL,SHUSHI 39°45'56.98N 46°45'0.70E
4. MOSQUE,BAKU 40°21'31.38N 49°49'40.45E
5. MEMORIAL COMPLEX,SHUSHI 39°45'25.49N 46°44'36.17E
6. JAVAD KHAN MAUSOLEUM,GANJA 40°40'37.26N 46°21'31.50E
7. SUPREME COURT,BAKU 40°22'51.61N 49°51'55.54E
8. ST.JACOB CHURCH,ARTSAKH 39°49'40.97N 46°46'12.59E
9. FEXRI XIYABAN,BAKU 40°21'42.91N 49°49'17.44E
10. MOSQUE,GANJA 40°40'38.88N 46°21'32.08E
11. AZERBAYCAN BAKU DRAMA THEATRE 40°22'30.72N 49°49'51.57E
12. NELSON STEPANYAN'S STATUE 39°45'44.51N 46°44'53.95E
13. NIZAMI MUSEUM,BAKU 40°22'11.77N 49°50'11.15E
14. NELSON STEPANYAN'S STATUE,XANKEND 39°49'7.18N 46°45'11.45E
15. CHURCH,BAKU 40°22'37.81N 49°50'52.04E
16. SRTSAKH UNIVERSITY,ARTSAKH 39°49'29.86N 46°45'42.30E
17. SHIRVANSHAHS' PALACE,BAKU 40°22'0.50N 49°49'54.82E
18. MUSEUM,SHUSHI 39°45'23.66N 46°45'11.50E
19. AZERBAIJAN UNIVERSITY,BAKU 40°22'12.28N 49°48'55.51E
20. GREEN CHURCH,SHUSHI 39°45'44.89N 46°44'36.57E
21. ALINJA DAG MOUNTAIN,NAKHCHIVAN 39° 8'8.67N 45°42'56.71E

Karabakh The Legacy of Our Ancestors documentary film

Karabakh - Azerbaijan Karabakh is one of the ancient historical regions of Azerbaijan. The name Karabakh is a combination of the words “gara” (black, big) and “bagh” (garden, land). The word “Karabakh” as a name given by Azerbaijani people to their land first appeared in primary sources of the 7th century.
In dealing with the subject of Karabakh, the first question to be answered is: where is this place and which areas of Azerbaijan does it cover? The answer to this question is especially relevant today for any understanding of the “Nagorno-Karabakh problem” created by the Armenian separatists. To answer this question we will refer first to Mirza Jamal Javanshir Garabaghli, the vizier of the Azerbaijani Karabakh khanate, who wrote in his book The History of Karabakh (1847): According to the ancient history books the borders of Karabakh region are as given below: the Araz River in the south, from Khudaferin Bridge to Sinig Bridge.
The eastern border of Karabakh is marked by the River Kura that flows into the River Araz in the village of Javad and runs into the Caspian Sea. The northern border is the River Goran that stretches from Yelizavetpol (Ganja province is meant) to the Kura river which splits and reaches the Araz at different points. In the west it is bordered by the Kushbek, Salvarti and Erikli mountains – the high Karabakh mountain range.”
A detailed description of Karabakh’s territories and borders during the first period of Russian occupation and colonialism is drafted on the following basis:
Several generations of Azerbaijani archaeologists have studied and introduced to the world’s academics the Guruchay culture (Palaeolithic period), the Leylatepe culture (Eneolithic), the Kura – Araz culture (early Bronze Age), the Uzerliktepe culture (middle Bronze Age), the Khojaly-Gedebey culture (late Bronze and early Iron Ages), as well as hundreds of historical monuments of the ancient and medieval periods. International archaeology has long accepted these monuments as belonging to the history of the Azerbaijani people and these monuments have nothing to do with Armenian history.
Nagorno-Karabakh lies in the centre of the western regions of the Azerbaijan Republic, part of Karabakh as a whole. The Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region was established on the territory of the Azerbaijan Republic in July 1923, under Soviet rule. The region was 4,400 sq.km in area, or 5.1% of the total area of the Azerbaijan Republic. It included the districts of Shusha, Askeran, Hadrut, Mardakert and Martuni (the last three districts had not been so named until then) and the city of Stepanakert (which was called Khankendi until the early years of Soviet rule). Nagorno-Karabakh is an integral part of the present Azerbaijan Republic and is one of the territories to which Armenians were moved on a mass scale from 1820. Today the Autonomy and seven surrounding regions are under occupation by the Armenian Republic.
The Nagorno-Karabakh problem is rooted in the 18th century, when Armenians were moved from the Iran Plateau and Anadolu and relocated to Karabakh, a determined policy of the Iranian political elite. The Armenians gradually increased in number and began making territorial claims on Azerbaijan. They continued their separatist activities during the Karabakh khanate and organized campaigns by external forces against it. After Russian occupation of the khanate in 1805, the relocation of Armenians there, as well as to Nakhchivan and Irevan, was intensified. In order to formalise this process some paragraphs were even appended to the Turkmenchay Treaty in 1828. The Armenians began making concrete territorial claims on Karabakh, Nakhchivan and Irevan from the beginning of the twentieth century with strong support from Iran and Russia. In pursuit of this goal, Armenians perpetrated genocide in 1918 throughout Azerbaijan. The main aim was to create a Great Armenia, from sea to sea”. After the establishment of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic in 1918 Irevan, the historically ancient territory of Azerbaijan was ceded to the Armenians and the issue seemed to be resolved. Further, during Soviet rule Zangazur and Goycha were given to Armenia. Thus, Russia and Iran realized their aims not only to separate Azerbaijan from Turkey, but also to split Nakhchivan from Azerbaijan geographically. However, their repeated attempts to annex Karabakh to Armenia in the Soviet era were in vain.

Faisla Aap Ka With Asma Sherazi | 25 December 2018 | Aaj News

Faisla Aap Ka With Asma Sherazi | 25 December 2018 | Aaj News

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Cavad Xan trailer

Azərbaycan türklərindən (qacarlardan) olan böyük sərkərdə, dövlət xadimi, Gəncə xanlığının son hakimi. 1786-cı ildən Gəncəni idarə edən Cavad xan 1804-cü ilin yanvarın 3-dən 4-nə keçən gecə general Pavel Sisianovun başçılığı ilə uzun müddət şəhəri mühasirədə saxlayan rus işğalçı qoşunları ilə qeyri-bərabər döyüşdə oğulları ilə birlikdə qəhrəmancasına həlak olmuşdur...ULUS FILM production terefinden yayimlanir .Filmin ssenari müəllifi Sabir Rüstəmxanlı
filmin rejissoru Rövşən Almuradlı dır.Baş rol ifaçısı Nürəddin Mehdixanli esas rollarda Amalya Penahova,Ramiz Novruz.

Cavad Xan Zirvəsinə Yürüş (15 yanvar 2019)

Cavad Xan Zirvəsi

Kiçik Qafqazın Pand dağ silsiləsində yerləşir. Bu dağ silsiləsi Kürəkçay və Gəncəçay hövzələrinin suayrıcıdır.

Cavad Xan Zirvəsi Gəncə Xanlığının Kürəkbasan nahiyəsində, ənənəvi xan yaylaqlarının ən hündür zirvəsində yerləşir və Gəncəyə ən yaxın zirvədir. Hündürlüyü 2119 metr təşkil edir.

Mənbə:

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Qarabağ inciləri

History of Iran | Wikipedia audio article

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History of Iran

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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates



SUMMARY
=======
The history of Iran, commonly also known as Persia in the Western world, is intertwined with the history of a larger region, also to an extent known as Greater Iran, comprising the area from Anatolia, the Bosphorus, and Egypt in the west to the borders of Ancient India and the Syr Darya in the east, and from the Caucasus and the Eurasian Steppe in the north to the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman in the south.
Iran is home to one of the world's oldest continuous major civilizations, with historical and urban settlements dating back to 7000 BC. The southwestern and western part of the Iranian Plateau participated in the traditional Ancient Near East with Elam, from the Early Bronze Age, and later with various other peoples, such as the Kassites, Mannaeans, and Gutians. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel calls the Persians the first Historical People. The Medes unified Iran as a nation and empire in 625 BC. The Achaemenid Empire (550–330 BC), founded by Cyrus the Great, was the first Persian empire and it ruled from the Balkans to North Africa and also Central Asia, spanning three continents, from their seat of power in Persis (Persepolis). It was the largest empire yet seen and the first world empire. The First Persian Empire was the only civilization in all of history to connect over 40% of the global population, accounting for approximately 49.4 million of the world's 112.4 million people in around 480 BC. They were succeeded by the Seleucid, Parthian, and Sasanian Empires, who successively governed Iran for almost 1,000 years and made Iran once again as a leading power in the world. Persia's arch-rival was the Roman Empire and its successor, the Byzantine Empire.
The Persian Empire proper begins in the Iron Age, following the influx of Iranian peoples. Iranian people gave rise to the Medes, the Achaemenid, Parthian, and Sasanian Empires of classical antiquity.
Once a major empire, Iran has endured invasions too, by the Greeks, Arabs, Turks, and the Mongols. Iran has continually reasserted its national identity throughout the centuries and has developed as a distinct political and cultural entity.
The Muslim conquest of Persia (633–654) ended the Sasanian Empire and is a turning point in Iranian history. Islamization of Iran took place during the eighth to tenth centuries, leading to the eventual decline of Zoroastrianism in Iran as well as many of its dependencies. However, the achievements of the previous Persian civilizations were not lost, but were to a great extent absorbed by the new Islamic polity and civilization.*
Iran, with its long history of early cultures and empires, had suffered particularly hard during the late Middle Ages and the early modern period. Many invasions of nomadic tribes, whose leaders became rulers in this country, affected it negatively.Iran was reunified as an independent state in 1501 by the Safavid dynasty, which set Shia Islam
as the empire's official religion, marking one of the most important turning points in the history of Islam. Functioning again as a leading power, this time amongst the neighboring Ottoman Empire, its arch-rival for centuries, Iran had been a monarchy ruled by an emperor almost without interruption from 1501 until the 1979 Iranian Revolution, when Iran officially became an Islamic republic on April 1, 1979.Over the course of the first half of the 19th century, Iran lost many of its territories in the Caucasus, which had been a part of Iran for centuries, comprising modern-day Eastern Georgia, Dagestan, Azerbaijan, and Armenia, to its rapidly expanding and emerged neighboring rival, the Russian Empire, following the Russo-Persian Wars between 1804–13 and 1826–8.

Video Torre de Babel Rep Dominicana

Concierto RD

Kaif O Suroor | Na Maloom Afraad 2 | Lyrical Video | Full Song

Kaif O Suroor | song from 2017 Pakistani movie Na Maloom Afraad 2.
Singer: Aima Baig
Dancer: Sadaf Kanwal

Na Maloom Afraad 2 is sequel to 2014 Pakistani comedy thriller film Na Maloom Afraad with different story, co-written and directed by Nabeel Qureshi. The leading cast returning to it will be Fahad Mustafa, Javed Sheikh, Mohsin Abbas Haider and Urwa Hocane, along with Hania Amir in lead role, and Marina Khan; who will make her film debut.

Principle photography began in March 2017 in Karachi, and completed in May, while most shots are filmed in Cape Town. The film is scheduled for a release on Eid al-Adha in September 2017 under the banners of Filmwala Pictures and Excellency Films, and will be distributed by Urdu 1

Directed by : Nabeel Qureshi
Produced by : Fizza Ali Meerza, Mehdi Ali
Written by : Nabeel Qureshi, Fizza Ali Meerza
Music by : Shani Haider

Shia Islam | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Shia Islam

Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.

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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates



SUMMARY
=======
Shia (; Arabic: شيعة‎ Shīʿah, from Shīʿatu ʿAlī, adherent of Ali), also transliterated Shiah and Shiʿah, is a branch of Islam which holds that the Islamic prophet Muhammad designated Ali ibn Abi Talib as his successor and the Imam (leader) after him, most notably at the event of Ghadir Khumm but was prevented caliphate as a result of Saqifah incident. This view primarily contrasts with that of Sunni Islam, whose adherents believe that Muhammad did not appoint a successor and consider Abu Bakr who they claim was appointed Caliph through a Shura, i.e. community consensus in Saqifa, to be the first rightful Caliph after the Prophet.Unlike the first three Rashidun caliphs, Ali was from the same clan as Muhammad, Banu Hashim.Adherents of Shia Islam are called Shias of Ali, Shias or the Shi'a as a collective or Shi'i or Shi'ite individually. Shia Islam is the second largest branch of Islam: in 2009, Shia Muslims constituted 10-20% of the world's Muslim population. Twelver Shia (Ithnā'ashariyyah) is the largest branch of Shia Islam, with 2012 estimates saying that 85% of Shias were Twelvers.

Shia Islam is based on the Quran and the message of Muhammad attested in hadith, and on hadith taught by their Imams. Shia consider Ali to have been divinely appointed as the successor to Muhammad, and as the first Imam. The Shia also extend this Imammah doctrine to Muhammad's family, the Ahl al-Bayt (the people/family of the House), and some individuals among his descendants, known as Imams, who they believe possess special spiritual and political authority over the community, infallibility and other divinely ordained traits. Although there are many Shia subsects, modern Shia Islam has been divided into three main groupings: Twelvers, Ismailis and Zaidis, with Twelver Shia being the largest and most influential group among Shia.

Shia Islam | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Shia Islam

Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.

Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
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Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.

You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:


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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates



SUMMARY
=======
Shia (; Arabic: شيعة‎ Shīʿah, from Shīʿatu ʿAlī, adherent of Ali), also transliterated Shiah and Shiʿah, is a branch of Islam which holds that the Islamic prophet Muhammad designated Ali ibn Abi Talib as his successor and the Imam (leader) after him, most notably at the event of Ghadir Khumm but was prevented caliphate as a result of Saqifah incident. This view primarily contrasts with that of Sunni Islam, whose adherents believe that Muhammad did not appoint a successor and consider Abu Bakr who they claim was appointed Caliph through a Shura, i.e. community consensus in Saqifa, to be the first rightful Caliph after the Prophet.Unlike the first three Rashidun caliphs, Ali was from the same clan as Muhammad, Banu Hashim.Adherents of Shia Islam are called Shias of Ali, Shias or the Shi'a as a collective or Shi'i or Shi'ite individually. Shia Islam is the second largest branch of Islam: in 2009, Shia Muslims constituted 10-20% of the world's Muslim population. Twelver Shia (Ithnā'ashariyyah) is the largest branch of Shia Islam, with 2012 estimates saying that 94% of Shias were Twelvers.

Shia Islam is based on the Quran and the message of Muhammad attested in hadith, and on hadith taught by their Imams. Shia consider Ali to have been divinely appointed as the successor to Muhammad, and as the first Imam. The Shia also extend this Imammah doctrine to Muhammad's family, the Ahl al-Bayt (the people/family of the House), and some individuals among his descendants, known as Imams, who they believe possess special spiritual and political authority over the community, infallibility and other divinely ordained traits. Although there are many Shia subsects, modern Shia Islam has been divided into three main groupings: Twelvers, Ismailis and Zaidis, with Twelver Shia being the largest and most influential group among Shia.

Shia | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Shia

Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.

Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
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Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.

You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:


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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates



SUMMARY
=======
Shia (; Arabic: شيعة‎ Shīʿah, from Shīʿatu ʿAlī, adherent of Ali), also transliterated Shiah and Shiʿah, is a branch of Islam which holds that the Islamic prophet Muhammad designated Ali ibn Abi Talib as his successor and the Imam (leader) after him, most notably at the event of Ghadir Khumm but was prevented caliphate as a result of Saqifah incident. This view primarily contrasts with that of Sunni Islam, whose adherents believe that Muhammad did not appoint a successor and consider Abu Bakr, who they claim was appointed Caliph through a Shura, i.e. community consensus in Saqifa, to be the first rightful Caliph after the Prophet.Unlike the first three Rashidun caliphs, Ali was from the same clan as Muhammad, Banu Hashim.Adherents of Shia Islam are called Shias of Ali, Shias or the Shi'a as a collective or Shi'i or Shi'ite individually. Shia Islam is the second largest branch of Islam: in 2009, Shia Muslims constituted 10-20% of the world's Muslim population. Twelver Shia (Ithnā'ashariyyah) is the largest branch of Shia Islam, with 2012 estimates saying that 94% of Shias were Twelvers.

Shia Islam is based on the Quran and the message of Muhammad attested in hadith, and on hadith taught by their Imams. Shia consider Ali to have been divinely appointed as the successor to Muhammad, and as the first Imam. The Shia also extend this Imammah doctrine to Muhammad's family, the Ahl al-Bayt (the people/family of the House), and some individuals among his descendants, known as Imams, who they believe possess special spiritual and political authority over the community, infallibility and other divinely ordained traits. Although there are many Shia subsects, modern Shia Islam has been divided into three main groupings: Twelvers, Ismailis and Zaidis, with Twelver Shia being the largest and most influential group among Shia.

Shia | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Shia


00:01:52 1 Etymology
00:02:24 2 Terminology
00:03:36 3 Beliefs
00:03:45 3.1 Imamate
00:03:53 3.1.1 Succession of Ali
00:04:31 3.1.1.1 The event of Dhul Asheera
00:07:08 3.1.1.2 The event of Ghadir Khumm
00:08:39 3.1.2 Ali's caliphate
00:11:43 3.1.3 Hasan ibn Ali
00:12:44 3.1.4 Husayn
00:14:11 3.1.5 Imamate of the iAhl al-Bayt/i
00:18:12 3.1.6 Imam of the time, last Imam of the Shia
00:19:02 4 Theology
00:20:09 5 Hadith
00:20:47 6 Profession of faith
00:21:37 7 Infallibility
00:23:33 8 Occultation
00:24:35 9 Inheritance
00:25:50 10 History
00:27:58 11 North Africa
00:28:25 12 Iran and Caucasus
00:30:47 13 Arabian Peninsula
00:31:02 13.1 Bahrain
00:31:38 13.2 Yemen
00:32:14 14 Europe
00:32:33 15 Syria and Iraq
00:33:12 16 Asia Minor (Modern Turkey)
00:33:36 17 India
00:34:58 18 South-East Asia
00:35:20 19 East Africa
00:35:35 19.1 Fatimid caliphate
00:36:29 19.2 Safavids
00:37:45 20 Community
00:37:54 20.1 Demographics
00:40:24 20.1.1 Significant populations worldwide
00:40:45 20.2 Persecution
00:42:31 20.3 Holidays
00:44:51 20.4 Holy sites
00:45:53 21 Branches
00:46:17 21.1 Twelver
00:47:03 21.1.1 Doctrine
00:48:30 21.1.2 Books
00:49:04 21.1.3 The Twelve Imams
00:49:57 21.1.4 Jurisprudence
00:52:04 21.2 Zaidi (Fiver)
00:52:35 21.2.1 Doctrine
00:53:46 21.2.2 Jurisprudence
00:54:18 21.2.3 Timeline
00:56:46 21.3 Ismaili
00:58:47 21.3.1 Ismaili imams
01:01:23 21.3.2 Pillars
01:01:42 21.3.3 Contemporary leadership
01:02:59 22 Other doctrines
01:03:08 22.1 Doctrine about necessity of acquiring knowledge
01:04:04 22.2 Doctrine concerning Du'a



Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.

Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
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Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.

You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:


You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:




The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates



SUMMARY
=======
Shia (; Arabic: شيعة‎ Shīʿah, from Shīʿatu ʿAlī, adherent of Ali), also transliterated Shiah and Shiʿah, is a branch of Islam which holds that the Islamic prophet Muhammad designated Ali ibn Abi Talib as his successor and the Imam (leader) after him, most notably at the event of Ghadir Khumm, but was prevented from the caliphate as a result of the incident at Saqifah. This view primarily contrasts with that of Sunni Islam, whose adherents believe that Muhammad did not appoint a successor and consider Abu Bakr, who they claim was appointed Caliph through a Shura, i.e. community consensus in Saqifa, to be the first rightful Caliph after the Prophet.Unlike the first three Rashidun caliphs, Ali was from the same clan as Muhammad, Banu Hashim.Adherents of Shia Islam are called Shias of Ali, Shias or the Shi'a as a collective or Shi'i or Shi'ite individually. Shia Islam is the second largest branch of Islam: in 2009, Shia Muslims constituted 10% of the world's Muslim population. Twelver Shia (Ithnā'ashariyyah) is the largest branch of Shia Islam, with 2012 estimates saying that 85% of Shias were Twelvers.

Shia Islam is based on the Quran and the message of Muhammad attested in hadith, and on hadith taught by their Imams. Shia consider Ali to have been divinely appointed as the successor to Muhammad, and as the first Imam. The Shia also extend this Imammah doctrine to Muhammad's family, the Ahl al-Bayt (the people/family of the House), and some individuals among his descendants, known as Imams, who they believe possess special spiritual and political authority over the community, infallibility and other divinely ordained traits. Although there are many Shia subsects, modern Shia Islam has been divided into three main groupings: Twelvers, Ismailis and Zaidis, with Twelver Shia being the largest and most influential group among Shia.

Multan | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Multan


00:00:46 1 Etymology
00:01:14 2 History
00:01:23 2.1 Ancient
00:02:35 2.1.1 Greek invasion
00:03:24 2.2 Early Islamic
00:03:50 2.2.1 Abbassid iAmirate/i
00:05:32 2.2.2 Qarmatian iAmirate/i
00:06:33 2.3 Medieval
00:06:41 2.3.1 Ghaznavid
00:08:28 2.3.2 Ghurid
00:09:14 2.3.3 Turkic
00:10:38 2.3.4 Tughluq
00:11:48 2.3.5 Timurid
00:12:32 2.3.6 iLangah/i Sultanate
00:13:30 2.3.7 Suri
00:14:11 2.3.8 Medieval trade
00:15:31 2.4 Mughal period
00:16:30 2.4.1 iDar al-Aman/i era
00:17:16 2.5 Post-Mughal
00:18:10 2.6 Sikh era
00:20:11 2.6.1 1848 Multan Revolt
00:21:07 2.7 British Raj
00:22:06 2.8 Modern
00:22:32 3 Geography
00:22:41 3.1 Cityscape
00:23:48 3.2 Topography
00:24:25 3.3 Climate
00:25:53 4 Demographics
00:26:17 4.1 Language
00:26:32 5 Civic Administration
00:27:04 6 Transportation
00:27:13 6.1 Motorways
00:28:20 6.2 Rail
00:29:20 6.3 Bus rapid transit
00:30:22 6.4 Air
00:31:04 7 Education
00:32:45 8 Heritage
00:32:54 8.1 Prahladpuri Temple
00:33:30 8.2 Notable saints of Multan
00:34:55 9 Sports
00:35:33 10 Notable people from Multan
00:36:18 11 Sister cities
00:36:38 12 See also



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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates



SUMMARY
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Multan (Punjabi, Saraiki, Urdu: مُلتان ‬‎ [mʊltaːn] (listen)), is a city in Punjab, Pakistan. Located on the banks of the Chenab River, Multan is Pakistan's 7th largest city, and is the major cultural and economic centre of southern Punjab.
Multan's history stretches deep into antiquity. The ancient city was site of the renowned Multan Sun Temple, and was besieged by Alexander the Great during the Mallian Campaign. Multan was one of the most important trading centres of medieval Islamic India, and attracted a multitude of Sufi mystics in the 11th and 12th centuries, earning the city the nickname City of Saints. The city, along with the nearby city of Uch, is renowned for its large collection of Sufi shrines dating from that era.