John Slaughter's grave site in Douglas Arizona
Western Lawman. He was a rancher and a Texas Ranger when he enlisted in the Confederate Army at the start of the Civil War. Enlisted in Nov 1863 as a pvt in Company E, 36th Woods Cavalry, Texas before moving on to the unit that is currently listed. Mustered out May 15, 1865. Serving in the 3rd Frontier Division, Texas State Troops, he earned the reputation of a fearless fighter, skilled with firearms. After the war, he formed the San Antonio Ranch Company with his brothers and in the 1870s, bought a ranch in Charleston, Arizona. In 1886, he was elected Sheriff of Cochise County, served two terms and then helped the US Cavalry track Geronimo's Apaches. He also was the inspiration for Walt Disney's TV series, Texas John Slaughter in the 1950s.
Legendary rancher John Slaughter exhibit at Arizona History Museum
Arizona lawman and rancher John Slaughter is featured in a new exhibit at the Arizona History Museum in Tucson. Slaughter's famous San Bernardino Ranch hugs the U.S.-Mexican border in Cochise County. Video by Ron Medvescek / Arizona Daily Star
Slaughter Ranch 1
Texas John Slaughter's ranch in Southern Arizona, now a museum.
Land of Legends - Slaughter Ranch spanned the horizons - (5)
Larger than many states, visit Slaughter Ranch, Cochise County, Arizona
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John Slaughter Ranch -- Although John Horton Slaughter was born October 2, 1841 in Louisiana, his family moved to Texas when he was a baby. The family was known there for their huge cattle ranches and the nickname “Texas John” stuck. Slaughter became acquainted with the ways of the Indian growing up and became an excellent tracker and marksman, which helped him during his service in the Civil War with the Confederate States Army. In 1874, John became a cattle driver with his brother near San Antonio where they started their own cattle-transport company. Later that decade, John decided to start a ranch in the Arizona Territory which led him to acquire the San Bernadino Ranch.
After living in Arizona for a few years he was elected sheriff of the Cochise County where he served two terms. During his service he helped track Geronimo, the famous Apache chief and arrested many outlaws like Jack Taylor and other notorious gangs of the day.
While John was a hard-working lawman he also had interesting personal life. In his free time, Slaughter played quite a bit of poker which he was very proficient at. Like the law, John Slaughter also took poker very seriously. After being cheated out of his winnings by Bryan Gallagher, Slaughter went all the way to New Mexico to John Chisum’s ranch to find Gallagher and get his money back.
This info courtesy of: slaughterranch.com
Douglas Trip
SlingShot Ride to Slaughter Ranch, Az.
Biography - American Gunfighters - Best and Worst - from the Wild West - 1800s - Part 2 of 2
This is Shirley Griffith. And I'm Steve Ember with EXPLORATIONS in VOA Special English.
Today, we present the second of two programs about the Old American West. Experts disagree about who were the most dangerous gunmen of the Wild West. However, we will tell you about two of them. One was an outlaw. One was a lawman.
Some people living in the West at this time became famous. These include men who worked as professional officers of the law, and others who were criminals. Their names were Wyatt Earp, Doc Holliday, Bat Masterson, Billy the Kid, Wild Bill Hickok and the brothers Jesse and Frank James.
Books, movies and television programs have made these men more famous today than they were when they were alive. Some of the stories about them are true, but most are only stories.
Here are two true stories of the Old West. Our first story begins with a very old photograph that was made in the little town of Pecos, Texas.
This is one of the few photographs known to exist of a very dangerous man named James Miller. He was also known as Killin Jim or Killer Miller.
History records show that he was responsible for the deaths of at least twelve people. Jim Miller often said he had killed more than 50 people. The real number of people he killed will never be known.
Jim Miller killed people for money. He charged about $150 to kill a person. He also killed anyone who caused him trouble. One man died a few days after he had spoken in court against Miller. There is no evidence to show who killed the man. However, people were sure Jim Miller was guilty of the crime.
Miller was successful at what he did because there was little law enforcement in the areas of Texas and Oklahoma where he lived. And, people were afraid to say anything against Miller. They knew it would mean their lives.
One law officer got into a shooting incident with Miller. The lawman shot Miller three times in the chest. Miller fell to the ground. The officer was sure he had killed the dangerous man. A few minutes later, Miller got to his feet. He had not been hurt. He was wearing a steel plate under his shirt. The bullets had hit the steel. The force of the bullets had knocked him down, but had not hurt him. Later, the law officer died from gun shot wounds. No one was sure who shot him. However most people knew Miller had killed again.
In 1909, Miller made a mistake. He was paid money to kill a man in the little town of Ada, Oklahoma. He killed the man in the dark of night. Later, Miller was arrested for the crime. The citizens of Ada knew he had been arrested several times but had always been released for lack of evidence. Also, many people were afraid to speak in court against Miller. Many of the citizens of Ada thought Miller would escape justice again.
On Sunday morning, April 19th, the citizens of Ada attacked the jail where Miller was being kept.
They took him to a barn and hanged him. No one was ever arrested for the hanging of Jim Miller. Most people thought justice had been done. One man said, He was just a killer. He was the worst man I ever knew.
One of these was a man named John Horton Slaughter. He was sometimes called Texas John Slaughter. He was born in Louisiana in 1841. His family moved to Texas when he was only three months old. He grew up with little education. However, he learned to raise cattle. He learned to speak Spanish. And he learned much from the Native American Indians.
John Slaughter was not a very tall man. He was really very small. However, criminals became afraid just looking into his eyes. History records show that John Slaughter took part in at least eight gunfights. This does not include his time as a soldier in the Civil War or fighting against Indians. The records show that he was forced to kill at least four men and possibly two others. These recorded shooting incidents took place when he was an officer of the law. There may have been several more.
People who knew John Slaughter said there was no doubt they were dealing with an extremely serious man -- a man who could be very dangerous. One friend of John Slaughter said Texas John was the meanest good man he ever met.
In 1886, he was elected the lawman or sheriff of Douglas, Arizona, the town near his ranch. Several groups of criminals were working in the area at the time. Soon, many of these outlaws were in jail. Most refused to fight Texas John Slaughter. They surrendered instead. Those who would not immediately surrender faced Sheriff Slaughters guns.
After two terms as the sheriff, John Slaughter helped the United States Army seek out the famous Apache warrior Geronimo. He helped start the bank in Douglas, Arizona. He later became a representative in the Territorial Government and worked to have Arizona admitted as a state.
Douglas High School students walk out of class
upLynk Clip
High Commission of Australia ONE MILLION HECTARES SHEEP STATIONS Queensland Police Biggest Case
BRITISH HIGH COMMISSION CANBERRA - OFCOM DSMA-NOTICE NEWS MEDIA BLACKOUT:
MAINSTREAM NEWS MEDIA EXTRACTS: I
The Carroll Foundation Trust and parallel Gerald 6th Duke of Sutherland Trust multi-billion dollar corporate identity theft bank fraud case has disclosed that the Australia Attorney-General is understood to have remarked that this affair has firmly highlighted the serious level of white collar organised crime penetration within the HM Government law enforcement inter-agencies charged with the prosecution of criminal bankers accountants and lawyers in this case of international importance.
Further sources have confirmed that the explosive FBI Scotland Yard cross-border criminal “standard of proof” prosecution files contain a compelling evidential paper trail which surrounds the systematic multiple seizure offences “targeted” at the Carroll Foundation Trust underlying Carroll Australasia Corporation Trust conglomerate entire investment holdings which are known to have controlled vast landed estates the size of Scotland in the States of Queensland and New South Wales.
It has also emerged that the dossiers contain forensic specimen exhibits of a Withersworldwide law firm shadow “criminal parallel trust” which provided a diversionary corporate smokescreen for the embezzlement of a mind boggling two hundred and fifty million dollars of the Carroll Foundation Trust huge treasury investment holdings that were held at the Queen’s bankers Coutts & Co and Barclays International.
Scotland Yard leaked sources have also disclosed that the files contain Companies House forensic specimen exhibits of twenty eight fraudulently incorporated Carroll Trust Corporations and forensic specimen exhibits of the Gerald J. H. Carroll forged signatures which are “directly linked” to fraudulently incorporated HSBC International offshore accounts Barclays International
offshore accounts and Queen’s bankers Coutts & Co Gerald J. H. Carroll accounts that impulsed this massive City of London bank fraud heist spanning three continents.
MAINSTREAM NEWS MEDIA EXTRACTS: II
The Carroll Foundation Trust and parallel Gerald 6th Duke of Sutherland Trust multi-billion dollar corporate identity theft offshore tax fraud bribery case has disclosed that the First Senior Treasury Counsel Mark Heywood QC along with the First Treasury Counsel Sir James Eadie QC are confronting major criminal allegations of money laundering offshore tax fraud obstruction and bribery on an industrial scale in this case of international importance.
Sources have confirmed that the City of London law firm Slaughter & May former partner Lucy Wylde until quite recently was based at HM Treasury in the capacity as General Counsel reporting to Sir James Eadie QC during what is known to have been yet another bungled attempt to shield herself from criminal prosecution in this case spanning three continents.
Scotland Yard leaked sources have disclosed that the criminal prosecution files have explicitly “named” the Slaughter & May former partner Lucy Wylde as Gerald Carroll’s personal legal adviser and consequently is universally regarded as a “central actor” in the co-ordinated break-up and fraudulent liquidation of major operating divisions of the Carroll Global Corporation Trust industrial empire.
UK Companies House leaked sources have said that Slaughter & May “in concert” with the PwC and Ernst & Young accounting firms fraudulently incorporated a bewildering array of twenty eight forged and falsified “name-switch dummy” Carroll Trust Corporations which were utilised as a corporate diversionary smokescreen for the embezzlement of two hundred and fifty million dollars of the Carroll Foundation Trust huge treasury investment holdings.
In a stunning twist American and British media reports have revealed that Scotland Yard continues to retain the “closely connected” Kent Police Service charge sheet files which concern Gerald Carroll’s multi-million dollar Eaton Square Belgravia penthouse and Westminster residences in central London which were the subject of multiple fraudulent seizure offences.
It is further understood that the dossiers contain a shocking forensic evidential paper trail surrounding the systematic break-ins burglaries and theft of the entire contents of the properties which included the priceless Oxford University Carroll Institute Trust US Anglo-Irish Scottish Russian national treasures collections.
The Carroll Foundation Trust files are held within a complete lockdown at the FBI Headquarters Washington DC under the supervision of the Commissioner Cressida Dick QPM who is known to have an intimate knowledge of this case which stretches the globe.
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40 años de hermandad: Nacozari de García y Douglas, Arizona
40 ANIVERSARIO: El 03 de febrero de 1977 entró en vigor la «hermandad» entre las ciudades de Nacozari de García, Sonora y Douglas, Arizona, al aprobarse por unanimidad el acuerdo de Cabildo donde se aceptó la propuesta hecha por el gobierno de Douglas, Arizona al Ayuntamiento de Nacozari de García.
Entrevista con los señores Roberto Pierce Saenz (Presidente Municipal 1976-1979) y el Lic. Fernando Javier Carrillo Miranda (Secretario del Ayuntamiento 1976-1979) │Una producción de Ernesto Ibarra © 2017
Improving Animal Welfare and Communication with the Public
Temple Grandin
Professor of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University; author of several books including Livestock Handling and Transport and Thinking in Pictures
Temple Grandin thinks in pictures, and those pictures help her help animals and their handlers by keeping animals calm and less stressed in situations that could be quite stressful for them.
Fender Bender at the Outlaw Bar, Tucson AZ Part 3
Dwaileebe
Beverly Hills Police HOWARD HUGHES 1001 BEL AIR ROAD + CARROLL TRUST FBI Biggest Bank Fraud Case
MAINSTREAM NEWS MEDIA EXTRACTS: I
The Gerald 6th Duke of Sutherland Trust and parallel Carroll Anglo-American Corporation Trust corporate identity theft liquidation bank fraud case took a further twist with sources confirming that the FBI Los Angeles field office is understood to be “closely monitoring” this case of international importance which involves the billionaire industrialist and aviator Howard R. Hughes estate Houston Texas.
British and American financial media reports have stated that the Gerald 6th Duke of Sutherland Trust is “closely linked” to one of the world’s most richest individuals of the 20th century — the reclusive Howard R. Hughes.
The Howard Hughes billion dollar fortune at the time of his death in 1976 embraced the Summa Corporation Hughes Aircraft Corporation Hughes Helicopters and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute based in Chevy Chase Maryland. The Carroll Foundation Trust and parallel Gerald 6th Duke of Sutherland Trust legal team has named the Carroll Aircraft Corporation Trust Carroll Anglo-American Corporation Trust industrial conglomerate Maine Investments (Gibraltar) Trust and the Urban Finance Corporation Trust Bahamas investment banking group as “primary victims” in this case which stretches the globe.
Sources have confirmed that the explosive FBI Scotland Yard criminal “standard of proof” prosecution files have also named the McClellan-Palomar Airport Carlsbad North County San Diego which is known to have been “closely linked” to the Howard R. Hughes estate and “in parallel” the Gerald J. H. Carroll Trusts “life tenant” worldwide interests.
Further sources have revealed that the iconic aviator industrialist and billionaire Howard Hughes utilized Palomar Airport as the Hughes Helicopters flight center for the Hughes Apache Longbow attack helicopter and the Hughes 500 killer egg test flights which were flown by the legendary Bob Ferry and Jim Vittitoe.
Scotland Yard leaked sources have disclosed that the dossiers contain never seen before photographic images of the Hughes Aircraft Culver City Los Angeles plant which was the birth place of the giant H-I Spruce Goose flying boat and the world airspeed record breaking H-1 racer.
It has emerged that the major American law firm Loeb & Loeb with offices in Los Angeles and Washington DC has been named “in concert” with the City of London law firm Slaughter & May as Gerald Carroll’s lawyers in what well seasoned financial observers now regard as the world’s largest ever corporate identity theft liquidation case in living memory.
The Carroll Foundation Trust files are held within a complete lockdown at the FBI Washington DC field office and the Metropolitan Police Service London under the “joint supervision” of the FBI Director Christopher Wray and the Scotland Yard Commissioner Cressida Dick QPM who are known to have an intimate knowledge of this major public interest case.
MAINSTREAM NEWS MEDIA EXTRACTS: II
The Carroll Annapolis Maryland Trust - Annapolis in the State of Maryland is the center of excellence for the US Naval Academy situated close to Carroll House. The US Air Force is known to also have a close association with the Gerald Carroll Trust through the Howard Hughes Aircraft empire which was responsible for the design inception and manufacturing of the iconic AH-64 Apache and AH-6 attack helicopters with an aviation pedigree going back to the 1930's.
International News Networks: I
International News Networks: II
International News Networks: III
International News Networks: IV
Regular Board of Education Meeting 6-6-2018
Regular Board of Education Meeting 6-6-2018
Oregon Trail | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Oregon Trail
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Oregon Trail is a 2,170-mile (3,490 km) historic East–West, large-wheeled wagon route and emigrant trail in the United States that connected the Missouri River to valleys in Oregon. The eastern part of the Oregon Trail spanned part of the future state of Kansas, and nearly all of what are now the states of Nebraska and Wyoming. The western half of the trail spanned most of the future states of Idaho and Oregon.
The Oregon Trail was laid by fur traders and traders from about 1811 to 1840, and was only passable on foot or by horseback. By 1836, when the first migrant wagon train was organized in Independence, Missouri, a wagon trail had been cleared to Fort Hall, Idaho. Wagon trails were cleared increasingly farther west, and eventually reached all the way to the Willamette Valley in Oregon, at which point what came to be called the Oregon Trail was complete, even as almost annual improvements were made in the form of bridges, cutoffs, ferries, and roads, which made the trip faster and safer. From various starting points in Iowa, Missouri, or Nebraska Territory, the routes converged along the lower Platte River Valley near Fort Kearny, Nebraska Territory and led to rich farmlands west of the Rocky Mountains.
From the early to mid-1830s (and particularly through the years 1846–69) the Oregon Trail and its many offshoots were used by about 400,000 settlers, farmers, miners, ranchers, and business owners and their families. The eastern half of the trail was also used by travelers on the California Trail (from 1843), Mormon Trail (from 1847), and Bozeman Trail (from 1863), before turning off to their separate destinations. Use of the trail declined as the first transcontinental railroad was completed in 1869, making the trip west substantially faster, cheaper, and safer. Today, modern highways, such as Interstate 80 and Interstate 84, follow parts of the same course westward and pass through towns originally established to serve those using the Oregon Trail.
Oregon Trail | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Oregon Trail
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Oregon Trail is a 2,170-mile (3,490 km) historic East–West, large-wheeled wagon route and emigrant trail in the United States that connected the Missouri River to valleys in Oregon. The eastern part of the Oregon Trail spanned part of the future state of Kansas, and nearly all of what are now the states of Nebraska and Wyoming. The western half of the trail spanned most of the future states of Idaho and Oregon.
The Oregon Trail was laid by fur traders and traders from about 1811 to 1840, and was only passable on foot or by horseback. By 1836, when the first migrant wagon train was organized in Independence, Missouri, a wagon trail had been cleared to Fort Hall, Idaho. Wagon trails were cleared increasingly farther west, and eventually reached all the way to the Willamette Valley in Oregon, at which point what came to be called the Oregon Trail was complete, even as almost annual improvements were made in the form of bridges, cutoffs, ferries, and roads, which made the trip faster and safer. From various starting points in Iowa, Missouri, or Nebraska Territory, the routes converged along the lower Platte River Valley near Fort Kearny, Nebraska Territory and led to rich farmlands west of the Rocky Mountains.
From the early to mid-1830s (and particularly through the years 1846–69) the Oregon Trail and its many offshoots were used by about 400,000 settlers, farmers, miners, ranchers, and business owners and their families. The eastern half of the trail was also used by travelers on the California Trail (from 1843), Mormon Trail (from 1847), and Bozeman Trail (from 1863), before turning off to their separate destinations. Use of the trail declined as the first transcontinental railroad was completed in 1869, making the trip west substantially faster, cheaper, and safer. Today, modern highways, such as Interstate 80 and Interstate 84, follow parts of the same course westward and pass through towns originally established to serve those using the Oregon Trail.
History of the United States | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
History of the United States
00:06:53 1 Pre-Columbian Era
00:08:19 1.1 Native development prior to European contact
00:15:21 1.1.1 Major cultures
00:23:57 1.2 Native development in Hawaii
00:24:46 2 Colonial period
00:25:41 2.1 Spanish, Dutch, and French colonization
00:28:45 2.2 British colonization
00:32:58 3 18th century
00:34:00 3.1 Political integration and autonomy
00:37:39 4 American Revolution
00:40:57 5 Early years of the republic
00:41:06 5.1 Confederation and Constitution
00:43:00 5.2 President George Washington
00:45:47 5.3 Slavery
00:46:56 6 19th century
00:47:05 6.1 Jeffersonian Republican Era
00:48:11 6.2 War of 1812
00:50:44 6.3 Era of Good Feelings
00:52:38 6.4 Indian removal
00:53:41 6.5 Second Party System
00:56:42 6.6 Second Great Awakening
00:57:37 6.7 Abolitionism
00:58:26 6.8 Westward expansion and Manifest Destiny
01:02:30 6.9 Divisions between North and South
01:08:05 6.10 Civil War
01:15:12 6.11 Emancipation
01:16:28 6.12 Reconstruction Era
01:19:43 6.13 The West and the Gilded Age
01:25:14 7 20th century
01:25:23 7.1 Progressive Era
01:27:16 7.2 Imperialism
01:29:07 7.3 World War I
01:30:30 7.4 Women's suffrage
01:33:47 7.5 Roaring Twenties
01:35:24 7.6 Great Depression and New Deal
01:38:23 7.7 World War II
01:45:30 7.8 The Cold War, counterculture, and civil rights
01:49:31 7.8.1 Climax of liberalism
01:51:29 7.8.2 Civil Rights Movement
01:53:53 7.8.3 The Women's Movement
01:56:15 7.8.4 The Counterculture Revolution and Cold War Détente
01:59:25 7.9 Close of the 20th century
02:04:52 8 21st century
02:05:01 8.1 9/11 and the War on Terror
02:10:37 8.2 The Great Recession
02:12:35 8.3 Recent events
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The history of the United States began with the settlement of Indigenous people before 15,000 BC. Numerous cultures formed. The arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1492 started the European colonization of the Americas. Most colonies formed after 1600. By the 1770s, thirteen British colonies contained 2.5 million people along the Atlantic coast east of the Appalachian Mountains. After defeating France, the British government imposed a series of new taxes after 1765, rejecting the colonists' argument that new taxes needed their approval (see Stamp Act 1765). Tax resistance, especially the Boston Tea Party (1773), led to punitive laws by Parliament designed to end self-government in Massachusetts.
Armed conflict began in 1775. In 1776, the Second Continental Congress declared the independence of the colonies as the United States of America. Led by General George Washington, it won the Revolutionary War with large support from France. The peace treaty of 1783 gave the new nation the land east of the Mississippi River (except Canada and Florida). The Articles of Confederation established a central government, but it was ineffectual at providing stability, as it could not collect taxes and had no executive officer. A convention in 1787 wrote a new Constitution that was adopted in 1789. In 1791, a Bill of Rights was added to guarantee inalienable rights. With Washington as the first president and Alexander Hamilton his chief adviser, a strong central government was created. Purchase of the Louisiana Territory from France in 1803 doubled the size of the United States. A second and final war with Britain was fought in 1812, which solidified national pride.
Encouraged by the notion of manifest destiny, U.S. territory expanded all the way to the Pacific coast. While the United States was large in terms of area, its population in 1790 was only 4 million. However, it grew rapidly, reaching 7.2 million in 1810, 32 million in 1860, 76 million in 1900, 132 million in 1940, and 321 million in 2015. Economic growth in terms of overall GDP was even greater. However compared to European powers, the nation's military strength was relatively limited in peacetime before 1940. The expansion was driven by a quest for inexpensive land for yeoman farmers and slave owners. The ...
History of the United States | Wikipedia audio article | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
History of the United States | Wikipedia audio article
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The history of the United States began with the settlement of Indigenous people before 15,000 BC. Numerous cultures formed. The arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1492 started the European colonization of the Americas. Most colonies formed after 1600. By the 1770s, thirteen British colonies contained 2.5 million people along the Atlantic coast east of the Appalachian Mountains. After defeating France, the British government imposed a series of new taxes after 1765, rejecting the colonists' argument that new taxes needed their approval (see Stamp Act 1765). Tax resistance, especially the Boston Tea Party (1773), led to punitive laws by Parliament designed to end self-government in Massachusetts.
Armed conflict began in 1775. In 1776, the Second Continental Congress declared the independence of the colonies as the United States of America. Led by General George Washington, it won the Revolutionary War with large support from France. The peace treaty of 1783 gave the new nation the land east of the Mississippi River (except Canada and Florida). The Articles of Confederation established a central government, but it was ineffectual at providing stability, as it could not collect taxes and had no executive officer. A convention in 1787 wrote a new Constitution that was adopted in 1789. In 1791, a Bill of Rights was added to guarantee inalienable rights. With Washington as the first president and Alexander Hamilton his chief adviser, a strong central government was created. Purchase of the Louisiana Territory from France in 1803 doubled the size of the United States. A second and final war with Britain was fought in 1812, which solidified national pride.
Encouraged by the notion of manifest destiny, U.S. territory expanded all the way to the Pacific coast. While the United States was large in terms of area, its population in 1790 was only 4 million. However, it grew rapidly, reaching 7.2 million in 1810, 32 million in 1860, 76 million in 1900, 132 million in 1940, and 321 million in 2015. Economic growth in terms of overall GDP was even greater. However compared to European powers, the nation's military strength was relatively limited in peacetime before 1940. The expansion was driven by a quest for inexpensive land for yeoman farmers and slave owners. The expansion of slavery was increasingly controversial and fueled political and constitutional battles, which were resolved by compromises. Slavery was abolished in all states north of the Mason–Dixon line by 1804, but the South continued to profit off of the institution, mostly from production of cotton. Republican Abraham Lincoln was elected in 1860 on a platform of halting the expansion of slavery.
Seven Southern slave states rebelled and created the foundation of the Confederacy. Its attack of Fort Sumter against the Union forces started the Civil War (1861–1865). Confederate defeat led to the impoverishment of the South and the abolition of slavery. In the Reconstruction Era (1863–1877), legal and voting rights were extended to freed slaves. The national government emerged much stronger, and because of the Fourteenth Amendment in 1868, it gained the explicit duty to protect individual rights. However, when white Democrats regained their power in the South in 1877, often by paramilitary suppression of voting, they passed Jim Crow laws to maintain white supremacy, and new disfranchising constitutions that prevented most African Americans and many poor whites from voting. This continued until gains of the Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s and passage of federal legislation to enforce constitutional rights were made.
The United States became the world's leading industrial power at the turn of the 20th century due to an outburst of entrepreneurship in the Northeast and Midwest and the arrival of millions of immigrant workers and farmers from Europe. The national railroad network was completed and large-sc ...
Auburn Coach Wife Kristi Malzahn Agrees with Match & eHarmony: Men are Jerks
My advice is this: Settle! That's right. Don't worry about passion or intense connection. Don't nix a guy based on his annoying habit of yelling Bravo! in movie theaters. Overlook his halitosis or abysmal sense of aesthetics. Because if you want to have the infrastructure in place to have a family, settling is the way to go. Based on my observations, in fact, settling will probably make you happier in the long run, since many of those who marry with great expectations become more disillusioned with each passing year. (It's hard to maintain that level of zing when the conversation morphs into discussions about who's changing the diapers or balancing the checkbook.)
Obviously, I wasn't always an advocate of settling. In fact, it took not settling to make me realize that settling is the better option, and even though settling is a rampant phenomenon, talking about it in a positive light makes people profoundly uncomfortable. Whenever I make the case for settling, people look at me with creased brows of disapproval or frowns of disappointment, the way a child might look at an older sibling who just informed her that Jerry's Kids aren't going to walk, even if you send them money. It's not only politically incorrect to get behind settling, it's downright un-American. Our culture tells us to keep our eyes on the prize (while our mothers, who know better, tell us not to be so picky), and the theme of holding out for true love (whatever that is—look at the divorce rate) permeates our collective mentality.
Even situation comedies, starting in the 1970s with The Mary Tyler Moore Show and going all the way to Friends, feature endearing single women in the dating trenches, and there's supposed to be something romantic and even heroic about their search for true love. Of course, the crucial difference is that, whereas the earlier series begins after Mary has been jilted by her fiancé, the more modern-day Friends opens as Rachel Green leaves her nice-guy orthodontist fiancé at the altar simply because she isn't feeling it. But either way, in episode after episode, as both women continue to be unlucky in love, settling starts to look pretty darn appealing. Mary is supposed to be contentedly independent and fulfilled by her newsroom family, but in fact her life seems lonely. Are we to assume that at the end of the series, Mary, by then in her late 30s, found her soul mate after the lights in the newsroom went out and her work family was disbanded? If her experience was anything like mine or that of my single friends, it's unlikely.
And while Rachel and her supposed soul mate, Ross, finally get together (for the umpteenth time) in the finale of Friends, do we feel confident that she'll be happier with Ross than she would have been had she settled down with Barry, the orthodontist, 10 years earlier? She and Ross have passion but have never had long-term stability, and the fireworks she experiences with him but not with Barry might actually turn out to be a liability, given how many times their relationship has already gone up in flames. It's equally questionable whether Sex and the City's Carrie Bradshaw, who cheated on her kindhearted and generous boyfriend, Aidan, only to end up with the more exciting but self-absorbed Mr. Big, will be better off in the framework of marriage and family. (Some time after the breakup, when Carrie ran into Aidan on the street, he was carrying his infant in a Baby Björn. Can anyone imagine Mr. Big walking around with a Björn?)