The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in Warsaw
The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier is a monument dedicated to the unknown soldiers. Soldiers who have given their lives fighting for Polish independence.
Soldiers who died in the defense of their homeland. Located in Warsaw on Marshal Jozef Pilsudski Square.
After the war, more specifically on 8th May 1946, the eternal flame was lit again next to the Tomb. The pots located there contain soil collected from 24 battle fields.
The Guard of Honor, which guards the tomb is carried out by soldiers from the Representative Battalion of the Polish Army. They change around every 3 hours with a special ceremony.
Poland/Warsaw (Central Veterans Day celebrations) Part 2
Welcome to my travelchannel.On my channel you can find almost 1000 films of more than 70 countries.
See the playlist on my youtube channel.Enjoy!
Central Veterans Day celebrations:
On 29 May this year. Warsaw held central celebration of the International Day of UN Peacekeepers, Veterans Day Activities outside the country. The central ceremony attended almost 100 A group of veterans of the members of the Association of Veterans of United Nations Peacekeeping Circles outside Warsaw and over 100 A group of veterans from Warsaw with Vice President of the World Veterans Federation, President of the Board of the UN General SKMP. brig. the st. buried. Dr. Stanislaw Wozniak.
The hours. 9.20 Undersecretary of State for Defence Bartłomiej Grabski, together with delegations from the associations of veterans and representatives of the executives Defense and Armed Forces, He laid a wreath at the Monument to the Fallen Soldiers in Missions and Military Operations Outside the State, located next to the Veterans Center Operations Outside the State.
Then the delegation of the Ministry of National Defence and veterans laid wreaths in front of the obelisk commemorating the soldiers who died in military missions outside the country, located at the Museum WP.
The hours. 10.00 Field Cathedral began with Holy Mass celebrated in the intention of veterans. In his homily, Bishop Field WP Jozef Guzdek thanked the veterans for their effort and dedication of their service. He stressed, the Veteran's Day celebrations are designed to build respect and support for peacekeepers.
Exactly at noon began the ceremony at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier on Pilsudski Square.
The ceremony was attended by Undersecretary of State for Defence Bartholomew Grabski and Deputy Minister of Internal Affairs and Administration Tomasz Zdzikot.
Both representatives of ministries in short speeches thanked the soldiers, officers and employees of the troops for their sacrifices full service abroad.
During the ceremony on the square Marshal Jozef Pilsudski was awarded decorations and medals, read appeal of Remembrance and laid wreaths at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier album.
Immediately after the ceremony, delegations of veterans and guests walked the streets of Warsaw – st. royal, st. Krakow suburb, pl. castle – the Kubicki Arcades.
The hours. 14.00 Kubicki Arcades began occasional meeting with veterans, during which they were presented awards to the winners shooting championships.
In the hours. 14.00-18.00 - Square M. J. Pilsudski was organized picnic Veteran, during which they presented the equipment and accessories soldiers, Police officers, Border Guard, State Fire Service and the Government Protection Bureau and the occasional exhibitions and performances of military bands and vocal groups.
POLAND TRAVELOGUE 1933 KRAKOW, KATOWICE, GDANSK, WARSAW 56554
This 1933 short film, “A Flying Visit to Poland,” produced by the Gdynia-America Line, gives an overview of visiting Poland, touching on many of Poland’s places of interest. The film begins in Krakow (or Kracow) with ancient city’s highlights: the Trumpeter of Krakow (01:00); St. Mary’s Church (01:17); the Wawel, a national shrine also referred to as Poland’s tower of London (01:23); the old cobbled streets of Krakow (01:27); the Barbican, Krakow’s old circular fort (01:34); and an ancient chapel carved out of salt at the entrance of the Wieliczka salt mines (1:40). The next stop on the tour is Katowice (02:05), an industrial city dubbed the Pittsburg of Poland. With its massive iron and steel industry (02:10), it provides the steel needed to build Poland’s own railroad equipment and locomotives (02:25), as well as Poland’s own bridges (02:33). Coal is another major resource harvested from Katowice and the larger Silesian province (02:40). Lumber is another major resource of Poland, and lumberjacks chop trees down (03:12) and then floated downriver (03:29) to Gdansk and Gdynia for export; Poland is also an oil producer (03:40). The film then turns to coastal city of Gdynia (03:59). The city quickly grew into a modern city with its massive harbor (04:14). The film’s next stop is Czestochowa (04:35), home to the famous Jasna Gora monastery and its international religious procession celebrating the feast day of Our Lady of Czestochowa (04:41). Religious processions occur all over, such as in Lowicz, complete with the national costumes of Poland (05:02). The film then looks at rural society (05:28), dominated by agriculture. Farmers grow and harvest a number of different crops and, accordingly, celebrate the Harvest Festival (05:48). Part of that entails presenting part of the harvest to President Ignacy Moscicki (05:55). The film then shows a traditional wedding ceremony with Polish customs (06:10), followed by traditional Polish dancing (06:55). The viewer is then taken to Warsaw (07:28), home to the Opera House in Theatre Square (07:44), the Prince Poniatowski Bridge (08:00), Czapski Palace featuring the statue of Prince Joseph Poniatowski (08:05), the building of the Ministry of Industry (08:12), the modern architecture of the Polish Printing Office (08:19), the Aviator’s Monument (08:26), and the birthplace of Frederic Chopan (08:37). Next is a trip to Starego Miasta, Warsaw’s medieval marketplace, for a visit to Fukier, Europe’s oldest wine shop and one of the most famous (08:45). Fukier is home to thousands of bottles of wine and vintages that are several centuries old. Next is a stop at the celebrations of the 250th Anniversary of John Sobieski’s victory over the Ottomans at the 1683 Battle of Vienna (09:27), complete with presentations of Poland’s army. Marshal Jozef Pilsudski presides over the festivities (09:54), before returning to Belveder Palace (10:06) where Pilsudski is greeted by children who celebrate his contribution to the creation of modern Poland.
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Equestrian monuments of Poland / Pomniki konne Polski
Equestrian monuments of Poland,Warsaw, Pomniki konne Polski, Józef Poniatowski, Jan Sariusz Zamoyski, Józef Piłsudski, Jan III Sobieski, Jagiełło, Jagiello, Bartolomeo Colleoni, Коллеоні, pomnik Jazdy polskiej, Teatr Wielki, Łazienki, Katowice, Warszawa, Poznań, Wrocław, Lublin, Zamość, Kraków, Szczecin, Polska, pomniki na koniach, pomnik konny, конные памятники Польши, Пилсудский, Понятовский, Колееони, Ягайло, Варшава, Люблин, Краков, Замосць, Щецин, Вроцлав, Познань, кінні пам'ятники Польщі, Люблін, Краків, Понятовський, Пілсудський, Ян ІІІ Собєський, Ян Замойський, Святий Георгій, pomnik księcia Józefa Poniatowskiego, Pomnik Bartolomeo Colleoniego w Szczecinie, Pomnik marszałka Józefa Piłsudskiego w Katowicach, Lublinie, Warszawie, Pomnik króla polskiego Jana III Sobieskiego w Łazienkach, pomnik hetmana wielkiej koronny Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodów Jana Zamojskiego Zamoyskiego.
Tour in Warsaw Old Town Stare Miasto
Here is video that shows you the sightseeing in Warsaw Old town.
A guide to let you know about the places in every second and minute in the video.
0:01 to 0:02 Royal Palace
0:41 Warsaw Uprising Monument
0:49 Warsaw Barbican
0:52 Gunpowder Tower
1:22 Royal Square
1:32 Mickiewiczowi Statue
1:36 Galeria Kordegarda
1:43 Pomnik księcia Józefa Poniatowskiego
1:47 Presidential Palace, Warsaw
1:51 Jozef Pilsudski Staute
1:55 Nicolao Copernico Statue
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جولة في المدينة القديمة وارسو بولندا
Tour ve Varšavě Starém Městě
바르샤바 올드 타운 투어
Tour in Warschau Old Town
Tour u Varšavi Starom Gradu
Tour en vieille ville de Varsovie
ワルシャワ旧市街のツアー
Tour nel centro storico di Varsavia
Varşova Old Town Tur
Tour w Warszawie Stare Miasto
Tour em Cidade Velha de Varsóvia
Tour en la ciudad vieja de Varsovia
Тур в Старом городе Варшавы
Marshal Pilsudski Memorial
Marshal Pilsudski of Poland.
You can license this story through AP Archive:
Find out more about AP Archive:
Jozef Pilsudski
Wahrend seines Medizinstudiums in Charkow wurde er Mitglied der radikal sozialistischen Organisation âNarodnaja Woljaâ (âWille des Volkesâ) und 1885 aus politischen Grunden der Universitat verwiesen, da er an Studentenprotesten teilgenommen hatte
Legioniści Piłsudskiego - Marshal Piłsudski Legionnaires
Marshal Piłsudski Legionnaires on Piłsudski Street in Cracow. Pomnik legionistów przy ul. Piłsudskiego w Krakowie. See more statues and sculptures on our channel! See more monuments on our channel, e.g.:
Piękna litografia barwna z lat 1915-16, „Józef Piłsudski. Wódz Polski”, wg rys. W. Jastrzębowskiego
Oto piękna litografia barwna z lat 1915-1916, zatytułowana „Józef Piłsudski. Wódz Polski”, według rysunku Wojciecha Jastrzębowskiego. Wydana w Krakowie praca miała oczywisty propagandowy charakter.
Do nabycia:
Komentujcie, udostępniajcie, polubijacie!
Zapraszamy do działów książki i inne obiekty polskie do 1945 r., Ryciny, Niepodległość, Militaria (ryciny) oraz Portrety (ryciny):
Polish Soviet War, 1920 (Russian documentary)
Der Polnisch-Sowjetische Krieg (1919-1921) Dokumentation in russischer Sprache. / Poland is defending its independance against Bolshevik Russia. (LA CAMERA STYLO owns distribution rights to this documentary).
Statue Tours Europe: Józef Piłsudski
Krakow, Poland
전쟁과 평화의 땅, 폴란드 루블린_리투아니아광장, 포 파제 광장, 성 세례 요한 성당, NN극장, 마이다네크 수용소
■ KBS 걸어서 세계속으로 PD들이 직접 만든 해외여행전문 유투브 채널 【Everywhere, K】
■ The Travels of Nearly Everywhere! 10,000 of HD world travel video clips with English subtitle! (Click on 'subtitles/CC' button)
● Subscribe to YOUTUBE -
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● KBS 걸어서세계속으로 홈페이지 -
[Google Map Information]
- Lithuanian Square / 리투아니아 광장
■
- Plac Po Farz / 포 파제 광장
■
- St. John the Baptist Cathedral / 성 세례 요한 성당
■
- NN Theatre / NN극장
■
- Majdanek / 마이다네크 수용소
■
[영상 정보]
-우리에겐 조금 생소하지만 아기자기한 뷰를 가진 루블린
-구시가지에서 가장 아름다운 옛 교회 터
-2012년 한 석조 주택 공사장에서 발견된 2,700여 장의 흑백사진들
-1941년부터 3년 간 36만 여명이 사망한 것으로 추정되는 마이다네크 강제 수용소
-그 시대 나치군이 저지른 비극의 현장
[Keywords]
극장/공연장,theater,역사/자연지역,historic site,추모관련,tomb, cemetery,박물관/전시관,museum,구조물,structure,유럽Europe폴란드PolandPolska Republic of Poland신창민201911월루블린주Lublin VoivodeshipWojewództwo lubelskieNovember걸어서 세계속으로, 공장/작업장,factory,동상,statue,탑,tower,전망대,observatory,사람,man,소리,sound,유럽Europe폴란드PolandPolska Republic of Poland신창민201911월루블린주Lublin VoivodeshipWojewództwo lubelskieNovember걸어서 세계속으로
Visitationist Church Warsaw
recorded on August 16, 2012
Moving Image Archive Serge de Muller
Polish changing of the guard
Adventures of an American college student
POLAND - WikiVidi Documentary
Poland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a sovereign country in Central Europe. It is a unitary state divided into 16 administrative subdivisions, covering an area of 312679 km2 with a mostly temperate climate. With a population of over 38.5 million people, Poland is the sixth most populous member state of the European Union. Poland's capital and largest city is Warsaw. Other cities include Kraków, Wrocław, Poznań, Gdańsk and Szczecin. The establishment of a Polish state can be traced back to 966, when Mieszko I, ruler of a territory roughly coextensive with that of present-day Poland, converted to Christianity. The Kingdom of Poland was founded in 1025, and in 1569 it cemented a longstanding political association with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by signing the Union of Lublin. This union formed the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, one of the largest and most populous countries of 16th and 17th century Europe with a uniquely liberal political system which declared Europe's fir...
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Shortcuts to chapters:
00:03:54: Etymology
00:04:29: Prehistory and protohistory
00:06:03: Piast dynasty
00:10:19: Jagiellon dynasty
00:13:41: Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
00:18:20: Partitions
00:21:28: Era of insurrections
00:26:58: Reconstruction
00:30:40: World War II
00:38:45: Post-war communism
00:41:58: Present-day
00:45:42: Geography
00:47:24: Geology
00:50:40: Waters
00:55:58: Land use
00:57:39: Biodiversity
00:59:21: Climate
01:01:04: Politics
01:03:31: Law
01:07:31: Foreign relations
01:10:20: Administrative divisions
01:11:15: Military
01:15:26: Law enforcement and emergency services
01:16:56: Economy
01:21:14: Corporations
01:22:48: Tourism
01:24:55: Energy
01:26:43: Transport
01:30:42: Science and technology
01:32:44: Communications
01:34:24: Demographics
01:38:07: Languages
01:39:57: Religion
01:44:47: Health
01:46:45: Education
01:49:26: Culture
01:50:25: Famous people
01:51:39: Society
01:54:06: Music
01:58:10: Art
02:00:44: Architecture
02:04:53: Literature
02:09:46: Media
02:12:18: Cuisine
02:14:37: Sports
____________________________________
Copyright WikiVidi.
Licensed under Creative Commons.
Wikipedia link:
Soviet and German friends - Poland 1939
This is my personal answer to the Russian propaganda. This video shows the meeting of Soviet and German troops, setting up poles on the border in divided Poland. Starting a fire and then being proud you put it out is no glory...
The 1939 Soviet invasion of Poland was a military operation that started without a formal declaration of war on 17 September 1939, during the early stages of World War II, sixteen days after the beginning of the Nazi German attack on Poland. It ended in a decisive victory for the Soviet Union's Red Army.
On the 23 August 1939 Soviets signed the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, with Nazi Germany. As a result, on 1 September, the Germans invaded Poland from the west; and on 17 September, the Red Army invaded Poland from the east. The Soviet government announced that it was acting to protect the Ukrainians and Belarusians who lived in the eastern part of Poland, because the Polish state had collapsed in the face of the German attack and could no longer guarantee the security of its own citizens.
The Red Army quickly achieved its targets, vastly outnumbering Polish resistance. About 230,000 Polish soldiers or more (452 500) were taken prisoners of war. The Soviet government annexed the territory newly under its control and in November declared that the 13.5 million Polish citizens who lived there were now Soviet citizens. The Soviets quelled opposition by executions and by arresting thousands. They sent hundreds of thousands (estimates vary) to Siberia and other remote parts of the USSR in four major waves of deportations between 1939 and 1941.
The Soviet invasion, which the Politburo called the liberation campaign, led to the incorporation of millions of Poles, western Ukrainians and western Belarusians into the Soviet Ukrainian and Byelorussian republics.
During the two years following the annexation, the Soviets also arrested approximately 100,000 Polish citizens and deported up to 1,500,000.
Obserwatoria górskie - Astronomia niepodległa #10
Astronomowie zawsze potrzebowali ciemnego nieba i pogodnych nocy. W Ich poszukiwaniu zaczęli umieszczać teleskopy tam, gdzie jest się - dosłownie - bliżej nieba. Obserwatoria położone na górskich szczytach to bez wątpienia jedne z najbardziej niezwykłych placówek astronomicznych. W Polsce było ich kilka, a historia z nimi związana pełna jest dramatycznych wydarzeń.
Premiera odcinka: 13 czerwca 2019 r. w TVP 3.
KRAKOW's finest video. Sit back, relax, and enjoy quality views and music. HD Kraków wideo.
BEAUTIFUL POLAND! Visiting Kraków? Here's your city tour video. Complete Old Town KRAKÓW walking tour: Wawel Castle, Schindler's Factory, St. Mary's Basilica, Barbikan, and much more. As always, this is a high definition video.
Please note: It takes a lot of time and a significant effort to produce these videos. Please LIKE, SHARE and SUBSCRIBE if you enjoyed. Thank you!
Lily
Featured in this video:
00:02 Old Town Square
00:17 Town Hall Tower
00:44 Cloth Hall
01:08 Adam Mickiewicz Monument
01:27 Church of St. Wojciech
01:33 St. Mary's Basilica
02:07 St. Barbara's Church
02:18 Wawel Castle
03:00 Dragon's Den
03:16 Floriańska St.
03:25 Florian's Gate,
03:43 Barbikan,
04:07 Juliusz Słowacki Theatre
04:19 Schindler's Factory
04:42 St. Andrew's Church
04:50 Church of Saints Peter and Paul,
05:03 Szczepanski Square
05:21 St. Florian's Church
05:48 Jan Matejko Academy of Fine Arts
05:54 Pomnik Grunwaldzki
06:04 Church of the Holy Cross,
06:11 Carmelite Church of Piasek
06:20 Jagiellonian University Museum,
06:25 Church of St. Anne
06:46 St. Katherine of Alexandria Church
07:14 Bonifratrzy Church
07:24 Vistula River
07:30 Pilsudski Bridge
07:39 Father Bernatek Footbridge
07:45 Church of St. Joseph
07:57 Museum of Contemporary Art
08:08 Basilica of St. Hyacinth
08:26 St. Francis of Assisi Church
08:47 St. Mary Magdalene Square
08:49 Pontifical University of John Paul II
09:02 Full of Beauty Palace
09:10 Archdiocesan Museum
09:21 Archaeological Museum
09:28 Geological Museum
09:33 Lord's Transfiguration Church
09:37 Institute of Ethnology and Cultural Anthropology
09:55 Jagiellonian University
10:15 Nicolaus Copernicus Statue
10:19 Collegium Philologicum
Audio tracks: Worthy of Praise, by Jay Man, OurMusicBox.com, and By your side, by Nicolai Heidlas licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 / 4.0.
At the end of the video: Underdog, by The 126ers.
Wielcy Polacy
Film przedstawia najwybitniejszych i najsławniejszych Polaków w historii.
Jan III Sobieski (1629-1696), Adam Mickiewicz (1798-1855), Bolesław Prus (1847-1912), Bolesław Chrobry (967-1025), Cyprian Kamil Norwid (1821-1883), Fryderyk Chopin (1810-1849), Henryk Sienkiewicz (1846-1916), św. Jadwiga Andegaweńska [Węgierka] (1373/4-1379), Jan Kochanowski (1530-1584), Jan Matejko (1838-1893), Jan Długosz (1415-1480), marsz. Józef Piłsudski (1867-1935), Kazimierz Wielki (1310-1370), Władysław Łokietek (1260/1-1333), o. Augustyn Kordecki (1603-1673), Maria Skłodowska Curie (1867-1934), Mieszko I (932-992), Mikołaj Rej (1505-1569), Mikołaj Kopernik (1473-1543), Ignacy Jan Paderewski (1860-1941), Stanisław Moniuszko (1819-1872), Stanisław August Poniatowski (1732-1798), ks. kard. Stefan Wyszyński (1901-1981), gen. Tadeusz Kościuszko (1746-1817), ks. kard. Karol Wojtyła – św. Jan Paweł II (1920-2005), Władysław Jagiełło [Litwin] (1362-1434), Stańczyk (1480-1560)...
...Zawisza Czarny (1370-1428), ks. Piotr Skarga (1536-1612), Violetta Villas (1938-2011), Jan Heweliusz (1611-1687), Jan Zamoyski (1542-1605), Bona Sforza [Włoszka] (1494-1557), Stefan Batory [Węgier] (1533-1586), Jan II Kazimierz Waza [Szwed] (1609-1672), por. Piotr Wysocki (1797-1875), gen. Romuald Traugutt (1826-1864), Juliusz Słowacki (1809-1849), Helena Modrzejewska (1840-1909), Maria Konopnicka (1842-1910), ks. Ignacy Skorupka (1893-1920), Wincenty Witos (1874-1945), św. o. Maksymilian Maria Kolbe (1894-1941), gen. Władysław Anders (1892-1970), ks. kard. Adam Sapieha (1867-1951), rtm. Witold Pilecki (1901-1948), mjr Zygmunt Szendzielarz „Łupaszko” (1910-1951), Danuta Siedzikówna „Inka” (1828-1946), o. Benedykt Polak (1200-1251), Paweł Strzelecki (1797-1873), Jerzy Kukuczka (1948-1989), Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686-1736), Ignacy Łukasiewicz (1822-1882), Wanda Rutkiewicz (1943-1992), ks. Paweł Włodkowic (1370-1435), Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski, htm. Stanisław Żółkiewski (1547-1620), htm. Jan Karol Chodkiewicz (1560-1621), htm. Stanisław Koniecpolski (1591-1646), htm. Stefan Czarniecki (1599-1665), gen. Jan Henryk Dąbrowski (1755-1818), gen. Józef Bem (1794-1850), ks. Piotr Wawrzyniak (1849-1910), Zygmunt Krasiński (1812-1859), Artur Grottger (1837-1867), Stanisław Wyspiański (1869-1907), Roman Dmowski (1864-1939), gen. Józef Haller (1873-1960), Andrzej Małkowski (1888-1916), gen. Kazimierz Pułaski (1745-1779), Władysław Reymont (1867-1925), Jan Czochralski (1885-1953), płk Łukasz Ciepliński (1913-1951), Czesław Miłosz (1911–2004), Wisława Szymborska (1923–2012), Józef Rotblat (1908–2005), Eliza Orzeszkowa (1841-1910), Witold Gombrowicz (1904-1969), Józef Teodor Konrad Korzeniowski – Joseph Conrad (1857-1924), Tadeusz Różewicz (1921-2014), Stanisław Lem (1921-2006), Józef Ignacy Kraszewski (1812-1887), Stefan Żeromski (1864-1925), Krzysztof Kamil Baczyński (1921-1944), Zbigniew Herbert (1924-1998), Karol Szymanowski (1883-1937), Wojciech Kilar (1932-2013), Czesław Niemen (1939-2004), Jacek Kaczmarski (1957-2004), Marek Grechuta (1945-2006), Janusz Korczak (1878-1942), Pola Negri (1897-1987), Irena Sendlerowa (1910-1998), Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz (1758-1841), Emilia Plater (1806-1831), gen. Stanisław Sosabowski (1892-1967), Eugeniusz Bodo (1899-1943), Hanna Ordonówna (1902-1950), marsz. Edward Rydz-Śmigły (1886-1941), gen. Stanisław Maczek (1892-1994), gen. Stefan Rowecki ''Grot'' (1895-1944), gen. Tadeusz Komorowski ''Bór'' (1895-1965), Władysław Szpilman (1911-2000), Krystyna Skarbek (1908-1952), Jerzy Iwanow-Szajnowicz (1911-1943), gen. Leopold Okulicki ''Niedźwiadek'' (1898-1946), gen. August Emil Fieldorf ''Nil'' (1895-1953), bł. Jerzy Popiełuszko (1947-1984), Ryszard Kukliński (1930-2004), Zbigniew Cybulski (1927-1967), Władysław Grabski (1874-1938)...
History of the Jews in Poland | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
History of the Jews in Poland
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written
language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through
audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio
while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using
a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
In case you don't find one that you were looking for, put a comment.
This video uses Google TTS en-US-Standard-D voice.
SUMMARY
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The history of the Jews in Poland dates back over 1,000 years. For centuries, Poland was home to the largest and most significant Jewish community in the world. Poland was a principal center of Jewish culture, thanks to a long period of statutory religious tolerance and social autonomy. This ended with the Partitions of Poland which began in 1772, in particular, with the discrimination and persecution of Jews in the Russian Empire. During World War II there was a nearly complete genocidal destruction of the Polish Jewish community by Nazi Germany and its collaborators, during the 1939–1945 German occupation of Poland and the ensuing Holocaust. Since the fall of communism in Poland, there has been a Jewish revival, featuring an annual Jewish Culture Festival, new study programs at Polish secondary schools and universities, the work of synagogues such as the Nożyk Synagogue, and Warsaw's Museum of the History of Polish Jews.
From the founding of the Kingdom of Poland in 1025 through to the early years of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth created in 1569, Poland was the most tolerant country in Europe. Known as paradisus iudaeorum (Latin for Paradise of the Jews), it became a shelter for persecuted and expelled European Jewish communities and the home to the world's largest Jewish community of the time. According to some sources, about three-quarters of the world's Jews lived in Poland by the middle of the 16th century. With the weakening of the Commonwealth and growing religious strife (due to the Protestant Reformation and Catholic Counter-Reformation), Poland's traditional tolerance began to wane from the 17th century onward. After the Partitions of Poland in 1795 and the destruction of Poland as a sovereign state, Polish Jews were subject to the laws of the partitioning powers, the increasingly antisemitic Russian Empire, as well as Austria-Hungary and Kingdom of Prussia (later a part of the German Empire). Still, as Poland regained independence in the aftermath of World War I, it was the center of the European Jewish world with one of the world's largest Jewish communities of over 3 million. Antisemitism was a growing problem throughout Europe in those years, from both the political establishment and the general population.At the start of World War II, Poland was partitioned between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union (see Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact). One-fifth of the Polish population perished during World War II, half of them were 3,000,000 Polish Jews murdered in The Holocaust, constituting 90% of Polish Jewry. Although the Holocaust occurred largely in German-occupied Poland, there was little collaboration with the Nazis by its citizens. Collaboration by individual Poles has been described as smaller than in other occupied countries. Statistics of the Israeli War Crimes Commission indicate that less than 0.1% of Poles collaborated with the Nazis. Examples of Polish attitudes to German atrocities varied widely, from actively risking death in order to save Jewish lives, and passive refusal to inform on them; to indifference, blackmail, and in extreme cases, participation in pogroms such as the Jedwabne pogrom. Grouped by nationality, Poles represent the largest number of people who rescued Jews during the Holocaust.
In the post-war period, many of the approximately 200,000 Jewish survivors registered at Central Committee of Polish Jews or CKŻP (of whom 136,000 arrived from the Soviet Union) left the People's Republic of Poland for the nascent State of Israel and North or South America. Their departure was hastened by the destruction of Jewish institutions, post-war violence and the hostility of the Communist Party to both religion and private enterprise, but also because in 1946–1947 Poland was the only Eastern Bloc country to allow free Jewish aliyah to Israel, without visas or exit permits. Britain demanded Poland to halt the exodus, but their pressure was largely unsuccessful. Most o ...