POLAND TRAVELOGUE 1933 KRAKOW, KATOWICE, GDANSK, WARSAW 56554
This 1933 short film, “A Flying Visit to Poland,” produced by the Gdynia-America Line, gives an overview of visiting Poland, touching on many of Poland’s places of interest. The film begins in Krakow (or Kracow) with ancient city’s highlights: the Trumpeter of Krakow (01:00); St. Mary’s Church (01:17); the Wawel, a national shrine also referred to as Poland’s tower of London (01:23); the old cobbled streets of Krakow (01:27); the Barbican, Krakow’s old circular fort (01:34); and an ancient chapel carved out of salt at the entrance of the Wieliczka salt mines (1:40). The next stop on the tour is Katowice (02:05), an industrial city dubbed the Pittsburg of Poland. With its massive iron and steel industry (02:10), it provides the steel needed to build Poland’s own railroad equipment and locomotives (02:25), as well as Poland’s own bridges (02:33). Coal is another major resource harvested from Katowice and the larger Silesian province (02:40). Lumber is another major resource of Poland, and lumberjacks chop trees down (03:12) and then floated downriver (03:29) to Gdansk and Gdynia for export; Poland is also an oil producer (03:40). The film then turns to coastal city of Gdynia (03:59). The city quickly grew into a modern city with its massive harbor (04:14). The film’s next stop is Czestochowa (04:35), home to the famous Jasna Gora monastery and its international religious procession celebrating the feast day of Our Lady of Czestochowa (04:41). Religious processions occur all over, such as in Lowicz, complete with the national costumes of Poland (05:02). The film then looks at rural society (05:28), dominated by agriculture. Farmers grow and harvest a number of different crops and, accordingly, celebrate the Harvest Festival (05:48). Part of that entails presenting part of the harvest to President Ignacy Moscicki (05:55). The film then shows a traditional wedding ceremony with Polish customs (06:10), followed by traditional Polish dancing (06:55). The viewer is then taken to Warsaw (07:28), home to the Opera House in Theatre Square (07:44), the Prince Poniatowski Bridge (08:00), Czapski Palace featuring the statue of Prince Joseph Poniatowski (08:05), the building of the Ministry of Industry (08:12), the modern architecture of the Polish Printing Office (08:19), the Aviator’s Monument (08:26), and the birthplace of Frederic Chopan (08:37). Next is a trip to Starego Miasta, Warsaw’s medieval marketplace, for a visit to Fukier, Europe’s oldest wine shop and one of the most famous (08:45). Fukier is home to thousands of bottles of wine and vintages that are several centuries old. Next is a stop at the celebrations of the 250th Anniversary of John Sobieski’s victory over the Ottomans at the 1683 Battle of Vienna (09:27), complete with presentations of Poland’s army. Marshal Jozef Pilsudski presides over the festivities (09:54), before returning to Belveder Palace (10:06) where Pilsudski is greeted by children who celebrate his contribution to the creation of modern Poland.
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History of Poland (1939–45) | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
History of Poland (1939–45)
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The history of Poland from 1939 to 1945 encompasses primarily the period from the Invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union to the end of World War II. Following the German-Soviet non-aggression pact, Poland was invaded by Nazi Germany on 1 September 1939 and by the Soviet Union on 17 September. The campaigns ended in early October with Germany and the Soviet Union dividing and annexing the whole of Poland. After the Axis attack on the Soviet Union in the summer of 1941, all of Poland was occupied by Germany. Under the two occupations, Polish citizens suffered enormous human and material losses. According to the Institute of National Remembrance estimates, about 5.6 million Polish citizens died as a result of the German occupation and about 150,000 died as a result of the Soviet occupation. The Jews were singled out by the Germans for a quick and total annihilation and about 90% of Polish Jews (close to three million people) were murdered as part of the Holocaust. Jews, Poles, Romani people and prisoners of many other ethnicities were killed en masse at Nazi extermination camps, such as Auschwitz, Treblinka and Sobibór. Ethnic Poles were subjected to both Nazi German and Soviet persecution. The Germans killed an estimated two million ethnic Poles. They had future plans to turn the remaining majority of Poles into slave labor and annihilate those perceived as “undesirable” as part of the wider Generalplan Ost. Ethnic cleansing and massacres of Poles and to a lesser extent Ukrainians were perpetrated in western Ukraine (prewar Polish Kresy) from 1943. The Poles were murdered by Ukrainian nationalists.
In September 1939, the Polish government officials sought refuge in Romania, but their subsequent internment there prevented the intended continuation abroad as the government of Poland. General Władysław Sikorski, a former prime minister, arrived in France, where a replacement Polish Government-in-Exile was soon formed. After the fall of France, the government was evacuated to Britain. The Polish armed forces had been reconstituted and fought alongside the Western Allies in France, Britain and elsewhere. Resistance movement began organizing in Poland in 1939, soon after the invasions. Its largest military component was a part of the Polish Underground State network of organizations and activities and became known as the Home Army. The whole clandestine structure was formally directed by the Government-in-Exile through its delegation resident in Poland. There were also peasant, right-wing, leftist, Jewish and Soviet partisan organizations. Among the failed anti-German uprisings were the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising and the Warsaw Uprising. The aim of the Warsaw Uprising was to prevent domination of Poland by the Soviet Union.
In order to cooperate with the Soviet Union, after Operation Barbarossa an important war ally of the West, Sikorski negotiated in Moscow with Joseph Stalin and they agreed to form a Polish army in the Soviet Union, intended to fight on the Eastern Front alongside the Soviets. The Anders' Army was instead taken to the Middle East and then to Italy. Further efforts to continue the Polish-Soviet cooperation had failed because of disagreements over the borders, the discovery of the Katyn massacre of Polish POWs perpetrated by the Soviets, and the death of General Sikorski. Afterwards, in a process seen by many Poles as a Western betrayal, the Polish Government-in-Exile gradually ceased being a recognized partner in the Allied coalition.
Stalin pursued a strategy of facilitating the formation of a Polish government independent of (and in opposition to) the exile government in London by empowering the Polish communists. Among Polish communist organizations established during the war were the Polish Workers' Party in occupied Poland and the Union of Polish Patriots in Moscow. A new Polish army was formed in the Soviet Union ...
Poland in World War II | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:05:24 1 Before the war
00:05:33 1.1 Rearmament and first annexations
00:08:13 1.2 Aftermath of the Munich Agreement
00:10:39 1.3 Military alliances
00:13:41 2 German and Soviet invasions of Poland
00:13:53 2.1 German invasion
00:23:25 2.2 Soviet invasion
00:25:55 2.3 End of campaign
00:29:05 3 Occupation of Poland
00:29:15 3.1 German-occupied Poland
00:40:30 3.2 Soviet-occupied Poland
00:52:10 3.3 Collaboration with the occupiers
00:58:02 4 Resistance in Poland
00:58:12 4.1 Armed resistance and the Underground State
01:02:53 4.2 After Operation Barbarossa
01:06:19 4.3 Operation Tempest and the Warsaw Uprising
01:15:00 5 The Holocaust in Poland
01:15:11 5.1 Jews in Poland
01:17:02 5.2 Nazi persecution and elimination of ghettos
01:19:32 5.3 Extermination of Jews
01:23:09 5.4 Efforts to save Jews
01:24:55 6 Polish-Ukrainian conflict
01:25:05 6.1 Background
01:27:01 6.2 Ethnic cleansing
01:29:56 7 Government-in-Exile, communist victory
01:30:07 7.1 Polish government in France and Britain
01:34:19 7.2 Polish Army's evacuation from the Soviet Union
01:37:10 7.3 In the shadow of Soviet offensive, death of Prime Minister Sikorski
01:40:49 7.4 Decline of Government-in-Exile
01:46:06 7.5 Soviet and Polish-communist victory
01:50:58 8 Polish state reestablished with new borders and under Soviet domination
01:51:12 8.1 Poland's war losses
01:53:51 8.2 Beginnings of communist government
01:57:01 8.3 Allied determinations
02:00:38 8.4 Persecution of opposition
02:05:04 8.5 Soviet-controlled Polish state
02:09:17 9 See also
02:09:45 10 Notes
02:09:54 11 Citations
02:10:04 12 Bibliography
02:10:13 13 External links
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.9161323973695913
Voice name: en-GB-Wavenet-A
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The history of Poland from 1939 to 1945 encompasses primarily the period from the Invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union to the end of World War II. Following the German-Soviet non-aggression pact, Poland was invaded by Nazi Germany on 1 September 1939 and by the Soviet Union on 17 September. The campaigns ended in early October with Germany and the Soviet Union dividing and annexing the whole of Poland. After the Axis attack on the Soviet Union in the summer of 1941, all of Poland was occupied by Germany. Under the two occupations, Polish citizens suffered enormous human and material losses. According to the Institute of National Remembrance estimates, about 5.6 million Polish citizens died as a result of the German occupation and about 150,000 died as a result of the Soviet occupation. The Jews were singled out by the Germans for a quick and total annihilation and about 90% of Polish Jews (close to three million people) were murdered as part of the Holocaust. Jews, Poles, Romani people and prisoners of many other ethnicities were killed en masse at Nazi extermination camps, such as Auschwitz, Treblinka and Sobibór. Ethnic Poles were subjected to both Nazi German and Soviet persecution. The Germans killed an estimated two million ethnic Poles. They had future plans to turn the remaining majority of Poles into slave labor and annihilate those perceived as “undesirable” as part of the wider Generalplan Ost. Ethnic cleansing and massacres of Poles and to a lesser extent Ukrainians were perpetrated in western Ukraine (prewar Polish Kresy) from 1943. The Poles were murdered by Ukrainian nationalists.
In September 1939, the Polish government officials sought refuge in Romania, but their subsequent internment there prevented the intended continuation abroad as the government of Poland. General Władysław Sikorski, a former prime minister, arrived in France, where a replacement Polish Government-in-Exile was soon formed. After the fall of France, the government was evacuated to Britain. The Polish armed forces had been reconstituted an ...
Inside Wislaw Krakow Stadium
Warsaw | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:04:09 1 Etymology and names
00:06:25 2 History
00:06:34 2.1 Early history
00:07:37 2.2 16th to 18th centuries
00:09:58 2.3 19th and 20th centuries
00:11:51 2.4 Capital of Second Polish Republic: 1918–39
00:13:41 2.5 Second World War
00:16:49 2.6 1945–1989: Warsaw during the People's Republic
00:18:37 2.7 Recent times: 1989–present
00:19:25 3 Geography
00:19:34 3.1 Location and topography
00:23:13 3.2 Climate
00:24:30 3.3 Cityscape
00:25:37 3.3.1 Architecture
00:31:00 3.4 Landmarks
00:34:41 3.4.1 Flora and fauna
00:40:31 4 Society and demographics
00:42:55 4.1 Immigrant population
00:43:44 4.2 Religion
00:45:21 5 Government and politics
00:46:16 5.1 Municipal government
00:50:49 5.2 Districts
00:51:59 6 Economy
00:52:37 6.1 Business and commerce
00:55:00 6.2 Warsaw Stock Exchange
00:56:02 6.3 Industry
00:58:40 7 Education
01:01:52 8 Transport and infrastructure
01:05:50 8.1 Infrastructure
01:07:22 9 Culture
01:07:31 9.1 Music and theatre
01:10:28 9.2 Events
01:12:16 9.3 Museums and art galleries
01:15:50 9.4 Media and film
01:18:07 9.5 Sports
01:20:58 9.6 Warsaw Mermaid
01:23:38 10 Famous people
01:25:27 11 Rankings
01:25:54 12 International relations
01:26:04 12.1 Twin towns and sister cities
01:26:20 12.2 Partnerships
01:26:28 13 Warsaw in art and literature
01:26:38 14 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.8137113088356605
Voice name: en-AU-Wavenet-C
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Warsaw (Polish: Warszawa [varˈʂava] (listen); see also other names) is the capital and largest city of Poland. The metropolis stands on the Vistula River in east-central Poland and its population is officially estimated at 1.765 million residents within a greater metropolitan area of 3.1 million residents, which makes Warsaw the 8th most-populous capital city in the European Union. The city limits cover 516.9 square kilometres (199.6 sq mi), while the metropolitan area covers 6,100.43 square kilometres (2,355.39 sq mi). Warsaw is an alpha global city, a major international tourist destination, and a significant cultural, political and economic hub. Its historical Old Town was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Once described as the Paris of the East, Warsaw was believed to be one of the most beautiful cities in the world until World War II. Bombed at the start of the German invasion in 1939, the city withstood a siege for which it was later awarded Poland's highest military decoration for heroism, the Virtuti Militari. Deportations of the Jewish population to concentration camps led to the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising in 1943 and the destruction of the Ghetto after a month of combat. A general Warsaw Uprising between August and October 1944 led to even greater devastation and systematic razing by the Germans in advance of the Vistula–Oder Offensive. Warsaw gained the new title of Phoenix City because of its extensive history and complete reconstruction after World War II, which had left over 85% of its buildings in ruins.Warsaw is one of Europe's most dynamic metropolitan cities. In 2012 the Economist Intelligence Unit ranked Warsaw as the 32nd most liveable city in the world. In 2017 the city came 4th in the Business-friendly category and 8th in Human capital and life style. It was also ranked as one of the most liveable cities in Central and Eastern Europe.
The city is a significant centre of research and development, Business process outsourcing, Information technology outsourcing, as well as of the Polish media industry. The Warsaw Stock Exchange is the largest and most important in Central and Eastern Europe. Frontex, the European Union agency for external border security as well as ODIHR, one of the principal institutions of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe have their headquarters in Warsaw. Together with Frankfurt, London and Paris, Warsaw is also one of the ...
Warsaw | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Warsaw
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written
language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through
audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio
while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using
a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
In case you don't find one that you were looking for, put a comment.
This video uses Google TTS en-US-Standard-D voice.
SUMMARY
=======
Warsaw (Polish: Warszawa [varˈʂava] ( listen); see also other names) is the capital and largest city of Poland. The metropolis stands on the Vistula River in east-central Poland and its population is officially estimated at 1.765 million residents within a greater metropolitan area of 3.1 million residents, which makes Warsaw the 8th most-populous capital city in the European Union. The city limits cover 516.9 square kilometres (199.6 sq mi), while the metropolitan area covers 6,100.43 square kilometres (2,355.39 sq mi). Warsaw is an alpha global city, a major international tourist destination, and a significant cultural, political and economic hub. Its historical Old Town was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Once described as the Paris of the East, Warsaw was believed to be one of the most beautiful cities in the world until World War II. Bombed at the start of the German invasion in 1939, the city withstood a siege for which it was later awarded Poland's highest military decoration for heroism, the Virtuti Militari. Deportations of the Jewish population to concentration camps led to the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising in 1943 and the destruction of the Ghetto after a month of combat. A general Warsaw Uprising between August and October 1944 led to even greater devastation and systematic razing by the Germans in advance of the Vistula–Oder Offensive. Warsaw gained the new title of Phoenix City because of its extensive history and complete reconstruction after World War II, which had left over 85% of its buildings in ruins.Warsaw is one of Europe's most dynamic metropolitan cities. In 2012 the Economist Intelligence Unit ranked Warsaw as the 32nd most liveable city in the world. In 2017 the city came 4th in the Business-friendly category and 8th in Human capital and life style. It was also ranked as one of the most liveable cities in Central and Eastern Europe.
The city is a significant centre of research and development, Business process outsourcing, Information technology outsourcing, as well as of the Polish media industry. The Warsaw Stock Exchange is the largest and most important in Central and Eastern Europe. Frontex, the European Union agency for external border security as well as ODIHR, one of the principal institutions of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe have their headquarters in Warsaw. Together with Frankfurt, London and Paris, Warsaw is also one of the cities with the highest number of skyscrapers in the European Union.The city is the seat of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw National Philharmonic Orchestra, University of Warsaw, the Warsaw Polytechnic, the National Museum, the Great Theatre—National Opera, the largest of its kind in the world, and the Zachęta National Gallery of Art. The picturesque Old Town of Warsaw, which represents examples of nearly every European architectural style and historical period, was listed as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1980. Other main architectural attractions include the Castle Square with the Royal Castle and the iconic King Sigismund's Column, the Wilanów Palace, the Łazienki Palace, St. John's Cathedral, Main Market Square, palaces, churches and mansions all displaying a richness of colour and detail. Warsaw is renowned for its bars, restaurants, art galleries and, most notably, several dozen museums and outspread greenery, with around a quarter of the city's area occupied by parks.
Polish–Ukrainian War | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:00:49 1 Background
00:06:08 2 Prelude
00:08:48 3 The war
00:08:57 3.1 Initial stages
00:12:46 3.2 Battles over Volhynia
00:14:25 3.3 Stalemate in Eastern Galicia
00:21:07 3.4 Ukrainian collapse
00:23:34 3.5 Chortkiv Offensive and ultimate Polish victory
00:26:25 4 The diplomatic front
00:36:23 5 Civilian casualties
00:41:45 6 Aftermath
00:43:02 7 Legacy
00:45:29 8 See also
00:46:02 9 Notes
00:46:44 10 Bibliography
00:49:03 11 External links
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.7817763503774635
Voice name: en-AU-Wavenet-A
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Polish–Ukrainian War of November 1918 and 1919 was a conflict between the Second Polish Republic and Ukrainian forces (both the West Ukrainian People's Republic and Ukrainian People's Republic). The conflict had its roots in ethnic, cultural and political differences between the Polish and Ukrainian populations living in the region. The war started in Eastern Galicia after the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and spilled over into Chełm Land and Volhynia (Wołyń) regions formerly belonging to the Russian Empire, which were both claimed by the Ukrainian State (a client state of the German Empire) and the Ukrainian People's Republic.