Volterra, Pisa, Tuscany, Italy, Europe
Volterra is an Italian town of 10 169 inhabitants in the province of Pisa in Tuscany. The city, famous for the extraction and processing of alabaster, was one of the main city-states of ancient Tuscany (Etruria), it was the site in the Middle Ages of an important
episcopal lordship having jurisdiction over a large part of the Tuscan Hills. Today it preserves a remarkable historical center of Etruscan origin (the Porta all'Arco, beautifully preserved; the Porta Diana, which preserves the blocks of the jambs; most of the walls,
built with cyclopic blocks of local stone; 'Acropolis, where there are the foundations of two temples, various buildings and some cisterns, numerous hypogeums used for the burial of the dead), with Roman ruins (including the hemicycle theater) and medieval buildings such as the Cathedral, the Medici Fortress and the Palazzo dei Priori on the square of the same name, the nerve center of the town. Veláthri (, the Etruscan name of Volterra),
was part of the Etruscan confederation, called Etruscan dodecapoli or lucumonie. The king (and great priest) was called luchmon (lucumone). The name of the Etruscan city is clearly visible in the series of coins kept at the Guarnacci Museum.
Places to see in ( Volterra - Italy )
Places to see in ( Volterra - Italy )
Volterra is a walled town southwest of Florence, in Italy. The central Palazzo dei Priori has medieval frescoes and a bell tower with expansive views. Volterra Cathedral has a marble entrance and a gilded coffered ceiling. Nearby are the remains of the Etruscan Acropolis. The Guarnacci Etrurian Museum has a rich collection of archaeological artifacts. The Roman Theater complex includes the ruins of 3rd-century baths.
Volterra is a charming town situated in the province of Pisa, not far from Florence, Siena and the coast as well. It is well known for its Etruscan origins and for the many remains belonging to this era.
Velathri, the Etruscan name of the town, was one of the twelve main towns that belonged to the Etruscan confederation; at the end of the 4th century BC, the 7300 meters long fortification walls were built up to protect not only the urban center, but also the surrounding fountains, cultivated fields and pastures from foreign invasions. After the Frankish and Lombard dominions, Volterra passed under Roman control and changed its name into Volaterrae (where the modern name comes from); later, it fell under Florentine supremacy until the town passed under the Grand Duchy of Tuscany before finally becoming part of the Kingdom of Italy in 1860.
Today, Volterra is particularly renowned for its peculiar urban layout that reminds us of its Etruscan origins: people can still visit part of the majestic protective walls built during the 5th to 4th centuries BC - including the well-preserved Porta dell'Arco and Porta Diana, two gates for entering the city - as well as the Acropolis that houses several buildings and the foundations of two ancient temples. There are many Roman remains to visit as well, like the Roman Theater, dating back to the end of the first century AC, built in a natural amphiteatheater shape area. For more suggestions on what to see in Volterra, take a look at our top sights to see in in Volterra.
Stroll down the historical center, step back in time and enjoy the timeless atmopsphere that surrounds the town: taste its typical products and visit the handicraft workshops, where you'll find many ideas for souvenirs from Tuscany, especially alabaster hand-made objects, which Volterra is famous worldwide for.
Volterra's well-preserved medieval ramparts give the windswept town a proud, forbidding air that author Stephenie Meyer deemed ideal for the discriminating tastes of the planet's principal vampire coven in her wildly popular Twilight series. Fortunately, the reality is considerably more welcoming, as a wander through the winding cobbled streets attests.
Alot to see in Volterra such as :
Roman Theatre of Volterra
Piazza dei Priori
Palazzo dei Priori
Pinacoteca
Volterra Cathedral
Volterra Baptistery of San Giovanni
Fortezza Medicea (Medicean Fortress)
Guarnacci Etruscan Museum
The Etruscan City Walls
The Medici Villa di Spedaletto
( Volterra - Italy ) is well know as a tourist destination because of the variety of places you can enjoy while you are visiting Volterra . Through a series of videos we will try to show you recommended places to visit in Volterra - Italy
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Park Hotel Le Fonti **** Hotel Review 2017 HD, Volterra, Italy
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Property Location
A stay at Park Hotel le Fonti places you in the heart of Volterra, walking distance from Porta all'Arco and Medici Fortress. This 4-star hotel is within close proximity of Etruscan Museum and Palazzo dei Priori.
Rooms
Make yourself at home in one of the 66 air-conditioned rooms featuring minibars and LCD televisions. Satellite television is provided for your entertainment. Private bathrooms with bathtubs or showers feature complimentary toiletries and bidets. Conveniences i...
AREZZO_ THE MEDICI FORTRESS_ THE CHIMERA
The excavations for the construction of the Medici fortress, in the 16th century, have brought to light the famous etruscan Chimera of Arezzo. Part of the Videoguida of Arezzo by Touristicchannel.
Palazzo Vecchio, Florence, Tuscany, Italy, Europe
The Palazzo Vecchio is the town hall of Florence, Italy. This massive, Romanesque, crenellated fortress-palace is among the most impressive town halls of Tuscany. Overlooking the Piazza della Signoria with its copy of Michelangelo's David statue as well as the gallery of statues in the adjacent Loggia dei Lanzi, it is one of the most significant public places in Italy. Originally called the Palazzo della Signoria, after the Signoria of Florence, the ruling body of the Republic of Florence, it was also given several other names: Palazzo del Popolo, Palazzo dei Priori, and Palazzo Ducale, in accordance with the varying use of the palace during its long history. The building acquired its current name when the Medici duke's residence was moved across the Arno to the Palazzo Pitti. Above the front entrance door, there is a notable ornamental marble frontispiece, dating from 1528. In the middle, flanked by two gilded lions, is the Monogram of Christ, surrounded by a glory, above the text (in Latin): Rex Regum et Dominus Dominantium. This text dates from 1851 and does not replace an earlier text by Savonarola as mentioned in guidebooks. Between 1529 and 1851 they were concealed behind a large shield with the grand-ducal coat of arms. Michelangelo's David also stood at the entrance from its completion in 1504 to 1873, when it was moved to the Accademia Gallery. A replica erected in 1910 now stands in its place, flanked by Baccio Bandinelli's Hercules and Cacus. The first courtyard was designed in 1453 by Michelozzo. In the lunettes, high around the courtyard, are crests of the Church and City Guilds. In the center, the porphyry fountain is by Battista del Tadda. The Putto with Dolphin on top of the basin is a copy of the original by Andrea del Verrocchio (1476), now on display on the second floor of the palace. This small statue was originally placed in the garden of the villa of the Medici in Careggi. The water, flowing through the nose of the dolphin, is brought here by pipes from the Boboli Gardens. In the niche, in front of the fountain, stands Samson and Philistine by Pierino da Vinci. The frescoes on the walls, representing scenes of the Austrian Habsburg estates, were painted in 1565 by Giorgio Vasari for the wedding celebration of Francesco I de' Medici, the eldest son of Cosimo I de' Medici, and Johanna of Austria, sister of the Emperor Maximilian. The harmoniously proportioned columns, at one time smooth, and untouched, were at the same time richly decorated with gilt stuccoes.
The barrel vaults are furnished with grotesque decorations. The second courtyard, also called The Customs, contains the massive pillars built in 1494 by Cronaca to sustain the great Salone dei Cinquecento on the second floor. The third courtyard was used mainly for offices of the city. Between the first and second courtyard the massive and monumental stairs by Vasari lead up to the Salone dei Cinquecento. In 1299, the commune and people of Florence decided to build a palace, worthy of the city's importance and giving greater security, in times of turbulence, to the magistrates. Arnolfo di Cambio, the architect of the Duomo and the Santa Croce church, began constructing it upon the ruins of Palazzo dei Fanti and Palazzo dell'Esecutore di Giustizia, once owned by the Uberti family. Giovanni Villani (1276--1348) wrote in his Nuova Cronica that the Uberti were rebels of Florence and Ghibellines, stating that the plaza was built so that the Uberti family homes would never be rebuilt on the same location. Giovanni Villani wrote that Arnolfo di Cambio incorporated the ancient tower of the Foraboschi family (the tower then known as La Vacca or The Cow) as the substructure of the tower into its facade; this is why the rectangular tower (height 94 m) is not directly centered in the building. This tower contains two small cells, that, at different times, imprisoned Cosimo de' Medici (the Elder) (1435) and Girolamo Savonarola (1498). The tower is named after its designer Torre d'Arnolfo. The solid cubicle shaped building is enhanced by the simple tower with its Giorgio Lederle's clock. The large, one-handed clock was originally constructed by the Florentine Nicolò Bernardo, but was replaced in 1667 by a clock made by Vincenzo Viviani. The cubical building is built in solid rusticated stonework, with two rows of two-lighted Gothic windows, each with a trefoil arch. Michelozzo Michelozzi added decorative bas-reliefs of the cross and the Florentine lily in the spandrels between the trefoils.
Walk around Cortona (Tuscany-Italy)
Walk around Cortona with a group of teenagers. Enjoy a Gelato, have an espresso and climb up to the top of the hill to visit the church and Medici fortress overlooking Cortona and the amazing valley below.
Tuscany Italy - Beautiful Italian Aerial Shots | Tuscany By Drone
Tuscany is a region in central Italy with an area of about 23,000 square kilometres (8,900 square miles) and a population of about 3.8 million inhabitants. The regional capital is Florence (Firenze).
Tuscany is known for its landscapes, traditions, history, artistic legacy, and its influence on high culture. It is regarded as the birthplace of the Italian Renaissance[4] and has been home to many figures influential in the history of art and science, and contains well-known museums such as the Uffizi and the Pitti Palace. Tuscany produces wines, including Chianti, Vino Nobile di Montepulciano, Morellino di Scansano and Brunello di Montalcino. Having a strong linguistic and cultural identity, it is sometimes considered a nation within a nation.
Tuscany is traditionally a popular destination in Italy, and the main tourist destinations by number of tourist arrivals in 2014 were Florence, Pisa, Montecatini Terme, Castiglione della Pescaia and Grosseto. The village of Castiglione della Pescaia is the most visited seaside destination in the region, with seaside tourism accounting for approximately 40% of tourist arrivals in Tuscany. Additionally, Siena, Lucca, the Chianti region, Versilia and Val d'Orcia are also internationally renowned and particularly popular spots among travellers.
Seven Tuscan localities have been designated World Heritage Sites: the historic centre of Florence (1982); the Cathedral square of Pisa (1987); the historical centre of San Gimignano (1990); the historical centre of Siena (1995); the historical centre of Pienza (1996); the Val d'Orcia (2004), and the Medici Villas and Gardens (2013). Tuscany has over 120 protected nature reserves, making Tuscany and its capital Florence popular tourist destinations that attract millions of tourists every year.[6] In 2012, the city of Florence was the world's 89th most visited city, with over 1.834 million arrivals.
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San Gimignano, Tuscany, Italy travel movie
Medieval towers nearly 700 years old pierce the sky of the Tuscan village of San Gimignano in northern Italy. From the moment you walk inside through a gateway in the old wall you feel magically transported into another time and place. Sometimes called a medieval Manhattan because of its ancient skyscrapers. The highest tower reaches 170 feet, and you can climb to the top of several of these towers. From there of course you get a splendid view of the old town and the beautiful countryside around it. We'll take you on a walk through the main lanes and little side alleys. It doesn't take very long – the village is so small it's just 700 meters from north to south, and about 350 meters from east to west, so you could walk it from top to bottom in 20 minutes, and yet there are many wonderful things to see. This proud resident of town likes to come out and walk her dog, show off this pretty little terrier, and draws a crowd because this dog has got some charisma. So often when you're traveling and visiting these historic sites it's the little surprises, the local touches that mean just as much or more than the history – always fun to run into these little unexpected bonuses. The tall gateway is the Arch of Becci that was formerly an entrance to the old medieval town, but then the town grew little bigger, they expanded the walls, and this arch became a passageway from the main lane into the central square of the Piazza della Cisterna.
Twilight in Volterra
From the producers of Twilight in Forks comes Twilight in Volterra -- the definitive movie about Volterra, Italy, the town made famous by the Twilight books and movies. Since the Twilight movies weren't filmed in the real Volterra, this is your opportunity to see the town that Stephenie Meyer handpicked as the setting for the vampire dynasty in her epic saga. Are there truly vampires there? Hear from the real people living their lives in the town describe the medieval history and dark past that eerily match events from the books and movies. Drive into town just as Bella and Alice did on their frantic journey to save Edward, see the Volturi palace, and escape their clutches as you exit through the giant stone gate in the ancient city wall. Filmed in full HD by award-winning Director Jason Brown, this movie is a must-have for Twilight fans who want to know the true story of Volterra, and the untold tales of its unique history, mysticism and culture.
TOSCANA - MONTICCHIELLO Borgo Medievale - Tuscany - Full HD
© CLAUDIO MORTINI -
Tra Pienza e Montepulciano (SI), si affaccia sulla val d'Orcia il borgo di Monticchiello, una meraviglia, pieno di scorci deliziosi, diverso dalla classica meta turistica della toscana da cartolina piena di negozietti finti e turistici: qui c'è un ristorante, un bar e un negozio di tessuti, niente più.
Già in epoca etrusca e romana fu luogo di incontro di vie che collegavano centri e comunità della zona. Conserva ancora i tratti austeri delle fortezze medievali, contrastando decisamente il quadro rinascimentale offertoci da Pienza. La robusta cinta muraria e la torre del cassero che svetta sulla collina sono i segni dell'intenso passato del borgo, baluardo del sistema difensivo della Repubblica di Siena. E' proprio con il passaggio sotto la protezione di Siena che ha inizio la storia di Monticchiello di cui, in realtà, si hanno notizie che risalgono a molto prima dell'epoca comunale, come dimostra il fatto che il suo nome vien fatto risalire alla gens romana Clelia. Dal 1200 il borgo assunse le forme attuali con le mura, il cassero e la chiesa, e si instaurarono istituzioni tipicamente comunali, tutte previste e regolamentate da Statuti in lingua volgare. Fu poi con la caduta della Repubblica senese nel 1559 che Monticchiello cadde sotto i Medici e sempre più perse il ruolo e l'importanza che aveva avuto. Nel 1777 entrò a far parte della giurisdizione comunale di Pienza. La chiesa propositurale dei Santi Leonardo e Cristoforo rimane ancora oggi a testimonianza del periodo di massimo splendore della fortezza medievale, conservando molti affreschi di scuola senese risalenti al XIV e XV secolo.
Un esempio raro di autonomia culturale e di impegno collettivo caratterizza infine Monticchiello e i suoi abitanti : il Teatro Povero. Esso nasce e si sviluppa a Monticchiello molto prima della precisa data del suo inizio (1967). L'esperienza teatrale è una componente strettamente legata alla vita ed alla storia della comunità fin dal passato. Gli spettacoli sono uno spaccato di vita borghigiana che propone un approfondimento dei problemi di attualità traendo spunto dalla storia locale e riproponendo le forme, ormai in disuso, della civiltà contadina. E' una sorta di teatro-vita scritto dagli stessi personaggi, cioè dalla gente di Monticchiello che, recitando se stessa, testimonia la propria realtà presentandosi con le sue autentiche situazioni esistenziali e sociali. Eventi collaterali come mostre e convegni accompagnano tutto l'anno l'attività teatrale che ha il suo culmine nel periodo estivo (da metà luglio a metà agosto, spettacoli tutte le sere tranne i Lunedì).
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Between Pienza and Montepulciano (SI), overlooking the village of Val d'Orcia Montichiello a wonder, full of glimpses delicious, different from the classic seaside resort of Tuscan postcard full of shops and tourist fake: here there is a restaurant , a bar and a fabric store, nothing more.
Already in Etruscan and Roman times it was the meeting place of routes connecting towns and communities in the area. Still retains the features of the austere medval iefortresses, contrasting strongly the picture to us by Renaissance Pienza. The sturdy walls and the tower of the keep which stands on the hill are the signs of intense past of the village, a bastion of the defense system of the Republic of Siena. It 'just with the passage under the protection of Siena, who begins the story of Montichiello of which, in reality, we have news that date back to long before the city, as evidenced by the fact that his name is done go back to the gens Roman Clelia. Since 1200, the village took its present shape with the walls, the keep and the church, and were established institutions of local authorities, all provided for and regulated by statutes in the vernacular. He was then with the fall of the Sienese Republic in 1559 Montichiello fell under the Medici and increasingly lost the role and the importance that he had had. In 1777 it became part of the municipal jurisdiction of Pienza. The church of Saints propositurale Leonard and Christopher still remains a witness to the heyday of the medieval fortress, preserving many of the Sienese school frescoes dating from the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries.
Tuscany, Italy Travel videos
Region of Tuscany (Toscana) is in the central part of the peninsula, on the shores of the Tyrrhenian Sea. The relief of the area quite diverse - the north-east and east of the low ridges stretch of the Apennines, Pratomagno and the Chianti area, in the north - ridges of the Ligurian and Apuan Alps, central areas occupied by hilly areas, and closer to the coast and the valley of the Arno River begins a narrow strip of plains.
Tuscany - one of the most beautiful regions of Italy, a place of unique historical richness, the birthplace of many areas of Italian schools of painting and architecture. This is an amazing place of formation of ancient Apennine culture, the Etruscan civilization, the Roman Empire and the state of the Lombards, and the birthplace of the Renaissance. It focused a tremendous amount of unique cultural objects, so for six Tuscan cities fall into the UNESCO World Heritage List (the historical centers of Florence, Siena, San Gimignano and Pienza, the area of Pisa and the Val d'Orcia).
In the vicinity of the town lies the picturesque town of Volterra (Mezhuyev halfway Pisa and Siena), with its Palazzo dei Priori, Pinacoteca, an art gallery, Romanesque cathedral, baptistery, Etruscan arch and Etruscan Museum Guarnachchi. In the homeland of Boccaccio - in the town of Certaldo - you can see the Villa Chigi, Chetinale, Chela, Volta Alto and the Castle Velkaro. The town of Pienza (Pienza) increased efforts of Pope Pius II (a native of these places) on the site of the village Korsinyano whose roots go back to the Etruscan era (IX-V centuries. BC. E.). This is one of the most beautiful villages of Tuscany, its decorations are considered Duomo, Palazzo-Piccolomini luxurious park, Palazzo Borgia (here now housed collections of the Diocesan Museum and the Museo delle Kattedrale), the Palazzo Comunale (Town Hall), Ammannati, Gonzaga and Cardinal Atrebatense, the church of San Francesco (the oldest in the city, it was built in the XI century in the basement of the Temple VIII century), as well as the surrounding monuments Pieve Konsinyano and grottos Monticchiello.
In Lucca noteworthy Roman amphitheater, the city walls (XVI century.) And the church of San Michele (XII century.), San Fernando, Santa Maria Forisportam, the Cathedral of San Martino (XI-XV centuries.), Pinakothek and delightful Villa Mansi, Torridzhiani, Marley and Gartsoni di sand with lush gardens beyond. The Piste - the Church of San Domenico, San Andrea, San Francesco, San Giovanni Fourchivitas (all XII-XIV centuries.) And the extraordinary Madonna del Umilta (XII century.). In Arezzo - Piazza Grande, with its church of Maria della Piave (XIII c.), The palace Fraternita dei Laichi (XIV-XV cc.), Loggia Vasari, the bishop's palace (XIII c.) And the palace Kofanov-Britstsolari with Fadzhiolana tower and the Church of St. Donatus (XIII-XVI centuries.), San Michele, Santa Maria in Gradi (XI-XVI centuries.), the Basilica of San Francesco (XIII-XIV centuries.) and San Domenico (XIII-XIV centuries.), the Cathedral of St. Augustine (XIII-XV cent.) and many other landmarks.
The ideal city of the Italian Renaissance - Livorno is known for its Venetian region with hundreds of old buildings and a dense network of canals, museum Maskanyano, shrine of Montenero, a monument to the Duke Ferdinando I de 'Medici, as well as fortresses Castello.
The Italian Renaissance - Assassin's Creed: Real History
For the twelfth episode of “Assassin’s Creed: Real History” we continue to explore the franchise's historical time periods by discussing the Italian Renaissance, a cycle of cultural transformation which acted as the set-piece for Assassin's Creed 2 & Brotherhood.
If you have any topic requests for a future video, in which you would like me to research the real history and compare it to the game’s representation, please leave me a comment!
Assassin's Creed Real History Playlist:
English subtitles are available for this video.
-Topic Choice-
I decided to make this a joint-video, covering both Assassin's Creed 2 and Assassin's Creed Brotherhood, while centering my research on the Italian Renaissance as a whole. Although it makes for a longer final product, I preferred keeping the commentary as a single video instead of a two-part project.
-Disclaimer-
I am an amateur historian. History is not my official field of study, but rather a passion. This series acts as my hobby and as a way to share with you the real history behind characters, groups, events and locations that are depicted in the Assassin’s Creed video game series. Although I work hard to be as detail-oriented as possible, I am clearly not without fault and therefore welcome you to let me know whether you feel I have missed anything important or have misrepresented something in my video.
-References-
Baldassarri, S. U., & Saiber, A. (2000). Images of quattrocento Florence: selected writings in literature, history, and art. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Bartlett, K. R. (2011). The civilization of the Italian Renaissance: a sourcebook (2nd ed.). North York, Ontario: University of Toronto Press.
Baron, H. (1966). The crisis of the early Italian Renaissance; civic humanism and republican liberty in an age of classicism and tyranny. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Goffen, R. (1989). Giovanni Bellini. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Goldthwaite, R. A. (2009). The economy of Renaissance Florence. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Gundersheimer, W. L. (1965). The Italian Renaissance. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Hankins, J. (2003). Humanism and Platonism in the italian Renaissance. Roma: Edizioni di storia e letteratura.
Hay, D. (1977). The Italian Renaissance in its historical background. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Nuland, S. B. (2000). Leonardo da Vinci. New York: The Penguin Group.
Sabatini, R. (2001). The Life of Cesare Borgia. London: House of Stratus.
Shaw, C. (2000). The Politics of Exile in Renaissance Italy. UK: Cambridge University Press.
Stinger, C. L. (1985). The Renaissance in Rome. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Ullman, B. L. (1973). Studies in the Italian Renaissance. Roma: Edizioni di storia e letteratura.
Viator: Medieval and Renaissance Studies (Vol. 4). (1973). Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press.
Weinstein, D. (2011). Savonarola: the rise and fall of a Renaissance prophet. New Haven: Yale University Press.
De triomf van de Doods (1562) by: Pieter Bruegel the Elder
Hanging of Bernardo Baroncelli (1479): Leonardo da Vinci
Luther at Erfrut (1861) by: Joseph Noel Paton
Mehmet II conquering Constantinople (1903) by: Fausto Zonaro
Miguel Ángel (1544) by: Daniele da Volterra
Mona Lisa (1506) by: Leonardo da Vinci
Morning of the Battle of Agincourt (1884) by: Sir John Gilbert
Paus Nicholas V (1616) by: Peter Paul Rubens
Portrait of Leonardo (1510) by: Francesco Melzi
Ritratto di Cosimo il Vecchio (1518) by: Jacopo Carucci
Sack of Rome of 1527 (unknown date: 17th Century) by: Johannes Lingelbach
Self-Portrait (1506) by: Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino
The Entry of the Crusaders into Constantinople (1848) by: Ferdinand-Victor-Eugène Delacroix
-Credits-
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Intro Music (Akmigone):
Conhecendo a cidade de Florença. Palazzo Vecchio, Basílica Santa Croce.
O Palazzo Vecchio (Palácio Velho) foi construído no final do séc. XIII. Fica localizado na Piazza della Signoria da capital da Toscana. Durante séculos foi sendo remodelado e ampliado e chegou a ser residência oficial do Grão Duque Cosme de Medici. Actualmente é a sede da prefeitura do município florentino e no seu interior existe um museu com permanentes exposições de Michelangelo e Giorgio Vasari.
A Basílica de Santa é a principal igreja franciscana em Florença É o lugar onde estão enterrados alguns dos mais ilustres italianos, tais como Dante Alighieri , Michelângelo, Galileo Galilei, Maquiavel e Rossini, é o Panteão das Glórias Italianas.
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Medici: Godfathers of the Renaissance
Fortezza Medicea ad Arezzo
- Fortezza Medicea Arezzo
History of Rome | Wikipedia audio article
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History of Rome
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Roman history has been among the most influential to the modern world, from supporting the tradition of the rule by law to influencing the American Founding Fathers to the creation of the Catholic church. Roman history can be divided into the following periods:
Pre-historical and early Rome, covering Rome's earliest inhabitants and the legend of its founding by Romulus.
The period of Etruscan dominance and the Regal Period, in which according to tradition, Romulus was the first of seven kings.
The Roman Republic, which commenced in 509 BC when kings were replaced with rule by elected senators. The period was marked by vast expansion of Roman territory. During the 5th century BC, Rome gained regional dominance in Latium, and eventually the entire Italian peninsula by the 3rd century BC. With the Punic Wars from 264 to 146 BC, Rome gained dominance over the Western Mediterranean, displacing Carthage as the dominant regional power.
The Roman Empire: With the rise of Julius Caesar, the Republic waned and by all measures, concluded after a period of civil war and the victory of Octavian, the adopted son of Caesar in 27 BC over Mark Antony. After the collapse of the Western Roman Empire, Rome managed to hang onto the empire, still known as the Roman Empire but long centered on the eastern Mediterranean, until the 8th century as the Duchy of Rome. At this time, the city was reduced to a fraction of its former size, being sacked several times in the 5th to 6th centuries, in 546 even temporarily depopulated entirely.
Medieval Rome: Characterized by a break with Byzantium and the formation of the Papal States. The Papacy struggled to retain influence in the emerging Holy Roman Empire, and during the Saeculum obscurum, the population of Rome fell to as low as 30,000 inhabitants. Following the East–West Schism and the limited success in the Investiture Controversy, the Papacy did gain considerable influence in high medieval Europe, but with the Avignon Papacy and the Western Schism, the city of Rome was reduced to irrelevance, its population falling below 20,000. Rome's decline into complete irrelevance during the medieval period, with the associated lack of construction activity, assured the survival of very significant ancient Roman material remains in the centre of the city, some abandoned and others continuing in use.
The Roman Renaissance: In the 15th century, Rome replaced Florence as the symbol of artistic and cultural influence. The Roman Renaissance was cut short abruptly with the devastation of the city in 1527, but the Papacy reasserted itself in the Counter-Reformation, and the city continued to flourish during the early modern period. Rome was annexed by Napoleon and was technically part of France during 1798–1814.
Modern History: The period from the 19th century to today. Rome was under siege by the Allied invasion of Italy and was bombed several times. It was declared an open city on 14 August 1943. Rome became the capital of the Italian Republic (established in 1946), with a population of 4.4 million in its metropolitan area (as of 2015; 2.9 million within city limits)—is the largest city in Italy. It is among the largest urban areas of the European Union and classified as a global city.