Russia: Yekaterinburg mourners lay tributes for flight 7K9268 victims
Dozens of people arrived to lay flowers and soft toys as well as light candles in front the Black Tulip monument in Yekaterinburg on Sunday to commemorate the victims of the crashed Russian plane in Egypt.
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The Europe and Asia Border near Yekaterinburg (Ekaterinburg) in Russia by Francis Tapon
Francis Tapon stands on the border that divides the Asian and European continents. It is the eastern most point of Europe, deep in Russia, about an 18 hour train ride EAST of Moscow. It just goes to show how far Eastern Europe really goes. This was filmed in Russia in late 2008. Francis is the author of the upcoming book, The Hidden Europe: What Eastern Europeans Can Teach Us. Visit FrancisTapon.com for more details.
UFO / НЛО Sighted Over Yekaterinburg, Russia ( April 10, 2018 )
UNEDITED WITNESS STATEMENT : НЛО Зависло над Екатеринбург ареной.
TRANSLATE :
UFO Hangs over Yekaterinburg arena.
Yekaterinburg
City in Russia
Yekaterinburg is a city in Russia, east of the Ural Mountains. It’s known for the golden-domed Church on the Blood, built in the early 21st century on the site of the 1918 Romanov executions. The Monument to the Founders stands by the banks of the Iset River. Exhibits at the nearby Sverdlovsk Regional Local Lore Museum include the Hall of the Romanovs, with personal items that belonged to the last royal family.
Central Stadium Yekaterinburg
Multi-purpose stadium in Yekaterinburg, Russia
Central Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Yekaterinburg, Russia.The capacity of the stadium is just over 35,000. This will be reduced to 23,000 after the World Cup.
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24 hours in YEKATERINBURG | Trans-Mongolian Railway
Are you planning on taking the Trans-Siberian Railway train route across Russia? Take a look at the Top 3 things to do in Yekaterinburg if you've only got 24hrs!
One of our stops along the Trans-Siberian Railway was in the city of Yekaterinburg in Siberian, Russia. It's an incredible city with a truly magic vibe.
Yekaterinburg is situated along the Trans-Siberian railway; 1800km from Moscow and 7400km from Vladivostok. It's the fourth largest city in Russia.
The Top 3 things to do in Yekaterinburg include visiting the Church on Blood in Honor of Saints, check out the keyboard monument and explore the paths along the river. We were lucky enough to have an amazing restaurant recommended to us. We were a little underdressed, but it was worth it as the food was incredible.
We tried some of the most incredible Russian foods
It's well worth the visit to Yekaterinburg if your planning your Trans-Siberian railway trip.
#Trans-Siberian #railway #russia
FULL PLAYLIST:
Travelling in Russia was a dream come true. Not only did we have the luxury of travelling on the Trans-Siberian Railway but we also got to explore some of Russia's lesser-known sites. If you've been thinking about travelling to Russia there's no time like the present.
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Russia to Capitalize on Iceberg Supply, Plans to Sell Mountains of Frozen Water to Middle East!
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Water supplies in the form of an iceberg — 25 billion liters (6 billion gallons) per voyage — seems like a pie in the sky proposal. The Russians came up with it. It's still a business project but already has prospective clients. Dubai got interested in the technology.
Yekaterinburg | Trans-Siberian Railway (EP.11)
The final stretch of our Trans-Siberian journey takes us to Yekaterinberg and Kungur. Yekaterinberg, also known as Sverdlovsk, was the home to the killing of the last emperor of Russia. After a quick visit to the church and Europe-Asia monument, we continue on to Kungur to visit the Ice Cave.
Music by Chance Starling
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Traveling on the Trans-Sib. Irkutsk – Tomsk
Friends, our travels with Tony continue! The third part is the train from
Irkutsk to Tomsk.
News, information on discounts and special offers is always available on our social media sites:
photo from the secret base in the Urals, where the old trains are stored
photo from the secret base in the Urals, where the old trains are stored
Under Yekaterinburg, on one of the bases of the Russian Railways, open-air racks are kept open-air. The entrance here is closed: the territory is surrounded by a fence and barbed wire. But for the photojournalist E1.RU Sverdlovsk Railway made an exception, and he was able to capture the old locomotives and electric locomotives. True, they asked not to name exactly where the base is located, so as not to disturb the minds of hunters for scrap metal.
The closed base resembles a cemetery of locomotives. But the Sverdlovsk Railway notes that this is not quite so.
In our country there are quite a lot of samples of the railway equipment of past years, including quite rare specimens. They are stored in museum collections, on so-called reserve bases, some are installed as monuments. There is also a practice of redistributing rare railway equipment between railways. So several samples of the rolling stock were transferred to storage on the Sverdlovsk highway. In the future, they will be restored and, possibly, they can be seen by everyone, - the press service of the Sverdlovsk Railway noted.
Among the exhibits of the open-air museum: the pride of the Soviet railway engineering - the high-speed train ER200, which until 2009 shuttled between Moscow and St. Petersburg, the locomotive of the L series (the legendary Lebedyanka), as well as one of the most advanced domestic locomotives - the LV series, diesel train D1, which by the order of the USSR was built at the Hungarian factory Mavag, a passenger electric locomotive ChS2 nicknamed Cheburashka (they were made at the Skoda plant in Czechoslovakia).
We publish footage, which our photographer made on the secret basis of Russian Railways.
All the most interesting photos of people's lives on completely different topics and tastes of people you can see on our channel. Videos are added every day, so every day new funny, zhudkie, scary and interesting collections of photos you can find for yourself here.
We wish you a pleasant viewing!
Kazakhstan/Almaty to Astana by Train (1291 km 14 hrs) Part 16
Welcome to my travelchannel. ☛☛☞☛
On my channel you can find more than 1000 films of almost 80 countries. See the playlist on my youtube channel.Enjoy!
Almaty-2 railway station:
Almaty-2 is one of the oldest train stations located in Almaty, Kazakhstan. The station serves around average attendance of about 5000 people. During the summer however, the capacity of people increases to 10,000. Located in the center of the city, it serves as the primary departure point for passengers in all directions, including internationally, which are mostly Russian cities such as Moscow, St. Petersburg and Ürümqi in China. Domestic destinations are Astana, Shymkent, Petropavlovsk, Atyrau, Zhezkazgan, Mangyshlak, and Uralsk.
During the first years of building the station, the construction site of the building was located on the Turksib Krasnogvardeysky tract in place of the furniture factory. After the suggestion of the engineer, Mukhamedzhan Tynyshpaev, the construction was moved to the street, Starokladbischenskuyu (now named Abylai Khan), where the old cemetery was located. The cemetery was removed and was replaced with a station square which in later years saw tram and trolleybus services. The area opened a new path for a new avenue of the capital of Kazakh SSR. Railway Station Square has its own little history. In 1954, the monument to Abay was installed to the square. Then in 1972, a monument to Kalinin was added; it was removed in 1992. Finally in 2000, a monument to Abylai Khan was installed that is still standing. Around the square, an area of residential and public buildings were built. Until 1941, the train station and station facilities were built to a standard project. During the beginning of World War II, the east side of the building was built. The sides of the buildings are semi-circular projection in the facade in terms of volumes with large window panes located in the entrance part of the building. The sculptural composition of male and female figures, symbolizing the success, industry, agriculture and the Soviet Union. Decorative objects were made by a Czech sculptor Bogomil Vahek exiled during Stalin years who lived in Almaty. All architects, engineers and designers of the station were eventually subsequently repressed and shot due to the effects of the Great Purge. In 1977, the building was reconstructed. With an addition construction of the west wing which included renovation of technology disorders, changing the interior and exterior of the building.
Moscow trip
Trip to Russia
Pyongyang | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Pyongyang
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Pyongyang, or P'yŏngyang (UK: , US: ; Korean pronunciation: [pʰjʌŋ.jaŋ]), is the capital and largest city of North Korea. Pyongyang is located on the Taedong River about 109 kilometres (68 mi) upstream from its mouth on the Yellow Sea. According to the 2008 population census, it has a population of 3,255,288. The city was split from the South Pyongan province in 1946. It is administered as a directly-administered city (직할시; 直轄市; chikhalsi) with equal status to provinces, the same as special cities in South Korea (특별시; 特別市; teukbyeolsi), including Seoul.
Moscow, Russia
Recorded August 29-31, 2013 My three day visit to Moscow includes 00:00 Sapsan train to Moscow 04:12 City drive 07:31 GUM, State Department Store 08:16
КУДА Я ПОПАЛ?? Татарстан
Пятый выпуск шоу Куда я попал? - Это путешествие в Татарстан и Казань.
В первой части я расскажу про реку Волга, немного про достопримечательности Казани, узнаю, что посмотреть, и загляну в казанские бары и заведения.
Во второй серии я поеду на озеро Морской глаз (не совсем Татарстан, но тсс!) и пообщаюсь с казанскими предпринимателями.
Не смотря на то, что Казани и Татарстан находятся в самом центре России - это очень своеобразный регион, целая мини страна со своим настроением, колоритом и эчпочмаками.
Фильм получился длинным, поэтому я разделил его на две серии.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
Если Вам понравилось видео, то пожалуйста, подпишитесь на канал и инстаграм! Для меня это очень важно.
Мой инстаграм, там весело -
Всем мир!
#казань #kazan #татарстан
Russian Tunnel of Death
Lefortovo Tunnel in Russia
Fancy a drive around Paris?
After re-watching my Fancy a drive around Bristol video, I figured it might be time I made one for Paris so here it is.
There are quite a few famous landmarks in the video, let's see how many you guys recognize ;)
Music: Get A Move On Mr Scruff
Russia Train from Novosibirsk to Ulan Ude
Short videos of my travels around Asia
Kazan | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:01:20 1 Etymology
00:02:24 2 History
00:02:33 2.1 Middle Ages
00:05:12 2.2 Russian Tsardom period
00:06:23 2.3 Russian Empire period
00:08:12 2.4 Soviet period
00:09:16 2.5 Modern period
00:09:54 2.5.1 Millennium of Kazan
00:11:03 3 Heraldry
00:12:35 4 Administrative and municipal status
00:13:04 4.1 City divisions
00:13:16 5 Economy
00:14:03 5.1 Investments
00:15:43 6 Transportation
00:15:52 6.1 Cycling
00:16:36 6.2 Public transit
00:17:03 6.2.1 Bus
00:17:42 6.2.2 Tram
00:18:10 6.2.3 Trolleybus
00:18:42 6.2.4 Metro
00:19:07 6.3 Railways
00:19:48 6.4 Waterways
00:20:05 6.5 Highways
00:20:41 6.6 Intercity buses
00:21:11 6.7 Kazan International Airport
00:22:20 7 Demographics
00:22:29 7.1 Population
00:22:57 7.2 Ethnicity
00:23:20 7.3 Religion
00:23:38 7.4 Languages
00:23:55 8 Geography
00:24:04 8.1 Climate
00:24:54 9 Central Kazan
00:25:02 9.1 Kremlin
00:26:06 9.1.1 Towers
00:28:49 9.2 Bistä, or Posad
00:29:47 9.3 Wooden Kazan
00:30:28 9.4 Other major buildings
00:31:28 10 Cityscape
00:31:37 11 Education and science
00:31:46 11.1 Primary and secondary education
00:32:23 11.2 Higher education
00:33:43 11.3 Science
00:34:48 11.4 Public health
00:35:32 12 Government and administration
00:35:41 12.1 Mayor
00:35:49 12.2 City Duma
00:36:05 12.3 Executive committee
00:36:20 12.4 Government of the Republic of Tatarstan
00:36:39 13 Communication
00:38:31 14 Sports
00:39:15 14.1 Notable athletes
00:39:54 14.2 Infrastructure
00:40:43 14.3 Important events
00:41:41 15 International relations
00:42:41 15.1 Branch offices of embassies
00:42:53 15.2 Consulates
00:43:05 15.3 Visa centers
00:43:34 15.4 Twin towns and sister cities
00:43:49 15.5 International organizations membership
00:43:59 15.6 Other organizations
00:44:07 16 Notable people
00:44:40 17 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.9386973176191724
Voice name: en-AU-Wavenet-D
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Kazan (; Russian: Каза́нь, IPA: [kɐˈzanʲ]; Tatar: Казан) is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Tatarstan, Russia. With a population of 1,243,500, it is the sixth most populous city in Russia.
Kazan lies at the confluence of the Volga and Kazanka Rivers in European Russia, about 715 kilometres (444 mi) east from Moscow. In the Late Middle Ages, Kazan was an important trade and political center within the Golden Horde. In 1438, the city became the capital of the Khanate of Kazan. In 1552, Kazan was captured by Ivan the Terrible and became part of Russia. The city was largely destroyed during Pugachev's Rebellion, but was later rebuilt during the reign of Catherine the Great. In the following centuries, Kazan grew to become a major industrial, cultural and religious center in Russia.
Kazan is renowned for its vibrant mix of Oriental and Russian cultures. In 2015, 2.1 million tourists visited Kazan, and 1.5 million tourists visited the Kazan Kremlin, a World Heritage Site. In April 2009, the Russian Patent Office granted Kazan the right to brand itself as the Third Capital of Russia. In 2009 it was chosen as the sports capital of Russia and it still is referred to as such.
World War 1 | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:07:53 1 Names
00:09:18 2 Background
00:09:27 2.1 Political and military alliances
00:12:19 2.2 Arms race
00:14:49 2.3 Conflicts in the Balkans
00:16:20 3 Prelude
00:16:29 3.1 Sarajevo assassination
00:18:51 3.2 Expansion of violence in Bosnia and Herzegovina
00:19:55 3.3 July Crisis
00:24:37 4 Progress of the war
00:24:46 4.1 Opening hostilities
00:24:55 4.1.1 Confusion among the Central Powers
00:25:50 4.1.2 Serbian campaign
00:26:38 4.1.3 German Offensive in Belgium and France
00:30:16 4.1.4 Asia and the Pacific
00:31:30 4.1.5 African campaigns
00:32:18 4.1.6 Indian support for the Allies
00:34:01 4.2 Western Front
00:34:10 4.2.1 Trench warfare begins
00:36:45 4.2.2 Continuation of trench warfare
00:40:58 4.3 Naval war
00:46:23 4.4 Southern theatres
00:46:32 4.4.1 War in the Balkans
00:50:38 4.4.2 Ottoman Empire
00:55:59 4.4.3 Italian participation
01:01:03 4.4.4 Romanian participation
01:04:21 4.5 Eastern Front
01:04:29 4.5.1 Initial actions
01:05:28 4.5.2 Russian Revolution
01:08:23 4.5.3 Czechoslovak Legion
01:10:01 4.6 Central Powers peace overtures
01:12:01 4.7 1917–1918
01:12:21 4.7.1 Developments in 1917
01:15:52 4.7.2 Ottoman Empire conflict, 1917–1918
01:19:27 4.7.3 15 August 1917: Peace offer by the Pope
01:20:37 4.7.4 Entry of the United States
01:24:44 4.7.5 German Spring Offensive of 1918
01:28:54 4.7.6 New states enter the war
01:30:24 4.8 Allied victory: summer 1918 onwards
01:30:35 4.8.1 Hundred Days Offensive
01:33:03 4.8.1.1 Battle of Albert
01:34:50 4.8.2 Allied advance to the Hindenburg Line
01:37:00 4.8.3 German Revolution 1918–1919
01:38:08 4.8.4 New German government surrenders
01:39:15 4.8.5 Armistices and capitulations
01:43:13 5 Aftermath
01:43:58 5.1 Formal end of the war
01:46:10 5.2 Peace treaties and national boundaries
01:51:31 5.3 National identities
01:55:38 5.4 Health effects
01:59:52 6 Technology
02:00:01 6.1 Ground warfare
02:06:16 6.1.1 Areas taken in major attacks
02:08:06 6.2 Naval
02:09:08 6.3 Aviation
02:11:34 7 War crimes
02:11:43 7.1 Baralong incidents
02:12:46 7.2 Torpedoing of HMHS iLlandovery Castle/i
02:13:40 7.3 Blockade of Germany
02:14:36 7.4 Chemical weapons in warfare
02:16:51 7.5 Genocide and ethnic cleansing
02:17:01 7.5.1 Ottoman Empire
02:18:56 7.5.2 Russian Empire
02:19:24 7.6 Rape of Belgium
02:21:01 8 Soldiers' experiences
02:21:42 8.1 Prisoners of war
02:25:59 8.2 Military attachés and war correspondents
02:26:27 9 Support for the war
02:30:55 10 Opposition to the war
02:37:30 11 Conscription
02:37:58 11.1 Canada
02:38:29 11.2 Australia
02:39:46 11.3 Britain
02:41:31 11.4 United States
02:43:52 11.5 Austria-Hungary
02:44:39 12 Diplomacy
02:45:36 13 Legacy and memory
02:46:01 13.1 Historiography
02:46:49 13.2 Memorials
02:48:45 13.3 Cultural memory
02:52:07 13.4 Social trauma
02:53:27 13.5 Discontent in Germany
02:55:43 13.6 Economic effects
03:02:54 14 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.8774969973351399
Voice name: en-AU-Wavenet-A
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
World War I (often abbreviated as WWI or WW1), also known as the First World War or the Great War, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. Contemporaneously described as the war to end all wars, it led to the mobilisation of more than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, making it one of the largest wars in history. It is also one of the deadliest conflicts in history, with an estimated nine million combatants and seven million civilian deaths as a direct result of the war, while resulting genocides and the 1918 influenza pandemic caused another 50 to 100 million deaths worldwide.On 28 June 1914, Gavrilo Princip, a Bosnian Serb Yugoslav nationalist, assassinated the Austro-Hungarian heir Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo, leading to the July Crisis. In response, on 23 ...
World War I | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
World War I
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written
language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through
audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio
while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using
a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
In case you don't find one that you were looking for, put a comment.
This video uses Google TTS en-US-Standard-D voice.
SUMMARY
=======
World War I (often abbreviated as WWI or WW1), also known as the First World War or the Great War, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. Contemporaneously described as the war to end all wars, it led to the mobilisation of more than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, making it one of the largest wars in history. An estimated nine million combatants and seven million civilians died as a direct result of the war, and it also contributed to later genocides and the 1918 influenza pandemic, which caused between 50 and 100 million deaths worldwide. Military losses were exacerbated by new technological and industrial developments and the tactical stalemate caused by gruelling trench warfare. It was one of the deadliest conflicts in history and precipitated major political changes, including the Revolutions of 1917–1923, in many of the nations involved. Unresolved rivalries at the end of the conflict contributed to the start of World War II about twenty years later.On 28 June 1914, Gavrilo Princip, a Bosnian Serb Yugoslav nationalist, assassinated the Austro-Hungarian heir Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo, leading to the July Crisis. In response, on 23 July Austria-Hungary issued an ultimatum to Serbia. Serbia's reply failed to satisfy the Austrians, and the two moved to a war footing.
A network of interlocking alliances enlarged the crisis from a bilateral issue in the Balkans to one involving most of Europe. By 1914, the great powers of Europe were divided into two coalitions: the Triple Entente—consisting of France, Russia and Britain—and the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy (the Triple Alliance was primarily defensive in nature, allowing Italy to stay out of the war in 1914). Russia felt it necessary to back Serbia, on 25 July issuing orders for the 'period preparatory to war', and after Austria-Hungary shelled the Serbian capital of Belgrade on the 28th, partial mobilisation was approved of the military districts nearest to Austria. General Russian mobilisation was announced on the evening of 30 July; on the 31st, Austria-Hungary and Germany did the same, while Germany demanded Russia demobilise within 12 hours. When Russia failed to comply, Germany declared war on 1 August in support of Austria-Hungary, with Austria-Hungary following suit on 6th; France ordered full mobilisation in support of Russia on 2 August.German strategy for a war on two fronts against France and Russia was to concentrate the bulk of its army in the West to defeat France within four weeks, then shift forces to the East before Russia could fully mobilise; this was later known as the Schlieffen Plan. On 2 August, Germany demanded free passage through Belgium, an essential element in achieving a quick victory over France. When this was refused, German forces entered Belgium early on the morning of 3 August and declared war with France the same day; the Belgian government invoked the 1839 Treaty of London and in compliance with its obligations under this, Britain declared war on Germany on 4 August. On 12 August, Britain and France also declared war on Austria-Hungary; on the 23rd, Japan sided with the Entente, seizing the opportunity to expand its sphere of influence by capturing German possessions in China and the Pacific. The war was fought in and drew upon each powers' colonial empires as well, spreading the conflict across the globe. The Entente and its allies would eventually become known as the Allied Powers, while the grouping of Austria-Hungary and Germany would become known as the Central Powers.
The German advance into France was halted at the Battle of the Marne and by the end of 1914, the Western Front settled into a battle of attrition, marked by a long series of trench lines that changed little until 1917. The Eastern Front was marked by much greater exchanges of territory, but though Serbia was defeated in 1915, and Rom ...
World War I | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
World War I
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written
language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through
audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio
while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using
a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
In case you don't find one that you were looking for, put a comment.
This video uses Google TTS en-US-Standard-D voice.
SUMMARY
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World War I (often abbreviated as WWI or WW1), also known as the First World War or the Great War, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. Contemporaneously described as the war to end all wars, it led to the mobilisation of more than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, making it one of the largest wars in history. An estimated nine million combatants and seven million civilians died as a direct result of the war, and it also contributed to later genocides and the 1918 influenza pandemic, which caused between 50 and 100 million deaths worldwide. Military losses were exacerbated by new technological and industrial developments and the tactical stalemate caused by gruelling trench warfare. It was one of the deadliest conflicts in history and precipitated major political changes, including the Revolutions of 1917–1923, in many of the nations involved. Unresolved rivalries at the end of the conflict contributed to the start of World War II about twenty years later.On 28 June 1914, Gavrilo Princip, a Bosnian Serb Yugoslav nationalist, assassinated the Austro-Hungarian heir Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo, leading to the July Crisis. In response, on 23 July Austria-Hungary issued an ultimatum to Serbia. Serbia's reply failed to satisfy the Austrians, and the two moved to a war footing.
A network of interlocking alliances enlarged the crisis from a bilateral issue in the Balkans to one involving most of Europe. By 1914, the great powers of Europe were divided into two coalitions: the Triple Entente—consisting of France, Russia and Britain—and the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy (the Triple Alliance was primarily defensive in nature, allowing Italy to stay out of the war in 1914). Russia felt it necessary to back Serbia, on 25 July issuing orders for the 'period preparatory to war', and after Austria-Hungary shelled the Serbian capital of Belgrade on the 28th, partial mobilisation was approved of the military districts nearest to Austria. General Russian mobilisation was announced on the evening of 30 July; on the 31st, Austria-Hungary and Germany did the same, while Germany demanded Russia demobilise within 12 hours. When Russia failed to comply, Germany declared war on 1 August in support of Austria-Hungary, with Austria-Hungary following suit on 6th; France ordered full mobilisation in support of Russia on 2 August.German strategy for a war on two fronts against France and Russia was to concentrate the bulk of its army in the West to defeat France within four weeks, then shift forces to the East before Russia could fully mobilise; this was later known as the Schlieffen Plan. On 2 August, Germany demanded free passage through Belgium, an essential element in achieving a quick victory over France. When this was refused, German forces entered Belgium early on the morning of 3 August and declared war with France the same day; the Belgian government invoked the 1839 Treaty of London and in compliance with its obligations under this, Britain declared war on Germany on 4 August. On 12 August, Britain and France also declared war on Austria-Hungary; on the 23rd, Japan sided with the Entente, seizing the opportunity to expand its sphere of influence by capturing German possessions in China and the Pacific. The war was fought in and drew upon each powers' colonial empires as well, spreading the conflict across the globe. The Entente and its allies would eventually become known as the Allied Powers, while the grouping of Austria-Hungary and Germany would become known as the Central Powers.
The German advance into France was halted at the Battle of the Marne and by the end of 1914, the Western Front settled into a battle of attrition, marked by a long series of trench lines that changed little until 1917. The Eastern Front was marked by much greater exchanges of territory, but though Serbia was defeated in 1915, and Rom ...