1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens
In 1980, a major volcanic eruption occurred at Mount St. Helens, a volcano located in state of Washington, in the United States. The eruption (which was a level 5 event) was the only significant one to occur in the contiguous 48 U.S. states since the 1915 eruption of Lassen Peak in California. The eruption was preceded by a two-month series of earthquakes and steam-venting episodes, caused by an injection of magma at shallow depth below the volcano that created a huge bulge and a fracture system on the mountain's north slope.
Prior to the eruption, USGS scientists convinced local authorities to close Mount St. Helens to the general public and to maintain the closure in spite of local pressure to re-open it; their work saved thousands of lives. An earthquake at 8:32:17 a.m. PDT (UTC−7) on Sunday, May 18, 1980, caused the entire weakened north face to slide away, suddenly exposing the partly molten, gas- and steam-rich rock in the volcano to lower pressure. The rock responded by exploding a hot mix of lava and pulverized older rock toward Spirit Lake so fast that it overtook the avalanching north face.
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Creative Commons image source in video
ch 19) Surprises
chapter 19: A People's History (Of The United States) Howard Zinn.
~
Chapter 19, Surprises, covers other movements that happened during the 1960s, such as second-wave feminism, the prison reform/prison abolition movement, the Native American rights movement, and the counterculture. People and events from the feminist movement covered include Betty Friedan's The Feminine Mystique, Women's International Terrorist Conspiracy from Hell, Patricia Robinson, the National Domestic Workers Union, National Organization for Women, Roe v. Wade, Susan Brownmiller's Against Our Will, and Our Bodies, Ourselves. People and events from the prison movement covered include George Jackson, the Attica Prison riots, and Jerry Sousa. People and events from the Native American rights movement covered include the National Indian Youth Council, Sid Mills, Akwesasne Notes, Indians of All Tribes, the First Convocation of American Indian Scholars, Frank James, the American Indian Movement, and the Wounded Knee incident. People and events from the counterculture covered include Pete Seeger, Bob Dylan, Joan Baez, Malvina Reynolds, Jessica Mitford's The American Way of Death, Jonathan Kozol, George Dennison, and Ivan Illich.
Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument
00:01:15 1 Mount St. Helens Visitor Center at Silver Lake
00:02:11 2 Johnston Ridge Observatory
00:03:05 3 Science and Learning Center at Coldwater
00:03:56 4 South and east sides of Mount St. Helens
00:04:58 4.1 Bear Meadows
00:05:51 4.2 Windy Ridge
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
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- improves your listening skills
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- learn while on the move
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Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument is a U.S. National Monument that includes the area around Mount St. Helens in Washington. It was established on August 27, 1982 by U.S. President Ronald Reagan following the 1980 eruption. The 110,000 acre (445 km2) National Volcanic Monument was set aside for research, recreation, and education. Inside the Monument, the environment is left to respond naturally to the disturbance.Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument was the United States' first such monument managed by the U.S. Forest Service. At dedication ceremonies on May 18, 1983, Max Peterson, head of the USFS, said, we can take pride in having preserved the unique episode of natural history for future generations. Since then, many trails, viewpoints, information stations, campgrounds, and picnic areas have been established to accommodate the increasing number of visitors each year.Beginning in 1983, visitors have been able to drive to Windy Ridge, only 4 miles (6.4 km) northeast of the crater.
Mountain climbing to the summit of the volcano has been allowed since 1986.
Haunted Mental Asylum Video (WARNING)
We wanted to try making a whole YouTube video inside the abandoned haunted mental asylum in our town. I've literally never been left so confused and disturbed in my life.. Please do not try this guys.
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Travel to the Northeast with an RV
After becoming stranded in North Carolina in the path of Hurricane Florence I was finally able to get on the road. Then we visited unlikely RV destinations such as Philadelphia, New York, and Boston. Also a very short stay in the state on Maine.
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Moores Creek National Battlefield
Moores Creek National Battlefield
nps.gov/mocr/index.htm
Moores Creek is the site of one of the first battles in the South of the Revolutionary War and the first patriot victory of the war. Throughout the park remnants remain of the 1776 road traveled by patriot and loyalist forces. A .7-mile trail with wayside exhibits leads through the battlefield and across Moores Creek. The historic bridge site is located along the trail. The park offers a visitor center with exhibits, lighted troop movement maps and film, a .3 mile colonial forest trail and a picnic area.
40 Patriots Hall Drive
Currie, NC 28435
Phone: 910-283-5591, 910-283-5351| Fax:
Admission: Free
jonathan_grubbs@nps.gov
10 Armijo's Old Spanish Trail lecture by Bruce Vandre
Spinosaurus fishes for prey | Planet Dinosaur | BBC
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Baltimore | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Baltimore
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
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- learn while on the move
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Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Baltimore () is the largest city in the U.S. state of Maryland, and the 30th-most populous city in the United States.
Baltimore was established by the Constitution of Maryland and is an independent city that is not part of any county. With a population of 611,648 in 2017, Baltimore is the largest independent city in the United States. As of 2017, the population of the Baltimore metropolitan area was estimated to be just under 2.808 million, making it the 20th largest metropolitan area in the country. Baltimore is located about 40 miles (60 km) northeast of Washington, D.C., making it a principal city in the Washington-Baltimore combined statistical area (CSA), the fourth-largest CSA in the nation, with a calculated 2017 population of 9,764,315.Founded in 1729, Baltimore is the second-largest seaport in the Mid-Atlantic. The city's Inner Harbor was once the second leading port of entry for immigrants to the United States, when most were coming from Europe. It was also a major manufacturing center. After a decline in major manufacturing, heavy industry, and restructuring of the rail industry, Baltimore has shifted to a service-oriented economy. Johns Hopkins Hospital (founded 1889) and Johns Hopkins University (founded 1876) are the city's top two employers.With hundreds of identified districts, Baltimore has been dubbed a city of neighborhoods. Famous residents have included writers Edgar Allan Poe, Edith Hamilton, Frederick Douglass, and H. L. Mencken; jazz musician James Eubie Blake; singer Billie Holiday; actor and filmmaker John Waters; and baseball player Babe Ruth. During the War of 1812, Francis Scott Key wrote The Star-Spangled Banner in Baltimore after the bombardment of Fort McHenry. His poem was set to music and popularized as a song; in 1931 it was designated as the American national anthem.Baltimore has more public statues and monuments per capita than any other city in the country, and is home to some of the earliest National Register Historic Districts in the nation, including Fell's Point, Federal Hill, and Mount Vernon. These were added to the National Register between 1969–1971, soon after historic preservation legislation was passed. Nearly one third of the city's buildings (over 65,000) are designated as historic in the National Register, which is more than any other U.S. city.
Rambo: Last Blood (2019 Movie) Teaser Trailer— Sylvester Stallone
Rambo: Last Blood— In theaters September 20, 2019. Sylvester Stallone, Paz Vega, Sergio Peris-Mencheta, Adriana Barraza, Yvette Monreal, Genie Kim aka Yenah Han, Joaquin Cosio, and Oscar Jaenada.
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Almost four decades after he drew first blood, Sylvester Stallone is back as one of the greatest action heroes of all time, John Rambo. Now, Rambo must confront his past and unearth his ruthless combat skills to exact revenge in a final mission. A deadly journey of vengeance, RAMBO: LAST BLOOD marks the last chapter of the legendary series.
Lionsgate in association with Millennium Media presents, a Millennium Media Balboa Productions and Templeton Media production, in association with Campbell Grobman Films, and in association with Dadi Film (HK) Limited.
Liverpool | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:03:12 1 Origins of the name
00:04:11 2 History
00:04:20 2.1 Early history
00:06:30 2.2 19th century
00:09:18 2.3 20th century
00:15:29 2.4 21st century
00:18:37 2.5 Inventions and innovations
00:24:34 3 Government
00:25:17 3.1 Mayor and local council
00:29:22 3.2 Liverpool City Region Combined Authority
00:30:42 3.3 Parliamentary constituencies and MPs
00:31:42 4 Geography
00:31:51 4.1 Physical
00:32:00 4.1.1 Environment
00:33:09 4.1.2 Climate
00:36:18 4.2 Human
00:36:27 4.2.1 Green Liverpool
00:36:47 4.2.2 Green belt
00:38:07 5 Demography
00:38:16 5.1 Population
00:38:25 5.1.1 The city
00:40:05 5.1.2 Urban and metropolitan area
00:43:05 5.2 Ethnicity
00:46:10 5.3 Religion
00:50:40 5.4 Demonymy and identity
00:51:21 6 Economy
00:55:43 7 Landmarks and recent development projects
00:57:14 7.1 Waterfront and docks
01:00:54 7.2 Commercial district and cultural quarter
01:04:01 7.3 Other notable landmarks
01:07:28 7.4 Parks and gardens
01:08:01 8 Transport
01:08:44 8.1 National and international travel
01:08:54 8.1.1 Road links
01:10:11 8.1.2 Rail links
01:11:17 8.1.3 Port
01:11:58 8.1.4 Airport
01:12:44 8.2 Local travel
01:12:53 8.2.1 Trains
01:14:30 8.2.2 Buses
01:15:31 8.2.3 Mersey Ferry
01:16:24 8.3 Cycling
01:16:48 9 Culture
01:17:44 9.1 Music
01:21:06 9.2 Visual arts
01:23:00 9.3 Literature
01:30:52 9.4 Performing arts
01:32:22 9.5 Nightlife
01:33:50 10 Education
01:38:34 11 Sport
01:38:43 11.1 Football
01:40:58 11.2 Boxing
01:42:07 11.3 Horse racing
01:43:03 11.4 Golf
01:43:30 11.5 Greyhound Racing
01:44:12 11.6 Other sports
01:48:33 11.7 Sports stadiums
01:52:34 12 Media
01:55:31 13 Notable people
01:55:40 14 Quotes about Liverpool
02:00:28 15 International links
02:00:38 15.1 Twin cities
02:00:50 15.2 Friendship links
02:01:06 15.3 Consulates
02:01:48 16 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.8146969675899826
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-F
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Liverpool () is a city in North West England, with an estimated population of 491,500 in 2017. Its metropolitan area is the fifth-largest in the UK, with a population of 2.24 million in 2011. The local authority is Liverpool City Council, the most populous local government district in the metropolitan county of Merseyside and the largest in the Liverpool City Region.
Liverpool is on the eastern side of the Mersey Estuary, and historically lay within the ancient hundred of West Derby in the south west of the county of Lancashire. It became a borough in 1207 and a city in 1880. In 1889, it became a county borough independent of Lancashire. Its growth as a major port was paralleled by the expansion of the city throughout the Industrial Revolution. Along with handling general cargo, freight, raw materials such as coal and cotton, the city merchants were involved in the Atlantic slave trade. In the 19th century, it was a major port of departure for Irish and English emigrants to North America. Liverpool was home to both the Cunard and White Star Line, and was the port of registry of the ocean liner RMS Titanic, the RMS Lusitania, RMS Queen Mary and RMS Olympic.
The popularity of the Beatles and other music groups from the Merseybeat era contributes to Liverpool's status as a tourist destination. Liverpool is also the home of two Premier League football clubs, Liverpool and Everton, matches between the two being known as the Merseyside derby. The Grand National horse race takes place annually at Aintree Racecourse on the outskirts of the city.
The city celebrated its 800th anniversary in 2007. In 2008, it was nominated as the annual European Capital of Culture together with Stavanger, Norway. Several areas of the city centre were granted World Heritage Site status by UNESCO in 2004. The Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City includes the Pier Head, Albert Dock, and William Brown Street. Liverpool's status as a port city h ...
Jack Parsons (rocket propulsion engineer) | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:03:58 1 Biography
00:04:07 1.1 Early life: 1914–34
00:10:08 1.2 GALCIT Rocket Research Group and the Kynette trial: 1934–38
00:18:17 1.3 Embracing Thelema; advancing JATO and foundation of Aerojet: 1939–42
00:31:10 1.4 Foundation of JPL and leading the Agape Lodge: 1942–44
00:40:59 1.5 L. Ron Hubbard and the Babalon Working: 1945–46
00:50:19 1.6 Work for Israelis and espionage accusations: 1946–52
01:00:29 1.7 Death: 1952
01:04:56 2 Personal life
01:05:05 2.1 Personality
01:06:56 2.2 Professional associations
01:07:29 3 Philosophy
01:07:38 3.1 Religious beliefs
01:10:58 3.2 Politics
01:15:50 4 Legacy and influence
01:24:19 5 Patents
01:24:27 6 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.991794531886244
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-E
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
John Whiteside Jack Parsons (born Marvel Whiteside Parsons; October 2, 1914 – June 17, 1952) was an American rocket engineer and rocket propulsion researcher, chemist, and Thelemite occultist. Associated with the California Institute of Technology (Caltech), Parsons was one of the principal founders of both the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) and the Aerojet Engineering Corporation. He invented the first rocket engine to use a castable, composite rocket propellant, and pioneered the advancement of both liquid-fuel and solid-fuel rockets.
Born in Los Angeles, Parsons was raised by a wealthy family on Orange Grove Avenue in Pasadena. Inspired by science fiction literature, he developed an interest in rocketry in his childhood and in 1928 began amateur rocket experiments with school friend Ed Forman. He dropped out of Pasadena Junior College and Stanford University due to financial difficulties during the Great Depression, and in 1934 he united with Forman and graduate student Frank Malina to form the Caltech-affiliated Guggenheim Aeronautical Laboratory (GALCIT) Rocket Research Group, supported by GALCIT chairman Theodore von Kármán. In 1939 the GALCIT Group gained funding from the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) to work on Jet-Assisted Take Off (JATO) for the U.S. military. Following American entry into World War II, in 1942 they founded Aerojet to develop and sell their JATO technology; the GALCIT Group became JPL in 1943.
After a brief involvement with Marxism in 1939, Parsons converted to Thelema, the English occultist Aleister Crowley's new religious movement. In 1941, alongside his first wife Helen Northrup, Parsons joined the Agape Lodge, the Californian branch of the Thelemite Ordo Templi Orientis (O.T.O.). At Crowley's bidding, he replaced Wilfred Talbot Smith as its leader in 1942 and ran the Lodge from his mansion on Orange Grove Avenue. Parsons was expelled from JPL and Aerojet in 1944 due to the Lodge's infamous reputation, along with his hazardous workplace conduct.
In 1945 Parsons separated from Helen after having an affair with her sister Sara; when Sara left him for L. Ron Hubbard, he conducted the Babalon Working, a series of rituals designed to invoke the Thelemic goddess Babalon to Earth. He and Hubbard continued the procedure with Marjorie Cameron, whom Parsons married in 1946. After Hubbard and Sara defrauded him of his life savings, Parsons resigned from the O.T.O. and went through various jobs while acting as a consultant for the Israeli rocket program. Amid the climate of McCarthyism, he was accused of espionage and left unable to work in rocketry. In 1952 Parsons died at the age of 37 in a home laboratory explosion that attracted national media attention; the police ruled it an accident, but many associates suspected suicide or murder.
Parsons' occult and libertarian writings were published posthumously, with Western esoteric and countercultural circles citing him as one of the most significant figures in propagating Thelema across North America. Although academi ...
ABC Millennium (2000) Part 5
ABC's Millennium coverage from Dec 31 1999 to Jan 1 2000. Part 5 of 12
Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials
00:01:59 1 Background
00:03:35 2 Academic commentary
00:09:03 3 History of removals
00:10:10 4 Organizations encouraging monument removal
00:10:48 5 Destruction of monuments
00:12:00 6 Laws hindering removals
00:14:20 7 Public opinion
00:15:04 8 What to do with the plinths (pedestals)
00:16:59 9 Removed monuments and memorials
00:17:09 9.1 National
00:17:29 9.2 Alabama
00:19:13 9.3 Alaska
00:19:39 9.4 Arizona
00:20:12 9.5 Arkansas
00:20:50 9.6 California
00:22:55 9.7 Colorado
00:23:13 9.8 District of Columbia
00:24:18 9.9 Florida
00:31:38 9.10 Georgia
00:33:25 9.11 Kansas
00:34:12 9.12 Kentucky
00:35:31 9.13 Louisiana
00:41:48 9.14 Maine
00:42:06 9.15 Maryland
00:44:50 9.16 Massachusetts
00:45:12 9.17 Mississippi
00:45:46 9.18 Missouri
00:46:42 9.19 Montana
00:47:14 9.20 Nevada
00:47:41 9.21 New Mexico
00:47:56 9.22 New York
00:48:47 9.23 North Carolina
00:54:18 9.24 Ohio
00:55:19 9.25 Oklahoma
00:55:49 9.26 South Carolina
00:56:27 9.27 Tennessee
00:59:55 9.28 Texas
01:08:04 9.29 Utah
01:08:20 9.30 Vermont
01:09:14 9.31 Virginia
01:15:51 9.32 Washington (state)
01:18:29 9.33 Wisconsin
01:19:40 9.34 Canada
01:20:08 10 See also
01:20:51 11 Further reading
01:23:37 11.1 Video
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
For decades in the U.S., there have been isolated incidents of removal of Confederate monuments and memorials, although generally opposed in public opinion polls, and several U.S. States have passed laws over 115 years to hinder or prohibit further removals.
In the wake of the Charleston church shooting in June 2015, several municipalities in the United States removed monuments and memorials on public property dedicated to the Confederate States of America. The momentum accelerated in August 2017 after the Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville, Virginia. The removals were driven by the belief that the monuments glorify white supremacy and memorialize a treasonous government whose founding principle was the perpetuation and expansion of slavery. Many of those who object to the removals, like President Trump, believe that the artifacts are part of the cultural heritage of the United States.The vast majority of these Confederate monuments were built during the era of Jim Crow laws (1877–1954) and the Civil Rights Movement (1954–1968). Detractors claim that they were not built as memorials but as a means of intimidating African Americans and reaffirming white supremacy. The monuments have thus become highly politicized; according to Eleanor Harvey, a senior curator at the Smithsonian American Art Museum and a scholar of Civil War history: If white nationalists and neo-Nazis are now claiming this as part of their heritage, they have essentially co-opted those images and those statues beyond any capacity to neutralize them again.In some Southern states, state law restricts or prohibits altogether the removal or alteration of public Confederate monuments. According to Stan Deaton, senior historian at the Georgia Historical Society, These laws are the Old South imposing its moral and its political views on us forever more. This is what led to the Civil War, and it still divides us as a country. We have competing visions not only about the future but about the past.
2018 ローズパレード - 京都橘高等学校吹奏楽部マーチングバンド他 - KTLA
2018年1月01日にカリフォルニア州ロスアンゼルス近郊のパサデナ市で行われた正月恒例の第129回ローズパレードで、地元TV局 KTLA (Ch 5 ) で放送されたものです。
37:03 頃から京都橘高等学校吹奏楽部マーチングバンドが登場します。
Labour Party Annual Conference 2019: Tuesday Morning
Welcome to our Labour Party Annual Conference 2019 live stream.
Jack Parsons (rocket engineer) | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:03:56 1 Biography
00:04:05 1.1 Early life: 1914–34
00:10:04 1.2 GALCIT Rocket Research Group and the Kynette trial: 1934–38
00:18:12 1.3 Embracing Thelema; advancing JATO and foundation of Aerojet: 1939–42
00:31:02 1.4 Foundation of JPL and leading the Agape Lodge: 1942–44
00:40:48 1.5 L. Ron Hubbard and the Babalon Working: 1945–46
00:50:10 1.6 Work for Israelis and espionage accusations: 1946–52
01:00:21 1.7 Death: 1952
01:04:46 2 Personal life
01:04:55 2.1 Personality
01:06:47 2.2 Professional associations
01:07:20 3 Philosophy
01:07:29 3.1 Religious beliefs
01:10:52 3.2 Politics
01:15:47 4 Legacy and influence
01:24:16 5 Patents
01:24:24 6 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.8115597021614531
Voice name: en-AU-Wavenet-D
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
John Whiteside Jack Parsons (born Marvel Whiteside Parsons; October 2, 1914 – June 17, 1952) was an American rocket engineer and rocket propulsion researcher, chemist, and Thelemite occultist. Associated with the California Institute of Technology (Caltech), Parsons was one of the principal founders of both the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) and the Aerojet Engineering Corporation. He invented the first rocket engine to use a castable, composite rocket propellant, and pioneered the advancement of both liquid-fuel and solid-fuel rockets.
Born in Los Angeles, Parsons was raised by a wealthy family on Orange Grove Avenue in Pasadena. Inspired by science fiction literature, he developed an interest in rocketry in his childhood and in 1928 began amateur rocket experiments with school friend Ed Forman. He dropped out of Pasadena Junior College and Stanford University due to financial difficulties during the Great Depression, and in 1934 he united with Forman and graduate student Frank Malina to form the Caltech-affiliated Guggenheim Aeronautical Laboratory (GALCIT) Rocket Research Group, supported by GALCIT chairman Theodore von Kármán. In 1939 the GALCIT Group gained funding from the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) to work on Jet-Assisted Take Off (JATO) for the U.S. military. Following American entry into World War II, in 1942 they founded Aerojet to develop and sell their JATO technology; the GALCIT Group became JPL in 1943.
After a brief involvement with Marxism in 1939, Parsons converted to Thelema, the English occultist Aleister Crowley's new religious movement. In 1941, alongside his first wife Helen Northrup, Parsons joined the Agape Lodge, the Californian branch of the Thelemite Ordo Templi Orientis (O.T.O.). At Crowley's bidding, he replaced Wilfred Talbot Smith as its leader in 1942 and ran the Lodge from his mansion on Orange Grove Avenue. Parsons was expelled from JPL and Aerojet in 1944 due to the Lodge's infamous reputation, along with his hazardous workplace conduct.
In 1945 Parsons separated from Helen after having an affair with her sister Sara; when Sara left him for L. Ron Hubbard, he conducted the Babalon Working, a series of rituals designed to invoke the Thelemic goddess Babalon to Earth. He and Hubbard continued the procedure with Marjorie Cameron, whom Parsons married in 1946. After Hubbard and Sara defrauded him of his life savings, Parsons resigned from the O.T.O. and went through various jobs while acting as a consultant for the Israeli rocket program. Amid the climate of McCarthyism, he was accused of espionage and left unable to work in rocketry. In 1952 Parsons died at the age of 37 in a home laboratory explosion that attracted national media attention; the police ruled it an accident, but many associates suspected suicide or murder.
Parsons' occult and libertarian writings were published posthumously, with Western esoteric and countercultural circles citing him as one of the most significant figures in propagating Thelema across North America. Although academ ...
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Richmond, Virginia | Wikipedia audio article
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00:03:14 1 History
00:03:23 1.1 Colonial era
00:04:19 1.2 Revolution
00:05:17 1.3 Early United States
00:08:04 1.4 Civil War
00:12:57 1.5 Postbellum
00:14:23 1.6 20th century
00:17:56 2 Geography and climate
00:19:37 2.1 Cityscape
00:23:23 2.2 Climate
00:27:59 3 Demographics
00:31:44 3.1 Crime
00:33:59 3.2 Religion
00:40:42 4 Economy
00:45:40 4.1 Fortune 500 companies and other large corporations
00:48:28 4.2 Poverty
00:49:22 5 Arts and culture
00:49:31 5.1 Museums and monuments
00:53:19 5.2 Visual and performing arts
00:54:05 5.2.1 Murals
00:54:23 5.2.2 Professional performing companies
00:57:50 5.2.3 Other venues and companies
01:02:07 5.3 Literary arts
01:03:33 5.4 Architecture
01:09:12 5.5 Historic districts
01:10:05 5.6 Food
01:10:39 6 Parks and outdoor recreation
01:14:38 7 Sports
01:18:11 8 Media
01:20:06 9 Government and politics
01:23:55 10 Education
01:25:15 10.1 Colleges and universities
01:26:32 11 Infrastructure
01:26:42 11.1 Transportation
01:30:22 11.2 Major highways
01:30:30 11.3 Utilities
01:32:53 12 International relations
01:33:03 12.1 Sister cities
01:33:33 13 See also
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SUMMARY
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Richmond () is the capital of the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States. It is the center of the Richmond Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) and the Greater Richmond Region. Richmond was incorporated in 1742 and has been an independent city since 1871.
As of the 2010 census, the city's population was 204,214; in 2016, the population was estimated to be 223,170, making Richmond the fourth-most populous city in Virginia. The Richmond Metropolitan Area has a population of 1,260,029, the third-most populous metro in the state.
Richmond is located at the fall line of the James River, 44 miles (71 km) west of Williamsburg, 66 miles (106 km) east of Charlottesville, 100 miles (160 km) east of Lynchburg and 98 miles (158 km) south of Washington, D.C. Surrounded by Henrico and Chesterfield counties, the city is located at the intersections of Interstate 95 and Interstate 64, and encircled by Interstate 295 and Virginia State Route 288. Major suburbs include Midlothian to the southwest, Chesterfield to the south, Varina to the southeast, Sandston to the east, Glen Allen to the north and west, Short Pump to the west and Mechanicsville to the northeast.
The site of Richmond had been an important village of the Powhatan Confederacy, and was briefly settled by English colonists from Jamestown in 1609, and in 1610–1611. The present city of Richmond was founded in 1737. It became the capital of the Colony and Dominion of Virginia in 1780, replacing Williamsburg. During the Revolutionary War period, several notable events occurred in the city, including Patrick Henry's Give me liberty or give me death speech in 1775 at St. John's Church, and the passage of the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom written by Thomas Jefferson. During the American Civil War, Richmond served as the second and permanent capital of the Confederate States of America. The city entered the 20th century with one of the world's first successful electric streetcar systems. The Jackson Ward neighborhood is a national hub of African-American commerce and culture.
Richmond's economy is primarily driven by law, finance, and government, with federal, state, and local governmental agencies, as well as notable legal and banking firms, located in the downtown area. The city is home to both the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit, one of 13 United States courts of appeals, and the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, one of 12 Federal Reserve Banks. Dominion Energy and WestRock, Fortune 500 companies, are headquartered in the city, with others in the metropolitan area.
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