Museum Of History And Technology Of The Southern Railway

Kharkiv Railway Museum and Railway Cafe Locomotive

- Kharkiv Railway Museum and Railway Cafe Locomotive is unique location in Kharkiv, Ukraine for railway enthusiast and fans with open air exhibition of historical steam locomotives, diesel locomotives, electric diesel locomotives and special railway machines and vehicles: Er774-40, FD-20, VL22M-572, Er-2, 9P, AC1A Automotriz, Te10, Corrective-lining-leveling machine VPR-1200, AT-T, MK-6 crane, ChS2, VPO-3000, TEP60, 2M62, Sr3, Dr1A, Schom-4 as well as Museum of History and Technology of The Southern Railway and Railway Cafe Locomotive with scale model trains that deliver food and drinks in the railways cars to the visitor table

Ан-2, Ан-8,Ан-22, , Ан-28, Ан-38, Ан-24, Ан-72, Ан-124 ,Ruslan, Ан-225, Мрия, Ан-14, Ан-30, Ан-74

Ан-2, Ан-22, Антей, Ан-28, Ан-38, Ан-24, Ан-72, Ан-124, Ан-225, Ан-8, Tupolev, Ан-10, Ан-12, Ан-14, Ан-30, Ан-74, Ruslan, Руслан, C-5, C-5 Galaxy
Antonov on lentokonesuunnittelija Oleg Konstantinovitš Antonovin (1906-1984) työlle perustuva neuvostoliittolainen (nyk. ukrainalainen) lentokonesuunnittelu- ja valmistusyhtiö. Raskaita Antonovin An-124 Ruslan -kuljetuskoneita käytetään muun muassa YK- ja NATO-johtoisten rauhanturvaoperaatioiden tukemiseen.

Antonov-kuljetuskoneita on sotilaskäytössä Venäjän ja Ukrainan ja useiden Afrikan maiden asevoimien lisäksi muun muassa Kiinan Kansan vapautusarmeijan ilmavoimilla ja laivastolla.
Antonov (Антонов), ou Antonov Aeronautical Scientific/Technical Complex (Antonov ASTC) é uma companhia estatal ucraniana fundada em 1946, especializada em projetar e construir aeronaves, notadamente aviões de grande porte.
A companhia leva o nome de Oleg Antonov (Олег Антонов), projetista dos aviões An-2, An-22, An-24 e outros aviões lendários.

Constituída logo após a Segunda Guerra Mundial, no início da Guerra Fria, suas unidades de produção foram divididas em várias partes da então URSS, a fim de minimizar o risco de afetar a produção em caso de novos conflitos.

Como resultado desta política, os aviões Antonov são construídos em várias indústrias aeroespaciais, localizadas em Kharkiv (Ucrânia), Novosibirsk (Rússia) e Tashkent (Uzbequistão).
Antónov, o Complejo Técnico Científico Aeronáutico Antónov (Antónov ASTC)1​ (en ucraniano: Авіаційний науково-технічний комплекс імені Антонова, АНТК ім. Антонова), antiguamente Oficina de Diseño Antónov, es una compañía fabricante de aeronaves y proveedora de servicios aeronáuticos ucraniana, con sede en Kiev, con particular experiencia en el campo de la construcción de aeronaves con gran tamaño. Antonov ASTC es una compañía de propiedad estatal.2
Fundada el 31 de mayo de 1946 en la Unión Soviética, por orden de Consejo de Ministros y Comité Central VKP con el nombre de OKB-153, y localizada en fábrica aeronáutica en Novosibirsk (hoy llamada NAPO). Por la misma orden, como constructor principal del nuevo OKB era nombrado Oleg Konstantínovich Antónov.

El primer resultado del trabajo de nuevo OKB era el mítico An-2 (construidos más de 18.000 unidades). En el 1952 OKB se traslada a Kiev, donde desarrollan el An-8. Luego vienen entre otros, el An-10 , An-12 , An-14,An-22, An-24, An-26, An-30, An-32, An-72, An-70, An-74, An-124, An-148 y An-225.
El 4 de abril de 1984 muere Oleg Antónov, y se decide llamar a la OKB con su nombre.

Зустріч з астронавтом NASA Рендольфом Джеймсом Брезніком

15 березня в Залі Вченої Ради КПІ ім. Сікорського відбулася відкрита зустріч з американським астронавтом NASA Рендольфом Джеймсом Брезніком.

Nikolai Ryzhkov The Last Premier of the Empire / Николай Рыжков Последний премьер империи ENG SUB

This is a 2014 documentary film about Nikolai Ryzhkov, the last Premier of the Soviet Union.
Ryzhkov talks about the hardships he went through during his service as the Prime Minister of the USSR, Chernobyl disaster, Spitak earthquake, Gorbachev's disastrous anti alcohol campaign, collapse of the USSR, how he got betrayed by Gorbachev more than once, the culture complex in Belgorod whose construction he organized. He also tells hilarious anecdotes and tear-jerker stories from those years. First time in English.

Translation done by myself.

Director: Alexei Gritsaenko

Kryvyi Rih

Kryvyi Rih or Krivoi Rog is a city in the Dnipropetrovsk region of Ukraine; it is the 8th most populous city in the country. It lies within a large urban area, administratively, incorporated with Kryvyi Rih Municipality as a city of region significance. It also serves as the administrative center of the district although it is not part of it. The city extends for 126 km from north to south.
Standing on the Saksahan and Inhulets river, Kryvyi Rih has been a major settlement for most of its history, going back to its founding as a postal city in 1775 by the Cossaks. A military settlement until 1860, it was part of Kherson, although it was incorporated during the 20th century with areas of Yekaterinoslav. The township began to expand at an astonishing rate at the beginning of the 1880s. Kryvyi Rih's urbanization was unplanned; French and English investment was brought on by a boom in metallurgy, iron mining and investigation of rich deposits of iron ore. The building of the Yekateryninska Railway in 1884 built for transportation of ore to Donbas transformed Kryvyi Rih into a major industry town that culminated in city status in 1919. Nationalization and investment spurred by soviet authorities led to extensive growth. In 1934 Kryvorizhstal was built, the first of more than 500 factories. The city also gave rise to the foundation of Kryvyi Rih National University. Financially, the city's growth after the nazi occupation increased due to economic reforms. Also, investment spurred by Ukrainian Independence, market economy and the 2014 revolution led to extensive regeneration, particularly in the city centre.


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Radar in World War II | Wikipedia audio article

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00:03:10 1 United Kingdom
00:04:38 1.1 Air Ministry
00:06:35 1.1.1 Chain Home
00:11:08 1.1.2 Ground-Controlled Intercept
00:12:35 1.1.3 Airborne Intercept
00:14:36 1.1.4 Air-Surface Vessel
00:15:41 1.1.5 Centimetric
00:19:11 1.2 British Army
00:20:34 1.2.1 Transportable Radio Unit
00:22:25 1.2.2 Coastal Defence
00:24:05 1.2.3 Centimetric gun-laying
00:25:21 1.3 Royal Navy
00:26:24 1.3.1 Surface Warning/Gun Control
00:27:40 1.3.2 Air Search/Gunnery Director
00:29:02 1.3.3 Microwave Warning/Fire Control
00:31:56 2 United States of America
00:36:54 2.1 Metric-Wavelength
00:42:32 2.2 Centimeter
00:45:54 2.2.1 P-Band fire-control
00:46:37 2.2.2 S-Band airborne
00:47:49 2.2.3 S-Band Army Gun-Laying
00:49:11 2.2.4 S-Band Navy Search
00:51:09 2.2.5 L-Band Airborne Early-Warning
00:52:24 2.2.6 X-Band
00:55:00 3 Soviet Union
00:55:48 3.1 Pre-War Radio-Location Research
00:57:06 3.1.1 Leningrad
01:03:59 3.1.2 Kharkov
01:07:51 3.2 Wartime
01:08:51 3.2.1 Ground-Based
01:24:05 3.2.2 Airborne
01:27:49 3.2.3 Naval
01:30:22 4 Germany
01:35:54 4.1 Ground and ship-based
01:45:36 4.2 Airborne
01:54:11 5 Japan
01:57:58 5.1 Imperial Army
02:04:45 5.2 Imperial Navy
02:16:35 6 Commonwealth Nations
02:17:22 6.1 Australia
02:19:47 6.2 Canada
02:28:28 6.3 New Zealand
02:33:44 6.4 South Africa
02:37:46 7 See also



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I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates


SUMMARY
=======
Radar in World War II greatly influenced many important aspects of the conflict. This revolutionary new technology of radio-based detection and tracking was used by both the Allies and Axis powers in World War II, which had evolved independently in a number of nations during the mid 1930s. At the outbreak of war in September 1939, both Great Britain and Germany had functioning radar systems. In Great Britain, it was called RDF, Range and Direction Finding, while in Germany the name Funkmeß (radio-measuring) was used – whereas given apparatuses were called Funkmessgerät (radio measuring device).
By the time of the Battle of Britain in mid-1940, the Royal Air Force (RAF) had fully integrated RDF as part of the national air defence.
In the United States, the technology was demonstrated during December 1934, although it was only when war became likely that the U.S. recognized the potential of the new technology, and began development of ship- and land-based systems. The first of these were fielded by the U.S. Navy in early 1940, and a year later by the U.S. Army. The acronym RADAR (for RAdio Detection And Ranging) was coined by the U.S. Navy in 1940, and the term radar became widely used.
While the benefits of operating in the microwave portion of the radio spectrum were known, transmitters for generating microwave signals of sufficient power were unavailable; thus, all early radar systems operated at lower frequencies (e.g., HF or VHF). In February 1940, Great Britain developed the resonant-cavity magnetron, capable of producing microwave power in the kilowatt range, opening the path to second-generation radar systems.After the Fall of France, it was realised in Great Britain that the manufacturing capabilities of the United States were vital to success in the war; thus, although America was not yet a belligerent, Prime Minister Winston Churchill directed that the technological secrets of Great Britain be shared in exchange for the needed capabilities. In the summer of 1940, the Tizard Mission visited the United States. The cavity magnetron was demonstrated to Americans at RCA, Bell Labs, etc. It was 100 times more powerful than anything they had seen. Bell Labs was able to duplicate the performance, and the Radiation Laboratory at MIT was established to develop microwave radars. It was later described as The most valuable cargo ever brought to our shores.In addition to Great Br ...

Kiev

Kiev or Kyiv (Ukrainian: Київ [ˈkɪjiw] ( ); Russian: Киев [`kʲijɪf]) is the capital and the largest city of Ukraine, located in the north central part of the country on the Dnieper River. The population in July 2013 was 70062847200000000002,847,200 (though higher estimated numbers have been cited in the press), making Kiev the 8th largest city in Europe.
Kiev is an important industrial, scientific, educational, and cultural centre of Eastern Europe. It is home to many high-tech industries, higher education institutions and world-famous historical landmarks. The city has an extensive infrastructure and highly developed system of public transport, including the Kiev Metro.


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Ukraine | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:



00:04:26 1 Etymology
00:05:25 2 History
00:05:34 2.1 Early history
00:07:13 2.2 Antes people
00:08:06 2.3 Golden Age of Kiev
00:10:46 2.4 Foreign domination
00:14:58 2.5 Cossack Hetmanate
00:20:32 2.6 19th century, World War I and revolution
00:25:29 2.7 Western Ukraine, Carpathian Ruthenia and Bukovina
00:27:01 2.8 Inter-war Soviet Ukraine
00:30:21 2.9 World War II
00:35:13 2.10 Post-World War II
00:39:10 2.11 Independence
00:42:36 2.12 Orange Revolution
00:45:20 2.13 Euromaidan and 2014 revolution
00:48:02 2.14 Civil unrest and Russian intervention
00:52:35 3 Historical maps of states
00:53:12 4 Geography
00:55:59 4.1 Soil
00:57:49 4.2 Biodiversity
00:58:05 4.2.1 Animals
00:59:07 4.2.2 Fungi
00:59:57 4.3 Climate
01:01:04 5 Politics
01:01:24 5.1 Constitution of Ukraine
01:03:59 5.2 President, parliament and government
01:06:11 5.3 Courts and law enforcement
01:09:51 5.4 Foreign relations
01:13:11 5.5 Administrative divisions
01:15:05 5.6 Armed forces
01:18:13 6 Economy
01:26:30 6.1 Corporations
01:28:12 6.2 Transport
01:31:41 6.3 Energy
01:32:08 6.3.1 Fuel resources
01:33:59 6.3.2 Power generation
01:35:26 6.3.3 Renewable energy use
01:37:10 6.4 Internet
01:37:53 6.5 IT
01:39:22 6.6 Tourism
01:40:33 7 Demographics
01:41:46 7.1 Population decline
01:43:30 7.2 Fertility and natalist policies
01:46:09 7.3 Urbanisation
01:46:41 7.4 Language
01:50:48 7.5 Religion
01:54:36 7.6 Famines and migration
01:56:29 7.7 Health
02:01:26 7.8 Education
02:07:21 7.9 Regional differences
02:09:47 8 Culture
02:11:33 8.1 Weaving and embroidery
02:12:52 8.2 Literature
02:16:25 8.3 Architecture
02:22:22 8.4 Music
02:25:27 8.5 Cinema
02:27:46 8.6 Media
02:29:53 8.7 Sport
02:32:25 8.8 Cuisine
02:33:39 9 See also
02:33:51 10 Notes



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I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates


SUMMARY
=======
Ukraine (Ukrainian: Україна, translit. Ukrayina; Ukrainian pronunciation: [ukrɑˈjinɑ]), sometimes called the Ukraine, is a country in Eastern Europe. Excluding Crimea, Ukraine has a population of about 42.5 million, making it the 32nd most populous country in the world. Its capital and largest city is Kiev. Ukrainian is the official language and its alphabet is Cyrillic. The dominant religions in the country are Eastern Orthodoxy and Greek Catholicism. Ukraine is currently in a territorial dispute with Russia over the Crimean Peninsula, which Russia annexed in 2014. Including Crimea, Ukraine has an area of 603,628 km2 (233,062 sq mi), making it the largest country entirely within Europe and the 46th largest country in the world.
The territory of modern Ukraine has been inhabited since 32,000 BC. During the Middle Ages, the area was a key centre of East Slavic culture, with the powerful state of Kievan Rus' forming the basis of Ukrainian identity. Following its fragmentation in the 13th century, the territory was contested, ruled and divided by a variety of powers, including Lithuania, Poland, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire and Russia. A Cossack republic emerged and prospered during the 17th and 18th centuries, but its territory was eventually split between Poland and the Russian Empire, and finally merged fully into the Russian-dominated Soviet Union in the late 1940s as the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. In 1991 Ukraine gained its independence from the Soviet Union in the aftermath of its dissolution at the end of the Cold War. Before its independence, Ukraine was typically referred to in English as The Ukraine, but most sources have since moved to drop the from the name of Ukraine in all uses.Following its independence, Ukraine declared itself a neutral state; it formed a limited military partnership with Russia and other CIS countries while also establishing a partnership with NATO in 1994. In 2013, after the government of President Viktor Yanukovych ...

Kiev

Kiev or Kyiv , Russian: Киев ) is the capital and the largest city of Ukraine, located in the north central part of the country on the Dnieper River. The population as of July 2013 was 70062847200000000002,847,200 , making Kiev at least 8th largest city in Europe.

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Kiev | Wikipedia audio article

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00:03:59 1 Name
00:07:48 2 History
00:24:41 3 Environment
00:24:50 3.1 Geography
00:27:55 3.2 Climate
00:29:20 4 Legal status, local government and politics
00:29:32 4.1 Legal status and local government
00:32:15 4.2 Politics
00:33:12 4.3 Subdivisions
00:33:21 4.3.1 Traditional subdivision
00:34:18 4.3.2 Formal subdivision
00:36:23 5 Demographics
00:36:47 5.1 Historical population
00:38:12 5.2 Ethnic composition
00:41:21 5.3 Jewish community
00:41:53 6 Cityscape
00:47:05 7 Culture
00:49:44 7.1 Attractions
00:54:00 7.2 Museums and galleries
00:55:45 7.3 Sports
00:58:18 7.4 Tourism
00:59:07 7.5 Kiev city anthem
00:59:41 8 Economy
01:03:29 8.1 Industry
01:04:12 8.2 Manufacture
01:04:58 9 Education and science
01:05:08 9.1 Scientific research
01:05:42 9.2 University education
01:06:51 9.3 Secondary education
01:07:21 9.4 Public libraries
01:08:22 10 Transportation
01:08:32 10.1 Local public transport
01:12:03 10.2 Roads and bridges
01:12:58 10.3 Air transport
01:13:36 10.4 Railways
01:16:14 11 International relations
01:16:25 11.1 Twin towns and sister cities
01:16:57 11.2 Other cooperation agreements
01:17:19 12 Notable people from Kiev
01:19:54 13 Honour



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Speaking Rate: 0.8290373945690813
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-B


I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates


SUMMARY
=======
Kiev ( KEE-ef, -ev) or Kyiv (Ukrainian: Київ, translit. Kyiv [ˈkɪjiu̯] (listen); Russian: Киев, translit. Kiyev [ˈkʲi(j)ɪf]; Old East Slavic: Кыѥвъ, translit. Kyjev) is the capital and largest city of Ukraine, located in the north central part of the country on the Dnieper. The population in July 2015 was 2,887,974 (though higher estimated numbers have been cited in the press), making Kiev the 7th most populous city in Europe.Kiev is an important industrial, scientific, educational, and cultural centre of Eastern Europe. It is home to many high-tech industries, higher education institutions, and world-famous historical landmarks. The city has an extensive infrastructure and highly developed system of public transport, including the Kiev Metro.
The city's name is said to derive from the name of Kyi, one of its four legendary founders (see Name, below). During its history, Kiev, one of the oldest cities in Eastern Europe, passed through several stages of great prominence and relative obscurity. The city probably existed as a commercial centre as early as the 5th century. A Slavic settlement on the great trade route between Scandinavia and Constantinople, Kiev was a tributary of the Khazars, until seized by the Varangians (Vikings) in the mid-9th century. Under Varangian rule, the city became a capital of the Kievan Rus', the first East Slavic state. Completely destroyed during the Mongol invasion in 1240, the city lost most of its influence for the centuries to come. It was a provincial capital of marginal importance in the outskirts of the territories controlled by its powerful neighbours; first the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, followed by Poland and Russia.The city prospered again during the Russian Empire's Industrial Revolution in the late 19th century. In 1917, after the Ukrainian National Republic declared independence from the Russian Empire, Kiev became its capital. From 1921 onwards Kiev was a city of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, which was proclaimed by the Red Army, and, from 1934, Kiev was its capital. During World War II, the city again suffered significant damage, but quickly recovered in the post-war years, remaining the third largest city of the Soviet Union.
Following the collapse of the Soviet Union and Ukrainian independence in 1991, Kiev remained the capital of Ukraine and experienced a steady migration influx of ethnic Ukrainians from other regions of the country. During the country's transformation to a market economy and electoral democracy, Kiev has continued to be Ukraine's largest an ...

Saint Petersburg | Wikipedia audio article

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Saint Petersburg

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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates



SUMMARY
=======
Saint Petersburg (Russian: Санкт-Петербу́рг, tr. Sankt-Peterburg, IPA: [ˈsankt pʲɪtʲɪrˈburk] (listen)) is Russia's second-largest city after Moscow, with 5 million inhabitants in 2012, part of the Saint Petersburg agglomeration with a population of 6.2 million (2015). An important Russian port on the Baltic Sea, it has a status of a federal subject (a federal city).
Situated on the Neva River, at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea, it was founded by Tsar Peter the Great on 27 May [O.S. 16 May] 1703. On 1 September 1914, the name was changed from Saint Petersburg to Petrograd (Russian: Петрогра́д, IPA: [pʲɪtrɐˈgrat]), on 26 January 1924 to Leningrad (Russian: Ленингра́д, IPA: [lʲɪnʲɪnˈgrat]), and on 1 October 1991 back to Saint Petersburg. During the periods 1713–1728 and 1732–1918, Saint Petersburg was the capital of Imperial Russia. In 1918, the central government bodies moved to Moscow, which is about 625 km (388 miles) to the south-east.
Saint Petersburg is one of the most modern cities of Russia, as well as its cultural capital. The Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments constitute a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Saint Petersburg is home to the Hermitage, one of the largest art museums in the world.
Many foreign consulates, international corporations, banks and businesses have offices in Saint Petersburg.

Ukraine | Wikipedia audio article

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Ukraine

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language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.

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SUMMARY
=======
Ukraine (Ukrainian: Україна, translit. Ukrayina; Ukrainian pronunciation: [ukrɑˈjinɑ]), sometimes called the Ukraine, is a country in Eastern Europe. Excluding Crimea, Ukraine has a population of about 42.5 million, making it the 32nd most populous country in the world. Its capital and largest city is Kiev. Ukrainian is the official language and its alphabet is Cyrillic. The dominant religions in the country are Eastern Orthodoxy and Greek Catholicism. Ukraine is currently in a territorial dispute with Russia over the Crimean Peninsula, which Russia annexed in 2014. Including Crimea, Ukraine has an area of 603,628 km2 (233,062 sq mi), making it the largest country entirely within Europe and the 46th largest country in the world.
The territory of modern Ukraine has been inhabited since 32,000 BC. During the Middle Ages, the area was a key centre of East Slavic culture, with the powerful state of Kievan Rus' forming the basis of Ukrainian identity. Following its fragmentation in the 13th century, the territory was contested, ruled and divided by a variety of powers, including Lithuania, Poland, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire and Russia. A Cossack republic emerged and prospered during the 17th and 18th centuries, but its territory was eventually split between Poland and the Russian Empire, and finally merged fully into the Russian-dominated Soviet Union in the late 1940s as the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. In 1991 Ukraine gained its independence from the Soviet Union in the aftermath of its dissolution at the end of the Cold War. Before its independence, Ukraine was typically referred to in English as The Ukraine, but most sources have since moved to drop the from the name of Ukraine in all uses.Following its independence, Ukraine declared itself a neutral state; it formed a limited military partnership with Russia and other CIS countries while also establishing a partnership with NATO in 1994. In 2013, after the government of President Viktor Yanukovych had decided to suspend the Ukraine-European Union Association Agreement and seek closer economic ties with Russia, a several-months-long wave of demonstrations and protests known as the Euromaidan began, which later escalated into the 2014 Ukrainian revolution that led to the overthrow of Yanukovych and the establishment of a new government. These events formed the background for the annexation of Crimea by Russia in March 2014, and the War in Donbass in April 2014. On 1 January 2016, Ukraine applied the economic component of the Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area with the European Union.Ukraine is a developing country and ranks 84th on the Human Development Index. As of 2018, Ukraine has the lowest personal income and the second lowest GDP per capita in Europe. It also suffers from a very high poverty rate and severe corruption. However, because of its extensive fertile farmlands, Ukraine is one of the world's largest grain exporters. Ukraine also maintains the second-largest military in Europe after that of Russia. The country is home to a multi-ethnic population, 77.8 percent of whom are Ukrainians, followed by a very large Russian minority, as well as Georgians, Romanians, Belarusians, Crimean Tatars, Jews, Bulgarians and Hungarians. Ukraine is a unitary republic under a semi-presidential system with separate powers: legislative, executive and judicial branches. The country is a member of the United Nations, the Council of Europe, the OSCE, the GUAM organization, and one of the founding states of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS).

Minsk | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:



00:02:00 1 Etymology and historical names
00:02:08 2 History
00:02:17 2.1 Early history
00:04:11 2.2 Late Middle Ages
00:06:42 2.3 Russian rule
00:09:26 2.4 20th century
00:15:51 2.5 Recent developments
00:17:19 3 Geography
00:18:46 3.1 Climate
00:20:31 3.2 Ecological situation
00:21:48 4 Demographics
00:21:57 4.1 Population growth
00:22:09 4.2 Ethnic groups
00:29:35 4.3 Languages
00:31:23 4.4 Religion
00:32:02 4.5 Crime
00:33:42 5 Economy
00:35:30 5.1 Industry
00:39:17 5.2 Unemployment
00:39:58 6 Government and administrative divisions
00:40:24 7 Culture
00:40:52 7.1 Churches
00:42:46 7.2 Cemeteries
00:43:20 7.3 Theatres
00:43:53 7.4 Museums
00:44:34 7.5 Recreation areas
00:44:54 7.6 Cinemas
00:46:16 8 Tourism
00:46:36 9 Sports
00:46:44 9.1 Football
00:47:01 9.2 Ice hockey
00:47:15 9.3 Handball
00:47:26 9.4 Basketball
00:47:37 9.5 International sporting events
00:48:29 10 Transport
00:48:38 10.1 Local transport
00:50:41 10.2 Rapid transit
00:53:38 10.3 Railway and intercity bus
00:55:40 10.4 Airports
00:57:05 11 Education
00:57:30 11.1 Major higher educational institutions
01:02:55 12 Honors
01:03:15 13 Notable residents
01:07:04 14 International relations
01:07:14 14.1 Twin towns and sister cities
01:07:26 15 See also



Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.

Learning by listening is a great way to:
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- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
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Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.

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Speaking Rate: 0.7705188183237154
Voice name: en-AU-Wavenet-C


I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates


SUMMARY
=======
Minsk (Belarusian: Мінск, pronounced [mʲinsk]; Russian: Минск) is the capital and largest city of Belarus, situated on the Svislač and the Nyamiha Rivers. As the national capital, Minsk has a special administrative status in Belarus and is the administrative centre of Minsk Region (voblasć) and Minsk District (rajon). The population in January 2018 was 1,982,444, (not including suburbs) making Minsk the 11th most populous city in Europe. Minsk is the administrative capital of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) and seat of its Executive Secretary.
The earliest historical references to Minsk date to the 11th century (1067), when it was noted as a provincial city within the Principality of Polotsk. The settlement developed on the rivers. In 1242, Minsk became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. It received town privileges in 1499.From 1569, it was a capital of the Minsk Voivodeship, in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. It was part of a region annexed by the Russian Empire in 1793, as a consequence of the Second Partition of Poland. From 1919 to 1991, after the Russian Revolution, Minsk was the capital of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, in the Soviet Union. In June 2019, Minsk will host the 2019 European Games. Tourists who have accreditation cards or tickets to sporting events can visit the country rom 10 June till 10 July 2019 without a visa.

Ukraine | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Ukraine

Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written
language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.

Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain

Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through
audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio
while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using
a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.


You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:


In case you don't find one that you were looking for, put a comment.
This video uses Google TTS en-US-Standard-D voice.



SUMMARY
=======
Ukraine (Ukrainian: Україна, translit. Ukrayina; Ukrainian pronunciation: [ukrɑˈjinɑ]), sometimes called the Ukraine, is a country in Eastern Europe. Excluding Crimea, Ukraine has a population of about 42.5 million, making it the 32nd most populous country in the world. Its capital and largest city is Kiev. Ukrainian is the official language and its alphabet is Cyrillic. The dominant religions in the country are Eastern Orthodoxy and Greek Catholicism. Ukraine is currently in a territorial dispute with Russia over the Crimean Peninsula, which Russia annexed in 2014. Including Crimea, Ukraine has an area of 603,628 km2 (233,062 sq mi), making it the largest country entirely within Europe and the 46th largest country in the world.
The territory of modern Ukraine has been inhabited since 32,000 BC. During the Middle Ages, the area was a key centre of East Slavic culture, with the powerful state of Kievan Rus' forming the basis of Ukrainian identity. Following its fragmentation in the 13th century, the territory was contested, ruled and divided by a variety of powers, including Lithuania, Poland, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire and Russia. A Cossack republic emerged and prospered during the 17th and 18th centuries, but its territory was eventually split between Poland and the Russian Empire, and finally merged fully into the Russian-dominated Soviet Union in the late 1940s as the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. In 1991 Ukraine gained its independence from the Soviet Union in the aftermath of its dissolution at the end of the Cold War. Before its independence, Ukraine was typically referred to in English as The Ukraine, but most sources have since moved to drop the from the name of Ukraine in all uses.Following its independence, Ukraine declared itself a neutral state; it formed a limited military partnership with Russia and other CIS countries while also establishing a partnership with NATO in 1994. In 2013, after the government of President Viktor Yanukovych had decided to suspend the Ukraine-European Union Association Agreement and seek closer economic ties with Russia, a several-months-long wave of demonstrations and protests known as the Euromaidan began, which later escalated into the 2014 Ukrainian revolution that led to the overthrow of Yanukovych and the establishment of a new government. These events formed the background for the annexation of Crimea by Russia in March 2014, and the War in Donbass in April 2014. On 1 January 2016, Ukraine applied the economic component of the Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area with the European Union.Ukraine is a developing country and ranks 84th on the Human Development Index. As of 2018, Ukraine has the lowest personal income and the second lowest GDP per capita in Europe. It also suffers from a very high poverty rate and severe corruption. However, because of its extensive fertile farmlands, Ukraine is one of the world's largest grain exporters. Ukraine also maintains the second-largest military in Europe after that of Russia. The country is home to a multi-ethnic population, 77.8 percent of whom are Ukrainians, followed by a very large Russian minority, as well as Georgians, Romanians, Belarusians, Crimean Tatars, Jews, Bulgarians and Hungarians. Ukraine is a unitary republic under a semi-presidential system with separate powers: legislative, executive and judicial branches. The country is a member of the United Nations, the Council of Europe, the OSCE, the GUAM organization, and one of the founding states of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS).

Ukraine | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:



00:03:49 1 Etymology
00:04:42 2 History
00:04:51 2.1 Early history
00:06:19 2.2 Antes people
00:07:07 2.3 Golden Age of Kiev
00:09:29 2.4 Foreign domination
00:13:13 2.5 Cossack Hetmanate
00:18:08 2.6 19th century, World War I and revolution
00:22:32 2.7 Western Ukraine, Carpathian Ruthenia and Bukovina
00:23:53 2.8 Inter-war Soviet Ukraine
00:26:51 2.9 World War II
00:31:07 2.10 Post-World War II
00:34:37 2.11 Independence
00:37:41 2.12 Orange Revolution
00:40:06 2.13 Euromaidan and 2014 revolution
00:42:30 2.14 Civil unrest and Russian intervention
00:46:31 3 Historical maps of states
00:47:04 4 Geography
00:49:31 4.1 Soil
00:51:09 4.2 Biodiversity
00:51:25 4.2.1 Animals
00:52:20 4.2.2 Fungi
00:53:05 4.3 Climate
00:54:06 5 Politics
00:54:24 5.1 Constitution of Ukraine
00:56:42 5.2 President, parliament and government
00:58:39 5.3 Courts and law enforcement
01:01:54 5.4 Foreign relations
01:04:51 5.5 Administrative divisions
01:06:33 5.6 Armed forces
01:09:18 6 Economy
01:16:37 6.1 Corporations
01:18:08 6.2 Transport
01:21:13 6.3 Energy
01:21:38 6.3.1 Fuel resources
01:23:17 6.3.2 Power generation
01:24:34 6.3.3 Renewable energy use
01:26:08 6.4 Internet
01:26:46 6.5 IT
01:28:06 6.6 Tourism
01:29:10 7 Demographics
01:30:15 7.1 Population decline
01:31:47 7.2 Fertility and natalist policies
01:34:07 7.3 Urbanisation
01:34:36 7.4 Language
01:38:13 7.5 Religion
01:41:37 7.6 Famines and migration
01:43:17 7.7 Health
01:47:40 7.8 Education
01:52:52 7.9 Regional differences
01:55:02 8 Culture
01:56:36 8.1 Weaving and embroidery
01:57:47 8.2 Literature
02:00:55 8.3 Architecture
02:06:10 8.4 Music
02:08:55 8.5 Cinema
02:10:57 8.6 Media
02:12:50 8.7 Sport
02:15:03 8.8 Cuisine
02:16:11 9 See also
02:16:22 10 Notes



Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.

Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
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Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.

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There is only one good, knowledge, and one evil, ignorance.
- Socrates



SUMMARY
=======
Ukraine (Ukrainian: Україна, translit. Ukrayina; Ukrainian pronunciation: [ukrɑˈjinɑ]), sometimes called the Ukraine, is a country in Eastern Europe. Excluding Crimea, Ukraine has a population of about 42.5 million, making it the 32nd most populous country in the world. Its capital and largest city is Kiev. Ukrainian is the official language and its alphabet is Cyrillic. The dominant religions in the country are Eastern Orthodoxy and Greek Catholicism. Ukraine is currently in a territorial dispute with Russia over the Crimean Peninsula, which Russia annexed in 2014. Including Crimea, Ukraine has an area of 603,628 km2 (233,062 sq mi), making it the largest country entirely within Europe and the 46th largest country in the world.
The territory of modern Ukraine has been inhabited since 32,000 BC. During the Middle Ages, the area was a key centre of East Slavic culture, with the powerful state of Kievan Rus' forming the basis of Ukrainian identity. Following its fragmentation in the 13th century, the territory was contested, ruled and divided by a variety of powers, including Lithuania, Poland, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire and Russia. A Cossack republic emerged and prospered during the 17th and 18th centuries, but its territory was eventually split between Poland and the Russian Empire, and finally merged fully into the Russian-dominated Soviet Union in the late 1940s as the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. In 1991 Ukraine gained its independence from the Soviet Union in the aftermath of its dissolution at the end of the Cold War. Before its independence, Ukraine was typically referred to in English as The Ukraine, but most sources have since moved to drop the from the name of Ukraine in all uses.Following its independence, Ukraine declared itself a neutral state; it formed a limited military partnership with Russia and other CIS countries while also establishing a partnership with NATO in 1994. In 2013, after the government of President Viktor Yanukovych had decided to suspend the Ukraine-European Union Association ...

St. Petersburg | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:



00:01:30 1 Name
00:03:33 2 History
00:03:43 2.1 Imperial era (1703–1917)
00:12:53 2.2 Revolution and Soviet era (1917–1941)
00:16:51 2.3 World War II (1941–1945)
00:18:42 2.4 Post-war Soviet era (1945–1991)
00:21:29 2.5 Contemporary era (1991–present)
00:25:32 3 Geography
00:29:05 3.1 Climate
00:31:12 3.2 Toponymy
00:35:43 4 Demographics
00:39:59 4.1 Religion
00:40:17 5 Government
00:43:07 6 Economy
00:49:37 7 Cityscape
00:58:06 8 Tourism
01:02:05 9 Dramatic Theatre
01:02:30 10 Media and communications
01:03:04 11 Culture
01:03:13 11.1 Museums
01:05:30 11.2 Music
01:11:14 11.3 Film
01:13:19 11.4 Literature
01:15:54 12 Education
01:16:56 13 Sports
01:20:57 13.1 2018 FIFA World Cup
01:21:30 14 Infrastructure
01:21:39 14.1 Transportation
01:22:37 14.1.1 Roads and public transport
01:25:12 14.2 Saint Petersburg public transportation statistics
01:26:06 14.2.1 Waterways
01:27:15 14.2.2 Rail
01:29:32 14.2.3 Air
01:31:02 14.3 Parks
01:33:13 15 Famous people
01:33:51 16 Crime
01:37:12 17 Twin towns and sister cities
01:37:44 18 See also



Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.

Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain

Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.

Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:

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Speaking Rate: 0.8733509262978975
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-D


I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates


SUMMARY
=======
Saint Petersburg (Russian: Санкт-Петербу́рг, tr. Sankt-Peterburg, IPA: [ˈsankt pʲɪtʲɪrˈburk] (listen)) is Russia's second-largest city after Moscow, with 5 million inhabitants in 2012, part of the Saint Petersburg agglomeration with a population of 6.2 million (2015). An important Russian port on the Baltic Sea, it has a status of a federal subject (a federal city).
Situated on the Neva River, at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea, it was founded by Tsar Peter the Great on 27 May [O.S. 16 May] 1703. During the periods 1713–1728 and 1732–1918, Saint Petersburg was the capital of Imperial Russia. In 1918, the central government bodies moved to Moscow, which is about 625 km (388 miles) to the south-east.
Saint Petersburg is often considered Russia's cultural capital. The Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments constitute a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Saint Petersburg is home to the Hermitage, one of the largest art museums in the world. Many foreign consulates, international corporations, banks and businesses have offices in Saint Petersburg.

Kiev | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:



00:03:44 1 Name
00:07:22 2 History
00:23:46 3 Environment
00:23:55 3.1 Geography
00:26:51 3.2 Climate
00:28:13 4 Legal status, local government and politics
00:28:24 4.1 Legal status and local government
00:30:59 4.2 Politics
00:31:53 4.3 Subdivisions
00:32:01 4.3.1 Traditional subdivision
00:32:55 4.3.2 Formal subdivision
00:34:55 5 Demographics
00:35:17 5.1 Historical population
00:36:37 5.2 Ethnic composition
00:39:37 5.3 Jewish community
00:40:08 6 Cityscape
00:45:03 7 Culture
00:47:32 7.1 Attractions
00:51:38 7.2 Museums and galleries
00:53:19 7.3 Sports
00:55:47 7.4 Tourism
00:56:35 7.5 Kiev city anthem
00:57:06 8 Economy
01:00:46 8.1 Industry
01:01:27 8.2 Manufacture
01:02:13 9 Education and science
01:02:22 9.1 Scientific research
01:02:55 9.2 University education
01:04:02 9.3 Secondary education
01:04:30 9.4 Public libraries
01:05:28 10 Transportation
01:05:37 10.1 Local public transport
01:09:00 10.2 Roads and bridges
01:09:52 10.3 Air transport
01:10:28 10.4 Railways
01:13:01 11 International relations
01:13:10 11.1 Twin towns and sister cities
01:13:41 11.2 Other cooperation agreements
01:14:03 12 Notable people from Kiev
01:16:40 13 Honour



Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.

Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain

Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.

Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:

Other Wikipedia audio articles at:

Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:

Speaking Rate: 0.7078111178759842
Voice name: en-AU-Wavenet-D


I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates


SUMMARY
=======
Kiev ( KEE-ef, -⁠ev) or Kyiv (Ukrainian: Київ, translit. Kyiv [ˈkɪjiu̯] (listen); Russian: Киев, translit. Kiyev [ˈkʲi(j)ɪf]) is the capital and most populous city of Ukraine, located in the north-central part of the country on the Dnieper. The population in July 2015 was 2,887,974 (though higher estimated numbers have been cited in the press), making Kiev the 7th most populous city in Europe.Kiev is an important industrial, scientific, educational and cultural center of Eastern Europe. It is home to many high-tech industries, higher education institutions, and world-famous historical landmarks. The city has an extensive infrastructure and highly developed system of public transport, including the Kiev Metro.
The city's name is said to derive from the name of Kyi, one of its four legendary founders (see Name, below). During its history, Kiev, one of the oldest cities in Eastern Europe, passed through several stages of great prominence and relative obscurity. The city probably existed as a commercial centre as early as the 5th century. A Slavic settlement on the great trade route between Scandinavia and Constantinople, Kiev was a tributary of the Khazars, until its capture by the Varangians (Vikings) in the mid-9th century. Under Varangian rule, the city became a capital of the Kievan Rus', the first East Slavic state. Completely destroyed during the Mongol invasions in 1240, the city lost most of its influence for the centuries to come. It was a provincial capital of marginal importance in the outskirts of the territories controlled by its powerful neighbours; first by Lithuania, followed by Poland and ultimately Russia.The city prospered again during the Russian Empire's Industrial Revolution in the late 19th century. In 1917, after the Ukrainian National Republic declared independence from the Russian Empire, Kiev became its capital. From 1921 onwards Kiev was a city of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, which was proclaimed by the Red Army, and, from 1934, Kiev was its capital. During World War II, the city again suffered significant damage, but quickly recovered in the post-war years, remaining the third largest city of the Soviet Union.
Following the collapse of the Soviet Union and Ukrainian independence in 1991, Kiev remained the capital of Ukraine and experienced a steady migration influx of ethnic Ukrainians from other regions of the country. During the country's transformation to a market economy and electoral democracy, Kiev has continued to be Ukraine's largest and richest city. Kiev's armament-depen ...

Kiev | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Kiev

Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.

Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain

Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.

You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:


You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:




The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates



SUMMARY
=======
Kiev ( KEE-ef, -ev) or Kyiv (Ukrainian: Київ, translit. Kyiv [ˈkɪjiu̯] (listen); Russian: Киев, translit. Kiyev [ˈkʲi(j)ɪf]; Old East Slavic: Кыѥвъ, translit. Kyjev) is the capital and largest city of Ukraine, located in the north central part of the country on the Dnieper. The population in July 2015 was 2,887,974 (though higher estimated numbers have been cited in the press), making Kiev the 7th most populous city in Europe.Kiev is an important industrial, scientific, educational, and cultural centre of Eastern Europe. It is home to many high-tech industries, higher education institutions, and world-famous historical landmarks. The city has an extensive infrastructure and highly developed system of public transport, including the Kiev Metro.
The city's name is said to derive from the name of Kyi, one of its four legendary founders (see Name, below). During its history, Kiev, one of the oldest cities in Eastern Europe, passed through several stages of great prominence and relative obscurity. The city probably existed as a commercial centre as early as the 5th century. A Slavic settlement on the great trade route between Scandinavia and Constantinople, Kiev was a tributary of the Khazars, until seized by the Varangians (Vikings) in the mid-9th century. Under Varangian rule, the city became a capital of the Kievan Rus', the first East Slavic state. Completely destroyed during the Mongol invasion in 1240, the city lost most of its influence for the centuries to come. It was a provincial capital of marginal importance in the outskirts of the territories controlled by its powerful neighbours; first the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, followed by Poland and Russia.The city prospered again during the Russian Empire's Industrial Revolution in the late 19th century. In 1917, after the Ukrainian National Republic declared independence from the Russian Empire, Kiev became its capital. From 1921 onwards Kiev was a city of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, which was proclaimed by the Red Army, and, from 1934, Kiev was its capital. During World War II, the city again suffered significant damage, but quickly recovered in the post-war years, remaining the third largest city of the Soviet Union.
Following the collapse of the Soviet Union and Ukrainian independence in 1991, Kiev remained the capital of Ukraine and experienced a steady migration influx of ethnic Ukrainians from other regions of the country. During the country's transformation to a market economy and electoral democracy, Kiev has continued to be Ukraine's largest and richest city. Kiev's armament-dependent industrial output fell after the Soviet collapse, adversely affecting science and technology. But new sectors of the economy such as services and finance facilitated Kiev's growth in salaries and investment, as well as providing continuous funding for the development of housing and urban infrastructure. Kiev emerged as the most pro-Western region of Ukraine where parties advocating tighter integration with the European Union dominate during elections.

Kiev | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Kiev


00:03:10 1 Name
00:06:10 2 History
00:19:30 3 Environment
00:19:39 3.1 Geography
00:22:05 3.2 Climate
00:23:13 4 Legal status, local government and politics
00:23:25 4.1 Legal status and local government
00:25:35 4.2 Politics
00:26:21 4.3 Subdivisions
00:26:30 4.3.1 Traditional subdivision
00:27:17 4.3.2 Formal subdivision
00:28:55 5 Demographics
00:29:16 5.1 Historical population
00:30:26 5.2 Ethnic composition
00:33:00 5.3 Jewish community
00:33:27 6 Cityscape
00:37:37 7 Culture
00:39:44 7.1 Attractions
00:43:08 7.2 Museums and galleries
00:44:32 7.3 Sports
00:46:34 7.4 Tourism
00:47:14 7.5 Kiev city anthem
00:47:42 8 Economy
00:50:44 8.1 Industry
00:51:21 8.2 Manufacture
00:52:00 9 Education and science
00:52:10 9.1 Scientific research
00:52:38 9.2 University education
00:53:34 9.3 Secondary education
00:53:58 9.4 Public libraries
00:54:47 10 Transportation
00:54:56 10.1 Local public transport
00:57:44 10.2 Roads and bridges
00:58:29 10.3 Air transport
00:59:01 10.4 Railways
01:01:05 11 International relations
01:01:15 11.1 Twin towns and sister cities
01:01:43 11.2 Other cooperation agreements
01:02:01 12 Notable people from Kiev
01:04:09 13 Honour



Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.

Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain

Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.

You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:


You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:




The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates



SUMMARY
=======
Kiev ( KEE-ef, -ev) or Kyiv (Ukrainian: Київ, translit. Kyiv [ˈkɪjiu̯] (listen); Russian: Киев, translit. Kiyev [ˈkʲi(j)ɪf]; Old East Slavic: Кыѥвъ, translit. Kyjev) is the capital and largest city of Ukraine, located in the north central part of the country on the Dnieper. The population in July 2015 was 2,887,974 (though higher estimated numbers have been cited in the press), making Kiev the 7th most populous city in Europe.Kiev is an important industrial, scientific, educational, and cultural centre of Eastern Europe. It is home to many high-tech industries, higher education institutions, and world-famous historical landmarks. The city has an extensive infrastructure and highly developed system of public transport, including the Kiev Metro.
The city's name is said to derive from the name of Kyi, one of its four legendary founders (see Name, below). During its history, Kiev, one of the oldest cities in Eastern Europe, passed through several stages of great prominence and relative obscurity. The city probably existed as a commercial centre as early as the 5th century. A Slavic settlement on the great trade route between Scandinavia and Constantinople, Kiev was a tributary of the Khazars, until seized by the Varangians (Vikings) in the mid-9th century. Under Varangian rule, the city became a capital of the Kievan Rus', the first East Slavic state. Completely destroyed during the Mongol invasion in 1240, the city lost most of its influence for the centuries to come. It was a provincial capital of marginal importance in the outskirts of the territories controlled by its powerful neighbours; first the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, followed by Poland and Russia.The city prospered again during the Russian Empire's Industrial Revolution in the late 19th century. In 1917, after the Ukrainian National Republic declared independence from the Russian Empire, Kiev became its capital. From 1921 onwards Kiev was a city of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, which was proclaimed by the Red Army, and, from 1934, Kiev was its capital. During World War II, the city again suffered significant damage, but quickly recovered in the post-war years, remaining the third largest city of the Soviet Union.
Following the collapse of the Soviet Union and Ukrainian independence in 1991, Kiev remained the capital of Ukraine and experienced a steady migration influx of ethnic Ukrainians from other regions of the country. During the country's transformation to a market economy and electoral democracy, Kiev has continued to be Ukraine's largest and richest city. Kiev's armament-dependent industrial output fell after the Soviet collapse, adversely affecting science and technology. But new sectors of the economy such as services and f ...

The Second World War | Wikipedia audio article

This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:



00:06:35 1 Chronology
00:08:42 2 Background
00:08:50 2.1 Europe
00:13:48 2.2 Asia
00:15:18 3 Pre-war events
00:15:28 3.1 Italian invasion of Ethiopia (1935)
00:16:51 3.2 Spanish Civil War (1936–1939)
00:18:15 3.3 Japanese invasion of China (1937)
00:20:11 3.4 Soviet–Japanese border conflicts
00:21:17 3.5 European occupations and agreements
00:25:46 4 Course of the war
00:25:55 4.1 War breaks out in Europe (1939–40)
00:30:23 4.2 Western Europe (1940–41)
00:35:21 4.3 Mediterranean (1940–41)
00:38:21 4.4 Axis attack on the Soviet Union (1941)
00:43:42 4.5 War breaks out in the Pacific (1941)
00:49:59 4.6 Axis advance stalls (1942–43)
00:52:21 4.6.1 Pacific (1942–43)
00:56:31 4.6.2 Eastern Front (1942–43)
00:58:26 4.6.3 Western Europe/Atlantic and Mediterranean (1942–43)
01:01:22 4.7 Allies gain momentum (1943–44)
01:07:42 4.8 Allies close in (1944)
01:12:45 4.9 Axis collapse, Allied victory (1944–45)
01:19:14 5 Aftermath
01:26:16 6 Impact
01:26:25 6.1 Casualties and war crimes
01:30:39 6.2 Genocide, concentration camps, and slave labour
01:34:04 6.3 Occupation
01:36:42 6.4 Home fronts and production
01:39:00 6.5 Advances in technology and warfare
01:44:35 7 See also
01:44:44 8 Notes



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SUMMARY
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World War II (often abbreviated to WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. The vast majority of the world's countries—including all the great powers—eventually formed two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. A state of total war emerged, directly involving more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. The major participants threw their entire economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities behind the war effort, blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources. World War II was the deadliest conflict in human history, marked by 50 to 85 million fatalities, most of whom were civilians in the Soviet Union and China. It included massacres, the genocide of the Holocaust, strategic bombing, premeditated death from starvation and disease, and the only use of nuclear weapons in war.Japan, which aimed to dominate Asia and the Pacific, was at war with China by 1937, though neither side had declared war on the other. World War II is generally said to have begun on 1 September 1939, with the invasion of Poland by Germany and subsequent declarations of war on Germany by France and the United Kingdom. From late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. Following the onset of campaigns in North Africa and East Africa, and the fall of France in mid 1940, the war continued primarily between the European Axis powers and the British Empire. War in the Balkans, the aerial Battle of Britain, the Blitz, and the long Battle of the Atlantic followed. On 22 June 1941, the European Axis powers launched an invasion of the Soviet Union, opening the largest land theatre of war in history. This Eastern Front trapped the Axis, most crucially the German Wehrmacht, into a war of attrition. In December 1941, Japan launched a surprise attack on the United States as well as European colonies in the Pacific. Following an immediate U.S. declaration of war against Japan, supported by one from Great Britain, the European Axis powers quickly declared war on the U.S. in solidarity with their Japanese ally. Rapid Japanese conquests over much of the Western Pacific ensued, perceived by many in Asia as ...