Russian Artist Elena Salnikova
A selection of artworks by Russian Artist Elena Salnikova
Elena Salnikova was born in Voronezh in 1970
She began to engage in the art studio with eight years. After graduating from art school in Voronezh arrived in Lipetsk State Pedagogical Institute in the graphic arts department, who graduated with honors in 1993.
Since 1995 she has worked and participated in art exhibitions in Voronezh. After her first solo exhibition was invited to work on the painting of St. Seraphim of Sarov (hut – baptistery at the Church of Our Lady of Kazan city of Voronezh). From 1995 to 2000, she led a team of artists working on painting. Since 2004, she lived and worked in Orekhovo-Zuyevo City.
Her works are kept in the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour, Moscow, in the Historical and Art Museum, Dolgoprudny, Moscow region, in Znamenskoye district local history museum of the Tambov region, in private collections in Russia and abroad.
Major exhibitions:
1995 – 1998, she took part in all the art exhibitions of the Voronezh branch of the Union of Artists of Russia.
1995 – The first solo exhibition of paintings in the scientific regional library. Nikitin. When she received the invitation of the Orthodox Church on the mural in the church.
1995 – 2000 of – creative work – painting the Temple of St. Seraphim of Sarov (hut – baptistery at the Church of Our Lady of Kazan Voronezh). He led a team of artists.
1997 – personal exhibition in the Diagnostic center of the city of Voronezh.
1998 – personal exhibition in the Historical Museum of Art Dolgoprudny, Moscow region.
2003 – exhibition in the gallery “Elena” CHA Moscow
2003 – participation in the 13th exhibition of painting “Golden Brush” New Manege Moscow
2005 – personal exhibition at the Moscow International Salon “Habitat” CHA Moscow
2005 – participant 2 – All-Russian art exhibition devoted to 300 – anniversary of the birth of Bishop St Joasaph of Belgorod, Belgorod.
2006 – took part in the 4th Festival of Fine Arts “Moscow – the city of peace” in interethnic competition for young artists. Borodino Panorama Moscow
Since 2005 – he participated in all art exhibitions Orekhovo – Zuevo branch of the Union of Artists of Russia.
2011. – Personal exhibition of painting and drawing at the Museum “House of Gogol.” Moscow
2012. – Participation in a group exhibition of painting “Artists Orekhovo-“, Ryazan.
Center of the Tula city, Russia.
Center of the Tula city, Russia.
Tula city, Russia.
Tula (Russian: Тула; IPA: [ˈtula) is an industrial city and the administrative centre of Tula Oblast, Russia, located 193 kilometres (120 mi) south of Moscow, on the UPA River. Population: 501,169 (2010 Census);[6] 481,216 (2002 Census);[12] 539,980 (1989 Census).[13]
Saint Petersburg city, Russia (
Колыма - родина нашего страха / Kolyma - Birthplace of Our Fear
Не знаю, как у вас, но всю свою жизнь я слышу от родителей: ну будь осторожен, ну не привлекай к себе лишнее внимание, не высовывайся – это очень опасно; и вообще мы простые люди – от нас ничего не зависит.
Мои родители – прекрасные люди, я безумно их люблю. Но они говорят все это десятилетиями - даже в тех ситуациях, где очевидно нарушается здравый смысл, где творится несправедливость и где мы точно правы.
Я всегда думал: откуда у старшего поколения этот страх, это стремление мазать все серой краской? Почему они боятся, что даже за минимальную смелость обязательно прилетит наказание? Моя гипотеза: этот страх зародился еще в прошлом веке и через поколения добрался до нас. Одно из мест, где этот страх появлялся, - Колыма.
Для максимального погружения мы проехали всю трассу Колыма. 2000 км тяжеленной дороги. 9 дней пути. И лютый, просто неправдоподобный мороз.
Как люди жили здесь тогда, во время репрессий? Как люди жили после? Как живут люди сейчас?
Все это нам было интересно и важно узнать нам. Все, что узнали, мы рассказываем вам.
Некоторые герои выпуска:
Ростислав -
Артем Ковалев -
Роман Романов -
Иван Паникаров - номер карты сбербанка для поддержания работы музея в Ягодном
5469 3600 1298 2287
Антоха -
За одежду спасибо ребятам из компании Если бы не они, совсем не факт, что мы бы пережили эти морозы.
Saint Petersburg, Russia.
Saint Petersburg, Russia.
Saint Petersburg, is Russia's second-largest city after Moscow, with five million inhabitants in 2012.An important Russian port on the Baltic Sea, it has a status of a federal subject (a federal city).
Situated on the Neva River, at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea, it was founded by Tsar Peter the Great on May 27 In 1914, the name was changed from Saint Petersburg to Petrograd (Russian: Петрогра́д, in 1924 to Leningrad (Russian: Ленингра́д, and in 1991 back to Saint Petersburg. Between 1713 and 1728 and in 1732–1918, Saint Petersburg was the capital of imperial Russia. In 1918, the central government bodies moved to Moscow.[10]
Saint Petersburg is one of the modern cities of Russia, as well as its cultural capital. The Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments constitute a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Saint Petersburg is home to The Hermitage, one of the largest art museums in the world.Many foreign consulates, international corporations, banks, and businesses have offices in Saint Petersburg.
Center of the Tula city, Russia.(
Псковские Жемчужины в Пушкинских Горах | Folklore festival
P.S. На фольклорном фестивале мы с супругой оказались абсолютно случайно - приехали в Пушкинские горы и...
Конечно же никто меня не просил снимать, да и не готов я был - у меня не было штатива! А снимать концертные номера по 2-5 минут, качественно, без штатива - невозможно, увы!
Но я решил все же фильм о Фестивале смонтировать - для этих замечательных ребят и их наставников!
Именно здесь, как никогда - ощущалось тепло Души российской!
* * *
В музее-заповеднике «Михайловское» завершился фольклорный фестиваль «Псковские жемчужины».
В течение недели детские коллективы из разных уголков страны знакомили гостей смотра с народными обрядами и играми. Лучшие певцы, танцоры, сказители, музыканты получили награды и путёвки на следующий фестиваль. Завершился праздник гала-концертом в Научно-культурном центре Пушкинских гор.
Как в старину на Руси припевали молодых, с какими песнями искали папоротник на Ивана Купалу, колядовали на Рождество и проводили свободное время – об этом не понаслышке знают ребята, приехавшие из разных уголков страны в Пушкинские горы.
Все коллективы занимаются фольклорным творчеством на самом высоком профессиональном уровне. У многих изучение народных традиций входит в региональные школьные программы. Чтобы дети могли не только видеть костюмы, инструменты, предметы быта, но и умели, как в старину петь, играть и танцевать.
Выступали коллективы:
- фольклорный ансамбль «Юрьев день», Вентспилс (Ventspils), Латвия;
- фольклорный ансамбль «Надежда», Тула;
- фольклорный ансамбль «Ладушки», Тульская область;
- фольклорная студия «Радольница», Пермь;
- Верхнегородковский детский центр народных ремесел, Пермский край;
- фольклорный ансамбль «Жаворонушки», Нытва, Пермский край;
- фольклорный коллектив «Пчёлка», Тамбов;
- фольклорная студия «Матица», Череповец;
- семейный клуб «Основа», Череповец;
- фольклорный ансамбль «Ленова», Псков;
- фольклорный ансамбль «Вереюшка», п. Рощино, Челябинск;
На фестивале прошли мастер-классы и творческие мастерские. Представленный материал собирается, систематизируется и архивируется.
Главное же для юных участников фестиваля – общение и обмен этнографическим материалом, которое не заменят книги и музеи. Благодаря этому русская традиция не пресекается и уходит в прошлое, а продолжает жить и развиваться.
* * *
➀͏͏͏ Подписывайтесь на мой канал YouTube - это, как правило, 300 новых фильмов в год о Путешествиях по Миру и России, жизни детей, спектакли и концерты и т.д., что составляет мою жизнь, увлечение и работу.
➁ Подписывайтесь на мой IG - каждый день что-то новое -
➂ Добавляйся в ВК - и
➃ Стучись в ФБ -
☆ Есть предложения? Пишите на мой: Vladimir.Cat@gmail.com
Ни один Ваш комментарий, ни одно ваше письмо не останется без ответа!
P.S. Если я вдруг не ответил – значит я еще не прочитал Ваше письмо или коммент!
© Для СМИ и любых информационных площадок: вы можете использовать или копировать материалы из этого ролика полностью или частично, но только с указанием моего авторства (фотограф © Владимир Кот) и ссылкой на это видео.
ST. PETERSBURG - Russia Travel Guide | Around The World
Saint Petersburg (Russian: Санкт-Петерб́ург Sankt-Peterburg;) is a world-class destination and Russia's second largest city, with a population of more than 5 million perched at the eastern tip of of the Baltic Sea and the Neva River.
The city was formerly known as Petrograd (Петрогр́ад), and later Leningrad (Ленингр́ад).
This is one of the most breathtakingly beautiful places on earth and virtually any building in the large historic centre, threaded with canals dotted with baroque bridges, can be considered an attraction—and indeed, it is a UNESCO World Heritage site. This is a magical city, with a long list of major attractions. Its Hermitage Museum, housed in the Winter Palace of the Romanov Dynasty, is both one of the world's greatest and oldest collections of art, treasure, and antiquities, and one of its most beautiful buildings.
Founded by Peter the Great in 1703, in the territory of the Inkeri town of Nien which was a capital of Finno-Ugric province Ingermanland which was part of Novgorod Republic, and Sweden. The first settlements in this region date from 2500 years ago. Archaeologists found old graves full of izhora silver treasures, also korela-inkeri epos of Kalevala halfly was written near Sester river, modern Sestroretsk. In this time the lifestyle of aborigines was very different it was forest people which lived in tunnels underground, famous for hunting, mushroom medicine, and making steel. It was place of joining three finno ugric subethnosos suomi Inkeri and Karela, St Petersburg the former home of the tsars and the centre of imperial Russian culture, Saint Petersburg was known as The Venice of the North in its heyday. Re-christened Petrograd during the first World War, the city was renamed Leningrad in 1924 in honour of communist revolutionary and founder of the Soviet Union, Vladmir I. Lenin. Bombed, besieged and starved during World War II, the city took a back seat to Moscow during the Soviet-era.
Saint Petersburg is nicknamed the 'Venice of the North'
Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, the city has rapidly been making up for lost time and is by far the most cosmopolitan and Western of Russia's cities. Renamed once more in the aftermath of the fall of the Soviet Union, most Russians know it as Piter (Питер), a familiar diminutive of Saint Petersburg.
During the hardship years of Yeltsin's presidency, much of the city was controlled by the infamous Tambov gang, but have since reduced in influence. With world-class architecture, astonishing views and friendly people, there's lots to do here.
Russian visa requirements are complex but are not hard to manage with some online research. See the Get In section of the article on Russia for information.
A visa is not required for a trip of less than 72 hours if you arrive in St. Petersburg by ferry or by cruise liner and you have a pre-arranged program of excursions by an approved local company. This kind of visa for cruise passengers is called Blanket visa and can be ordered online at Russian travel agency.
Pulkovo Airport (IATA: LED), 20km south of the city centre, serves many international and domestic destinations. A new terminal opened in 2014. There is unlimited free Wi-Fi. The airport has business lounges that are free for first and business class travelers but are available for use by all passengers upon payment of a fee. The lounges include snacks, drinks, televisions, and showers.
Except during the winter, the 9 low bridges in St. Petersburg are drawn during the night to allow for the passage of boat traffic. Therefore, if you don't make it to the side of the river where you are staying before the bridges are drawn and there are no high bridges to cross, you will be stuck until the bridges are lowered. Note that there are breaks when some the bridges are lowered in the middle of the night for approximately 30 minutes to briefly allow everyone to get home. The bridge schedule is particularly noteworthy for those staying on Vasilyevsky Island, which is unreachable at certain times of the night. Seeing the bridges drawn in the middle of the night is a must for all visitors to the city!
The Bolshoy Obukhovskiy Most, 14km south of the Alexander Nevsky Bridge (Most Aleksandra Nevskogo), is never drawn, allowing for 24-hour crossing of the Neva River. However, the bridge is out of the way and will increase the cost of your taxi or Uber.
Saint Petersburg's metro system is the second largest in Russia, after that of Moscow. The metro is a cheap and effective way to get around the city, and also a major tourist attraction due to the beautiful decorations of the stations. Amateur photography (without a tripod, etc) is allowed, although professional photography is prohibited.
RUSSIAN REVOLUTION - WikiVidi Documentary
The Russian Revolution was a pair of revolutions in Russia in 1917 which dismantled the Tsarist autocracy and led to the rise of the Soviet Union. The Russian Empire collapsed with the abdication of Emperor Nicholas II and the old regime was replaced by a provisional government during the first revolution of February 1917 . Alongside it arose grassroots community assemblies which contended for authority. In the second revolution that October, the Provisional Government was toppled and all power was given to the soviets. The February Revolution was a revolution focused around Petrograd , the capital of Russia at that time. In the chaos, members of the Imperial parliament assumed control of the country, forming the Russian Provisional Government which was heavily dominated by the interests of large capitalists and the noble aristocracy. The army leadership felt they did not have the means to suppress the revolution, resulting in Nicholas's abdication. The soviets, which were dominate...
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Shortcuts to chapters:
00:04:56: Background
00:12:40: Economic and social changes
00:17:27: Political issues
00:21:39: World War I
00:29:47: February Revolution
00:33:51: Between February and throughout October: Dual Power dvoevlastie)
00:45:03: October Revolution
00:48:06: Russian Civil War
00:51:34: Execution of the imperial family
00:53:28: The revolution and the world
00:54:46: Historiography
00:55:42: Chronology of events leading to the revolution
____________________________________
Copyright WikiVidi.
Licensed under Creative Commons.
Wikipedia link:
Saint Petersburg | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Saint Petersburg
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
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- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Saint Petersburg (Russian: Санкт-Петербу́рг, tr. Sankt-Peterburg, IPA: [ˈsankt pʲɪtʲɪrˈburk] (listen)) is Russia's second-largest city after Moscow, with 5 million inhabitants in 2012, part of the Saint Petersburg agglomeration with a population of 6.2 million (2015). An important Russian port on the Baltic Sea, it has a status of a federal subject (a federal city).
Situated on the Neva River, at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea, it was founded by Tsar Peter the Great on 27 May [O.S. 16 May] 1703. On 1 September 1914, the name was changed from Saint Petersburg to Petrograd (Russian: Петрогра́д, IPA: [pʲɪtrɐˈgrat]), on 26 January 1924 to Leningrad (Russian: Ленингра́д, IPA: [lʲɪnʲɪnˈgrat]), and on 1 October 1991 back to Saint Petersburg. During the periods 1713–1728 and 1732–1918, Saint Petersburg was the capital of Imperial Russia. In 1918, the central government bodies moved to Moscow, which is about 625 km (388 miles) to the south-east.
Saint Petersburg is one of the most modern cities of Russia, as well as its cultural capital. The Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments constitute a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Saint Petersburg is home to the Hermitage, one of the largest art museums in the world.
Many foreign consulates, international corporations, banks and businesses have offices in Saint Petersburg.
Huge blaze prompts massive evacuation at St Pete mall, Russia
Around 800 shoppers were forced to flee a mall in the Russian city of St. Petersburg when a massive fire broke out inside.
We are ready to provide tourist services in all directions, Tambov Senator says
St. Petersburg | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:01:30 1 Name
00:03:33 2 History
00:03:43 2.1 Imperial era (1703–1917)
00:12:53 2.2 Revolution and Soviet era (1917–1941)
00:16:51 2.3 World War II (1941–1945)
00:18:42 2.4 Post-war Soviet era (1945–1991)
00:21:29 2.5 Contemporary era (1991–present)
00:25:32 3 Geography
00:29:05 3.1 Climate
00:31:12 3.2 Toponymy
00:35:43 4 Demographics
00:39:59 4.1 Religion
00:40:17 5 Government
00:43:07 6 Economy
00:49:37 7 Cityscape
00:58:06 8 Tourism
01:02:05 9 Dramatic Theatre
01:02:30 10 Media and communications
01:03:04 11 Culture
01:03:13 11.1 Museums
01:05:30 11.2 Music
01:11:14 11.3 Film
01:13:19 11.4 Literature
01:15:54 12 Education
01:16:56 13 Sports
01:20:57 13.1 2018 FIFA World Cup
01:21:30 14 Infrastructure
01:21:39 14.1 Transportation
01:22:37 14.1.1 Roads and public transport
01:25:12 14.2 Saint Petersburg public transportation statistics
01:26:06 14.2.1 Waterways
01:27:15 14.2.2 Rail
01:29:32 14.2.3 Air
01:31:02 14.3 Parks
01:33:13 15 Famous people
01:33:51 16 Crime
01:37:12 17 Twin towns and sister cities
01:37:44 18 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
Listen on Google Assistant through Extra Audio:
Other Wikipedia audio articles at:
Upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
Speaking Rate: 0.8733509262978975
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-D
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Saint Petersburg (Russian: Санкт-Петербу́рг, tr. Sankt-Peterburg, IPA: [ˈsankt pʲɪtʲɪrˈburk] (listen)) is Russia's second-largest city after Moscow, with 5 million inhabitants in 2012, part of the Saint Petersburg agglomeration with a population of 6.2 million (2015). An important Russian port on the Baltic Sea, it has a status of a federal subject (a federal city).
Situated on the Neva River, at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea, it was founded by Tsar Peter the Great on 27 May [O.S. 16 May] 1703. During the periods 1713–1728 and 1732–1918, Saint Petersburg was the capital of Imperial Russia. In 1918, the central government bodies moved to Moscow, which is about 625 km (388 miles) to the south-east.
Saint Petersburg is often considered Russia's cultural capital. The Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments constitute a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Saint Petersburg is home to the Hermitage, one of the largest art museums in the world. Many foreign consulates, international corporations, banks and businesses have offices in Saint Petersburg.
Auschwitz | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Auschwitz
00:02:57 1 History
00:03:06 1.1 Background
00:05:55 1.2 Auschwitz I
00:09:29 1.3 Auschwitz II-Birkenau
00:12:51 1.3.1 Family camps
00:15:10 1.4 Auschwitz III
00:18:30 1.5 Subcamps
00:20:06 1.6 Evacuation and death marches
00:22:31 1.7 Liberation
00:26:21 1.8 Trials of war criminals
00:28:22 2 Command and control
00:31:47 3 Life in the camps
00:38:20 4 Selection and extermination process
00:44:29 4.1 Medical experiments
00:46:30 4.2 Death toll
00:49:57 5 Escapes, resistance, and the Allies' knowledge of the camps
00:54:51 5.1 Individual escape attempts
00:56:29 5.2 iSonderkommando/i revolt
00:57:51 6 Legacy
01:00:02 6.1 Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum
01:03:04 7 See also
01:03:13 8 Notes
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Auschwitz concentration camp was a network of concentration and extermination camps built and operated by Nazi Germany in occupied Poland during World War II. It consisted of Auschwitz I (the original concentration camp), Auschwitz II–Birkenau (a combined concentration/extermination camp), Auschwitz III–Monowitz (a labor camp to staff an IG Farben factory), and 45 satellite camps.
Auschwitz I was first constructed to hold Polish political prisoners, who began to arrive in May 1940. The first extermination of prisoners took place in September 1941. Auschwitz II–Birkenau went on to become a major site of the Nazis' Final Solution to the Jewish Question during the Holocaust. From early 1942 until late 1944, transport trains delivered Jews to the camp's gas chambers from all over German-occupied Europe, where they were killed en masse with the cyanide-based poison Zyklon B, originally developed to be used as a pesticide. An estimated 1.3 million people were sent to the camp, of whom at least 1.1 million died. Around 90 percent of those were Jews; approximately one in six Jews killed in the Holocaust died at the camp. Others deported to Auschwitz included 150,000 Poles, 23,000 Romani and Sinti, 15,000 Soviet prisoners of war, 400 Jehovah's Witnesses, and tens of thousands of others of diverse nationalities, including an unknown number of homosexuals. Many of those not killed in the gas chambers died of starvation, forced labor, infectious diseases, individual executions, and medical experiments.
In the course of the war, the camp was staffed by 7,000 members of the German Schutzstaffel (SS), approximately 12 percent of whom were later convicted of war crimes. Some, including camp commandant Rudolf Höss, were executed. The Allied Powers did not act on early reports of atrocities at the camp, and their failure to bomb the camp or its railways remains controversial. At least 802 prisoners attempted to escape from Auschwitz, 144 successfully, and on 7 October 1944 two Sonderkommando units, consisting of prisoners assigned to staff the gas chambers, launched a brief, unsuccessful uprising.
As Soviet troops approached Auschwitz in January 1945, most of its population was sent west on a death march. The prisoners remaining at the camp were liberated on 27 January 1945, a day now commemorated as International Holocaust Remembrance Day. In the following decades, survivors such as Primo Levi, Viktor Frankl, and Elie Wiesel wrote memoirs of their experiences in Auschwitz, and the camp became a dominant symbol of the Holocaust. In 1947 Poland founded the Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum on the site of Auschwitz I and II, and in 1979 it was named a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.
Vladimir Lenin | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Vladimir Lenin
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
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Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (22 April 1870 – 21 January 1924), better known by the alias Lenin, was a Russian communist revolutionary, politician, and political theorist. He served as head of government of Soviet Russia from 1917 to 1924 and of the Soviet Union from 1922 to 1924. Under his administration, Russia and then the wider Soviet Union became a one-party communist state governed by the Russian Communist Party. Ideologically a Marxist, he developed political theories known as Leninism.
Born to a wealthy middle-class family in Simbirsk, Lenin embraced revolutionary socialist politics following his brother's 1887 execution. Expelled from Kazan Imperial University for participating in protests against the Russian Empire's Tsarist government, he devoted the following years to a law degree. He moved to Saint Petersburg in 1893 and became a senior Marxist activist. In 1897, he was arrested for sedition and exiled to Shushenskoye for three years, where he married Nadezhda Krupskaya. After his exile, he moved to Western Europe, where he became a prominent theorist in the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP). In 1903, he took a key role in a RSDLP ideological split, leading the Bolshevik faction against Julius Martov's Mensheviks. Encouraging insurrection during Russia's failed Revolution of 1905, he later campaigned for the First World War to be transformed into a Europe-wide proletarian revolution, which as a Marxist he believed would cause the overthrow of capitalism and its replacement with socialism. After the 1917 February Revolution ousted the Tsar and established a Provisional Government, he returned to Russia to play a leading role in the October Revolution, in which the Bolsheviks overthrew the new regime.
Lenin's Bolshevik government initially shared power with the Left Socialist Revolutionaries, elected soviets, and a multi-party Constituent Assembly, although by 1918 it had centralised power in the new Communist Party. Lenin's administration redistributed land among the peasantry and nationalised banks and large-scale industry. It withdrew from the First World War by signing a treaty with the Central Powers and promoted world revolution through the Communist International. Opponents were suppressed in the Red Terror, a violent campaign administered by the state security services; tens of thousands were killed or interned in concentration camps. His administration defeated right and left-wing anti-Bolshevik armies in the Russian Civil War from 1917 to 1922 and oversaw the Polish–Soviet War of 1919–1921. Responding to wartime devastation, famine, and popular uprisings, in 1921 Lenin encouraged economic growth through the market-oriented New Economic Policy. Several non-Russian nations secured independence after 1917, but three re-united with Russia through the formation of the Soviet Union in 1922. In increasingly poor health, Lenin died at his dacha in Gorki, with Joseph Stalin succeeding him as the pre-eminent figure in the Soviet government.
Widely considered one of the most significant and influential figures of the 20th century, Lenin was the posthumous subject of a pervasive personality cult within the Soviet Union until its dissolution in 1991. He became an ideological figurehead behind Marxism–Leninism and thus a prominent influence over the international communist movement. A controversial and highly divisive individual, Lenin is viewed by supporters as a champion of socialism and the working class, while critics on both the left and right emphasize his role as founder and leader of an authoritarian regime responsible for political repression and mass killings.