Kotor Old Town - Montenegro, HD Video Tour
Old Medieval Town of Kotor - Montenegro, Short HD Video Tour - October 2013.
Kotor Stari Grad - Crna Gora.
Enjoy...
Kotor, first mentioned in 168 BC, was settled during Ancient Roman times, when it was known as Acruvium. Kotor has been fortified since the early Middle Ages, when Emperor Justinian built a fortress above Acruvium in 535, after expelling the Ostrogoths. Today's Old City of Kotor is a well preserved medieval town, built between the 12th and 14th century. Medieval architecture and numerous monuments of cultural heritage have made Kotor an UNESCO listed World Natural and Historical Heritage Site. Through the entire city the buildings are criss-crossed with narrow streets and squares.
Cathedral of Saint Tryphon (Sveti Tripun) is a monument of Roman culture and one of the most recognizable symbols of the city. The Church of Saint Luke (Sveti Luka) from the 13th century, Church of Saint Ana (Sveta Ana) from the 12th century, Church of Saint Mary (Sveta Marija) from the 13th century, Church of the Healing Mother of God (Gospe od Zdravlja) from the 15th century, the Prince's Palace from the 17th century and the Napoleon's Theatre from the 19th century are all treasures that are part of the rich heritage of Kotor.
Kotor Montenegro????????Kotor’s Castle Of San Giovanni - City walls to St John’s Fortress - Sveti Ivan's
Kotor’s Castle Of San Giovanni - City walls to St John’s Fortress - Sveti Ivan's
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The fortifications of Kotor are an integrated historical fortification system that protected the medieval town of Kotor (then called Cattaro la veneziana) containing ramparts, towers, citadels, gates, bastions, forts, cisterns, a castle, and ancillary buildings and structures. They incorporate military architecture mainly of Venice, but also a few of Illyria, Byzantium, and Austria. Together with the old town and its natural surroundings the fortifications were inscribed in the list of World Heritage Sites in 1979 labelled Natural and Culturo-Historical Region of Kotor and represent the only such site of cultural significance in Montenegro.
The fortified city of Kotor was also included in UNESCO's World Heritage Site list as part of Venetian Works of Defence between 15th and 17th centuries: Stato da Terra – western Stato da Mar in 2017.
History
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The top of the mountain of St.John was already fortified during Illyrian times. In the 6th century the emperor Justinian I reconstructed the fortress. With the retreat of the Byzantines, eventually and in spite of numerous incursions some independence was attained, however this had no lasting effects upon the fortifications. This changed when in 1420 the then independent Republic of Cattaro (one of the neolatin Dalmatian city-states) succumbed to Venetian rule.
As part of Albania Veneta the fortifications received their current structure. During this time there were two successful Ottoman sieges followed by occupations, 1538 – 1571 and 1657 – 1699. In 1797 the fortifications passed to the Habsburg Monarchy with the Treaty of Campo Formio. In 1805, Kotor (then named Cattaro) was assigned to the French Empire's client state, the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy by the Treaty of Pressburg, but initially occupied by Russian troops under Dmitry Senyavin until they left after the Treaty of Tilsit in 1807. Three years later it was incorporated into the French Empire's Illyrian Provinces. The fortifications of the city were attacked by the British naval Captain William Hoste with his ship HMS Bacchante (38 guns). In an unmilitary manner he hauled his ships' cannon to positions above the fort using block and tackle and started the shelling. After a ten-day siege, the French garrison had no alternative and surrendered on January 5, 1814.
With the Congress of Vienna Kotor was returned to the Austrian Empire. After their defeat in World War I the Austrians left and the fortress was no longer manned. During World War II Kotor was occupied by the Axis forces and was part of Italy's Governorate of Dalmatia. German troops occupied the city in September 1943: it was liberated on November 21, 1944, a date commemorated over the Sea Gate.
Severe earthquakes that damaged the fortifications occurred in 1563, 1667, and most recently, on April 15, 1979.
Description
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The castle St. John (San Giovanni) and the western hillside wall.
The medieval part of the town of Kotor is located on a triangular piece of land that is bordered by the most inner extension of the Bay of Kotor at its south-western side, the river Skurda toward the North, and the mountain of St. John (San Giovanni) towards the East. City walls protect the city on its northern and south-western side, towards the waters. The walls are fortified by bastions, most prominent being the Kampana tower and citadel (13th to 14th century) near the point where the river enters the bay. Close to it is the Sea Gate (also Main Gate) from 1555 allowing access from the bay, the two other gates to the city are the River Gate (also North Gate) from 1540 with the nearby Bembo Bastion from 1540 and the Gurdic Gate (also South Gate), the latter modified many times and fortified by the Gurdic Bastion from 1470. The Bembo Bastion has been converted into an open theatre. Two additional gates were present, one walled up south of the Sea Gate, the other, Spiljarskia Gate, within the ramparts of the hillside towards the old road to Cetinje.
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#Kotor #Montenegro - #Kotor’s #Castle Of #San #Giovanni - #City #walls to #St #John’s #Fortress - #Sveti #Ivan's
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Kotor and the Bay of Kotor - Montenegro, HD Video Tour
Town of Kotor and the Bay of Kotor - Montenegro, Short HD Video Tour - October 2013.
Kotorski Zaliv i Kotor Stari Grad - Crna Gora.
Enjoy...
Kotor, first mentioned in 168 BC, was settled during Ancient Roman times, when it was known as Acruvium. Kotor has been fortified since the early Middle Ages, when Emperor Justinian built a fortress above Acruvium in 535, after expelling the Ostrogoths. Today's Old City of Kotor is a well preserved medieval town, built between the 12th and 14th century. Medieval architecture and numerous monuments of cultural heritage have made Kotor an UNESCO listed World Natural and Historical Heritage Site. Through the entire city the buildings are criss-crossed with narrow streets and squares.
Cathedral of Saint Tryphon (Sveti Tripun) is a monument of Roman culture and one of the most recognizable symbols of the city. The Church of Saint Luke (Sveti Luka) from the 13th century, Church of Saint Ana (Sveta Ana) from the 12th century, Church of Saint Mary (Sveta Marija) from the 13th century, Church of the Healing Mother of God (Gospe od Zdravlja) from the 15th century, the Prince's Palace from the 17th century and the Napoleon's Theatre from the 19th century are all treasures that are part of the rich heritage of Kotor.
Medieval City of Kotor - UNESCO City of Traders and Famous Sailors, Montenegro
Located along one of Montenegro's most beautiful bays is Kotor, a city of traders and famous sailors, with many stories to tell. The Old City of Kotor is a well preserved urbanization typical of the middle Ages, built between the 12th and 14th century. Medieval architecture and numerous monuments of cultural heritage have made Kotor a UNESCO World Natural and Historical Heritage Site. Through the entire city the buildings are criss-crossed with narrow streets and squares. One of these squares contains the Cathedral of Saint Tryphon (Sveti Tripun), a monument of Roman culture and one of the most recognizable symbols of the city. The Church of Saint Luke (Sveti Luka) from the 13th century, Church of Saint Ana (Sveta Ana) from the 12th century, Church of Saint Mary (Sveta Marija) from the 13th century, Church of the Healing Mother of God (Gospe od Zdravlja) from the 15th century, the Prince's Palace from the 17th century and the Napoleon's Theatre from the 19th century are all treasures that are part of the rich heritage of Kotor. Carnivals and festivals are organized each year to give additional charm to this most beautiful city of the Montenegrin littoral.
Bay of Kotor in Kotor Municipality, Montenegro
Bay of Kotor in Kotor Municipality, Montenegro
For many years, Kotor has been attracting numbers of tourists from all over the world and for a reason. Over 2000 years old, with its Venetian palaces, churches, museums and squares, it is truly a fortification masterpiece.
Located in a surreal and unique atmosphere of Boka Bay, trapped in time, Kotor will tell you about the ancient legends and some amazing stories. Surrounded by dark mountains, the city is remarkably, stunningly beautiful and Kotor’s Old Town is a maze of cobblestone streets.
Too see it for yourself, we suggest you start packing your things, and do not forget your camera.
We guarantee that you will be impressed with Kotor and the entire Boka Kotorska Bay.
Located along one of the world’s most beautiful bays is Kotor, a city of traders and famous sailors, with many stories to tell.
The Old City of Kotor is a well preserved urbanization typical of the middle Ages, built between the 12th and 14th century. Medieval architecture and numerous monuments of cultural heritage have made Kotor land on the UNESCO’s World Natural and Historical Heritage Site list.
Through the entire city the buildings are intersected by narrow streets and squares. Cathedral of Saint Tryphon (Sveti Tripun) is at the center of one of these squares, and it’s a monument of Roman culture and one of the most recognizable symbols of the city.
The Church of Saint Luke (Sveti Luka) from the 13th century, Church of Saint Ana (Sveta Ana) from the 12th century, Church of Saint Mary (Sveta Marija) from the 13th century, Church of the Healing Mother of God (Gospe od Zdravlja) from the 15th century, the Prince’s Palace from the 17th century and the Napoleon’s Theatre from the 19th century are all treasures that are part of the rich heritage of Kotor. Carnivals and festivals are organized each year to give additional charm to this most beautiful city of the Montenegrin littoral.
The History of Kotor
Even though we are in the 21st century, the science still, unfortunately hasn’t established when the first lodgment in Kotor was founded. Historical resources, as the earliest period, which is connected to Kotor, mention the antique period. According to some other data, Kotor is 2 millenniums old, and its name stems from the word DEKATERA (from the old Greece KATAREO – meaning HOT). The written sources mention the “Upper town”, which referred to the oldest part of the lodgment on the top of the hill Sveti Ivan (St. Ivan) (above Kotor), and the “Lower town”, present Kotor.
The rich history of Kotor, is parallel to the rich culture of the town with which many conquerors ruled: the Illyrians, the Venetians, the Austrians, the French…
First the town was ruled by the Illyrians (III and II century B.C.). On the other hand the Romans are considered to be the founders of Kotor 168 B.C. – 476 A.D. Kotor was under their reign until the break of Roman Empire in 476 A.D. After the Romans, until the year 1185 Kotor was under the reign of Byzantium. Instead of Akruvijum, as Kotor was initially named, under the Byzantium reign Kotor is named DEKADERON.
The period from 1185 – 1371 Kotor remains one of the coastal towns which are a part of the Medieval Serbian state, under the management of dynasty Nemanjic. The dynasty Nemanjic, names the town Kotor, and they make Kotor a seaport, through which they have maintained connections with the west. During the reign of the Serbian dynasty Nemanjic, Kotor experiences a significant economical as well as cultural boon.
After Nemanjic dynasty, Kotor is being taken over by the Hungarians. The Hungarian King Ludvik, rules Kotor from 1371 to 1384. After that, Kotor is being governed by Bosnian King Tvrtko I (1384 – 1391).
The period from 1391 to 1420 Kotor is being an independent Republic. Because of the danger of the conquering the town by the Turks, in 1420 people from Kotor voluntarily, and with accordance with the decision of the Big council of Kotor, give the management of the town to the Venetian Republic. Until 1797 Kotor was under reign of Venice. Considering the fact that at that time Kotor was a battle field, the period until 1797 is thought to be the most dramatic and the hardest in the history of Kotor.
From 1797 to 1805 Kotor is a part of the Austrian empire. In 1806 year Russians come to Kotor. They governed the town only for a year – until 1807.
The French soon menace Kotor. As the Russian army was defeated by the French, in the battle near Fridland, Russian with a secret contract give Kotor to France, which rules over Kotor from 1807 until 1813.
Montenegrin ruler Petar I Petrovic helps people from Kotor in September of 1813. At that time Montenegrins and people from Boka (the other name for people from Kotor) fight together against the French Monarchy. So at that time there comes to certain unison of Boka and former Montenegro.
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Lustica Renovated Olive Mill with 7 bedrooms and Pool
During the 17th century, when the Venezians expelled the Turks from the area, they built fortified cities like Dubrovnik, Kotor, Perast and Budva along the cost to stabilize their rule, however, they needed supplies of agricultural products and a supportive local population. So, they invited Serbians to come and build villages and start farming in the surrounding areas. It is therefore possible to know in which period the stone buildings of these villages were constructed, of which Mitrovici is a typical example. Historical records display that Villa Storla was probably constructed as a farmhouse in the mid 17th century; most likely around 1645 a.d. Its basic structures have remained unchanged since. Two families used to live in each part of the house. The first floor was for living, and the ground floor was for milling olives and storing agricultural products. The upper annex was used for cooking, the lower was a stable for horses and a cow stall. The little room below the annex veranda was probably for pigs. The loft floor was the only floor that was added by us, but we have used hand carved original stones from the 17th century to keep the style intact.
The area had no roadways until the 1970's. The donkey track going down to the sea was the only access. It was reconstructed after Venezia was conquered by Napoleon, and the Habsburgers took over around 1815 (The Austrian-Hungarian double Monarchy). It became an engineering masterpiece, which was kept both for the convenience of having access to the sea, and for its historical significance and beauty. After the second world war, Tito and his communist Yugoslavia wanted to develop the new state into an industrial power and wanted people to leave the old fashion lifestyle. On Lustica it was typically a combination of keeping olive trees and goats, which kept down the vegetation. In addition, they had small parcels, where they grew different agricultural products, basically for themselves. It was a very hard life, a struggle to survive, and in Mitrovici most of the men had to work outside the village, e.g. in construction work, as seamen or day labourers. After the war, the village still had more than 100 inhabitants, living closely together in a tight community. They shared everything and supported each other. In the evenings Villa Storla was often the place where the villagers met. They played folk music, song and danced and told the history of the proud Montenegrin nation. But Tito declared the goat a public enemy and urged the villagers to move into the cities. Villa Storla was abandoned as a family house in 1961. But it was still used as a leisure place until the big earth quake in 1979. Then the roofs were seriously damaged, but the rest of the buildings stood firm. When the present owners took over in 2005, only the stone walls were usable and they have spent substantial amounts of time, piety and means to reconstruct it in a historically correct way, to take it as close back to the original atmosphere as possible. Their architect, Mr Jovica Rasovic is a specialist on historical buildings, and has done a splendid job to combine an authentic historical restoration with modern facilities and comfort. It has now a distinct Mediterranean style.
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If you would like to find out more about our property for sale in the Tivat Bay, Kotor Bay, Herceg Novi and Lustica Peninsula areas, please contact us today:
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4K City Walks: Borough Market to Trafalgar - Virtual Walk Walking Treadmill Video
In 4K City Walks: Borough Market to Trafalgar - Virtual Walk Walking Treadmill Video we start at Borough Market and make our way over to Trafalgar square via Shakespeare’s Globe Theater ( 10:00 ) and the Swan, then past the Tate Modern Art Museum (12:32) and over the Millennium Bridge ( 13:12 ). We then go past St Paul’s Cathedral (19:00) and the near by City of London Information Kiosk (20:00) along Fleet Street (22:00) past the Royal Courts of Justice (31:21) Which I mistake for the Old Bank of England and onto the Strand. We pass the Savoy Theater at 42:00 and Leicester Square at 49:30, a quick dip into China Town at 52:00, Piccadilly Circus at 56:00, and finally past the Canadian Embassy (1:01:00)and into Trafalgar Square at 1:02:00 where we will see the Nelson Monument, Lion Statues, National Gallery, and St Martens in the Fields.
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Wikipedia
Fleet Street is a major street mostly in the City of London. It runs west to east from Temple Bar at the boundary with the City of Westminster to Ludgate Circus at the site of the London Wall and the River Fleet from which the street was named.
The term Fleet Street remains a metonym for the British national press, and pubs on the street once frequented by journalists remain popular.
Trafalgar Square is a public square in the City of Westminster, Central London, built around the area formerly known as Charing Cross. Its name commemorates the Battle of Trafalgar, a British naval victory in the Napoleonic Wars over France and Spain that took place on 21 October 1805 off the coast of Cape Trafalgar.
The site of Trafalgar Square had been a significant landmark since the 13th century and originally contained the King's Mews. After George IV moved the mews to Buckingham Palace, the area was redeveloped by John Nash, but progress was slow after his death, and the square did not open until 1844. The 169-foot Nelson's Column at its centre is guarded by four lion statues. A number of commemorative statues and sculptures occupy the square, but the Fourth Plinth, left empty since 1840, has been host to contemporary art since 1999.
The square has been used for community gatherings and political demonstrations, including Bloody Sunday in 1887, the culmination of the first Aldermaston March, anti-war protests, and campaigns against climate change. A Christmas tree has been donated to the square by Norway since 1947 and is erected for twelve days before and after Christmas Day. The square is a centre of annual celebrations on New Year's Eve.
Piccadilly Circus is a road junction and public space of London's West End in the City of Westminster. It was built in 1819 to connect Regent Street with Piccadilly. In this context, a circus, from the Latin word meaning circle, is a round open space at a street junction.
Piccadilly now links directly to the theatres on Shaftesbury Avenue, as well as the Haymarket, Coventry Street (onwards to Leicester Square) and Glasshouse Street. The Circus is close to major shopping and entertainment areas in the West End. Its status as a major traffic junction has made Piccadilly Circus a busy meeting place and a tourist attraction in its own right. The Circus is particularly known for its video display and neon signs mounted on the corner building on the northern side, as well as the Shaftesbury Memorial Fountain and statue, which is popularly, though mistakenly, believed to be of Eros. It is surrounded by several notable buildings, including the London Pavilion and Criterion Theatre. Directly underneath the plaza is Piccadilly Circus Underground station, part of the London Underground system.
Virtual treadmill walk video - #virtualtreadmill #virtualwalk #citywalks
These videos are great for treadmill walking scenery. Getting good health at the gym while traveling to different and special virtual locations.
We provide Treadmill scenery youtube.
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Rhapsody of the Seas
Superbe, élégant, avec une décoration moderne et colorée, le Rhapsody of the Seas dispose de tout le confort imaginable pour se détendre et profiter d'une aventure extraordinaire avec Royal Caribbean.
Plus de 700 membres d'équipage sont là pour vous offrir un service 5 étoiles digne d'un véritable hôtel de luxe.
Découvrez la gastronomie de Royal Caribbean. Le Rhapsody of the Seas dispose de 11 restaurants où vous pourrez déguster les merveilleuses créations des chefs internationaux. Il dispose également de 2 piscines et 6 jacuzzis, un solarium, un mur d'escalade, une piste de jogging, une salle de gym avec des cours de yoga, d'aérobic et de kickboxing. Côté détente, un Spa avec sauna, bain turc et une grande variété de traitements du visage et du corps est mis à votre disposition. De plus, une salle de jeux vidéo, une zone pour les enfants et les adolescents où sont proposées des activités quotidiennes en fonction de leurs âges, un théâtre de 3 étages avec des grands spectacles venu directement de Broadway, un casino de plus de 580 mètres carrés.
Le Rhapsody of the Seas fait de vos vacances un rêve!
Découvrez-le avec nous sur StarCroisieres.com
Adriatic Sea | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Adriatic Sea
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
You can upload your own Wikipedia articles through:
The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The Adriatic Sea is a body of water separating the Italian Peninsula from the Balkan peninsula. The Adriatic is the northernmost arm of the Mediterranean Sea, extending from the Strait of Otranto (where it connects to the Ionian Sea) to the northwest and the Po Valley. The countries with coasts on the Adriatic are Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Italy, Montenegro and Slovenia. The Adriatic contains over 1,300 islands, mostly located along its eastern, Croatian coast. It is divided into three basins, the northern being the shallowest and the southern being the deepest, with a maximum depth of 1,233 metres (4,045 ft). The Otranto Sill, an underwater ridge, is located at the border between the Adriatic and Ionian Seas. The prevailing currents flow counterclockwise from the Strait of Otranto, along the eastern coast and back to the strait along the western (Italian) coast. Tidal movements in the Adriatic are slight, although larger amplitudes are known to occur occasionally. The Adriatic's salinity is lower than the Mediterranean's because the Adriatic collects a third of the fresh water flowing into the Mediterranean, acting as a dilution basin. The surface water temperatures generally range from 30 °C (86 °F) in summer to 12 °C (54 °F) in winter, significantly moderating the Adriatic Basin's climate.
The Adriatic Sea sits on the Apulian or Adriatic Microplate, which separated from the African Plate in the Mesozoic era. The plate's movement contributed to the formation of the surrounding mountain chains and Apennine tectonic uplift after its collision with the Eurasian plate. In the Late Oligocene, the Apennine Peninsula first formed, separating the Adriatic Basin from the rest of the Mediterranean. All types of sediment are found in the Adriatic, with the bulk of the material transported by the Po and other rivers on the western coast. The western coast is alluvial or terraced, while the eastern coast is highly indented with pronounced karstification. There are dozens of marine protected areas in the Adriatic, designed to protect the sea's karst habitats and biodiversity. The sea is abundant in flora and fauna—more than 7,000 species are identified as native to the Adriatic, many of them endemic, rare and threatened ones.
The Adriatic's shores are populated by more than 3.5 million people; the largest cities are Bari, Venice, Trieste and Split. The earliest settlements on the Adriatic shores were Etruscan, Illyrian, and Greek. By the 2nd century BC, the shores were under Rome's control. In the Middle Ages, the Adriatic shores and the sea itself were controlled, to a varying extent, by a series of states—most notably the Byzantine Empire, the Croatian Kingdom, the Republic of Venice, the Habsburg Monarchy and the Ottoman Empire. The Napoleonic Wars resulted in the First French Empire gaining coastal control and the British effort to counter the French in the area, ultimately securing most of the eastern Adriatic shore and the Po Valley for Austria. Following Italian unification, the Kingdom of Italy started an eastward expansion that lasted until the 20th century. Following World War I and the collapse of Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire, the eastern coast's control passed to Yugoslavia and Albania. The former disintegrated during the 1990s, resulting in four new states on the Adriatic coast. Italy and Yugoslavia agreed on their maritime boundaries by 1975 and this boundary is recognised by Yugoslavia's successor states, but the maritime boundaries between Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian-Herzegovinian, and Montenegrin waters are still disputed. Italy and Albania agreed on their maritime boundary in 1992.
Fisheries and tourism are significant sources of income all along the Adriatic coast. Adriatic Croatia's tourism industry has grown faster economically than the rest of the Adriatic Basin's. Maritime transport is also a significant branch of the are ...
Adriatic Sea | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Adriatic Sea
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written
language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through
audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio
while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using
a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
You can find other Wikipedia audio articles too at:
In case you don't find one that you were looking for, put a comment.
This video uses Google TTS en-US-Standard-D voice.
SUMMARY
=======
The Adriatic Sea is a body of water separating the Italian Peninsula from the Balkan peninsula. The Adriatic is the northernmost arm of the Mediterranean Sea, extending from the Strait of Otranto (where it connects to the Ionian Sea) to the northwest and the Po Valley. The countries with coasts on the Adriatic are Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Italy, Montenegro and Slovenia. The Adriatic contains over 1,300 islands, mostly located along its eastern, Croatian coast. It is divided into three basins, the northern being the shallowest and the southern being the deepest, with a maximum depth of 1,233 metres (4,045 ft). The Otranto Sill, an underwater ridge, is located at the border between the Adriatic and Ionian Seas. The prevailing currents flow counterclockwise from the Strait of Otranto, along the eastern coast and back to the strait along the western (Italian) coast. Tidal movements in the Adriatic are slight, although larger amplitudes are known to occur occasionally. The Adriatic's salinity is lower than the Mediterranean's because the Adriatic collects a third of the fresh water flowing into the Mediterranean, acting as a dilution basin. The surface water temperatures generally range from 30 °C (86 °F) in summer to 12 °C (54 °F) in winter, significantly moderating the Adriatic Basin's climate.
The Adriatic Sea sits on the Apulian or Adriatic Microplate, which separated from the African Plate in the Mesozoic era. The plate's movement contributed to the formation of the surrounding mountain chains and Apennine tectonic uplift after its collision with the Eurasian plate. In the Late Oligocene, the Apennine Peninsula first formed, separating the Adriatic Basin from the rest of the Mediterranean. All types of sediment are found in the Adriatic, with the bulk of the material transported by the Po and other rivers on the western coast. The western coast is alluvial or terraced, while the eastern coast is highly indented with pronounced karstification. There are dozens of marine protected areas in the Adriatic, designed to protect the sea's karst habitats and biodiversity. The sea is abundant in flora and fauna—more than 7,000 species are identified as native to the Adriatic, many of them endemic, rare and threatened ones.
The Adriatic's shores are populated by more than 3.5 million people; the largest cities are Bari, Venice, Trieste and Split. The earliest settlements on the Adriatic shores were Etruscan, Illyrian, and Greek. By the 2nd century BC, the shores were under Rome's control. In the Middle Ages, the Adriatic shores and the sea itself were controlled, to a varying extent, by a series of states—most notably the Byzantine Empire, the Croatian Kingdom, the Republic of Venice, the Habsburg Monarchy and the Ottoman Empire. The Napoleonic Wars resulted in the First French Empire gaining coastal control and the British effort to counter the French in the area, ultimately securing most of the eastern Adriatic shore and the Po Valley for Austria. Following Italian unification, the Kingdom of Italy started an eastward expansion that lasted until the 20th century. Following World War I and the collapse of Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire, the eastern coast's control passed to Yugoslavia and Albania. The former disintegrated during the 1990s, resulting in four new states on the Adriatic coast. Italy and Yugoslavia agreed on their maritime boundaries by 1975 and this boundary is recognised by Yugoslavia's successor states, but the maritime boundaries between Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian-Herzegovinian, and Montenegrin waters are still disputed. Italy and Albania agreed on their maritime boundary in 1992.
Fisheries and tourism are significant sources of income all along the Adriatic coast. Adriatic Croatia's tourism industry has grown faster economically than the rest of the Adriatic Basin's. Maritime transport is also a significant branch of the area's economy—there are 19 seaports in the Adriat ...
The Great Gildersleeve: Iron Reindeer / Christmas Gift for McGee / Leroy's Big Dog
The Great Gildersleeve (1941--1957), initially written by Leonard Lewis Levinson, was one of broadcast history's earliest spin-off programs. Built around Throckmorton Philharmonic Gildersleeve, a character who had been a staple on the classic radio situation comedy Fibber McGee and Molly, first introduced on Oct. 3, 1939, ep. #216. The Great Gildersleeve enjoyed its greatest success in the 1940s. Actor Harold Peary played the character during its transition from the parent show into the spin-off and later in a quartet of feature films released at the height of the show's popularity.
On Fibber McGee and Molly, Peary's Gildersleeve was a pompous windbag who became a consistent McGee nemesis. You're a haa-aa-aa-aard man, McGee! became a Gildersleeve catchphrase. The character was given several conflicting first names on Fibber McGee and Molly, and on one episode his middle name was revealed as Philharmonic. Gildy admits as much at the end of Gildersleeve's Diary on the Fibber McGee and Molly series (Oct. 22, 1940).
Premiering on August 31, 1941, The Great Gildersleeve moved the title character from the McGees' Wistful Vista to Summerfield, where Gildersleeve now oversaw his late brother-in-law's estate and took on the rearing of his orphaned niece and nephew, Marjorie (originally played by Lurene Tuttle and followed by Louise Erickson and Mary Lee Robb) and Leroy Forester (Walter Tetley). The household also included a cook named Birdie. Curiously, while Gildersleeve had occasionally spoken of his (never-present) wife in some Fibber episodes, in his own series the character was a confirmed bachelor.
In a striking forerunner to such later television hits as Bachelor Father and Family Affair, both of which are centered on well-to-do uncles taking in their deceased siblings' children, Gildersleeve was a bachelor raising two children while, at first, administering a girdle manufacturing company (If you want a better corset, of course, it's a Gildersleeve) and then for the bulk of the show's run, serving as Summerfield's water commissioner, between time with the ladies and nights with the boys. The Great Gildersleeve may have been the first broadcast show to be centered on a single parent balancing child-rearing, work, and a social life, done with taste and genuine wit, often at the expense of Gildersleeve's now slightly understated pomposity.
Many of the original episodes were co-written by John Whedon, father of Tom Whedon (who wrote The Golden Girls), and grandfather of Deadwood scripter Zack Whedon and Joss Whedon (creator of Buffy the Vampire Slayer, Firefly and Dr. Horrible's Sing-Along Blog).
The key to the show was Peary, whose booming voice and facility with moans, groans, laughs, shudders and inflection was as close to body language and facial suggestion as a voice could get. Peary was so effective, and Gildersleeve became so familiar a character, that he was referenced and satirized periodically in other comedies and in a few cartoons.