Places to see in ( Galicia - Spain ) Casa de las Ciencias
Places to see in ( Galicia - Spain ) Casa de las Ciencias
The House of Sciences or Casaciencias is a cultural museum of scientific character located in the Park of Santa Margarita of the city of La Coruña ( Galicia , Spain ). It was created in 1983 by plenary agreement of the city council proposed by the Mayor Francisco Vázquez Vázquez . The content design and museological plan was written by Ramón Núñez Centella, who was its director until 2008. He was also the National Museum of Science and Technology of Spain , MUNCYT Coruña, until his retirement. This museum was inaugurated in 2011 also inLa Coruña , in the cove of Riazor, in the neighborhood of Labañou.
Next to the same were born the House of the Man, or Domus, and the House of the Fish, Aquarium Finisterrae, informative scientific museums where it is prohibited not to touch, to facilitate the interrelation with the visitors. The first president of the Friends of the Scientific Museums Coruñeses, MC2, Manuel Toharia, was inspired by them to create and give content to the Museums of the City of Sciences of Valencia, with which they exchange periodically exhibition modules. The Museum or House of Sciences of La Coruña had the second planetarium existing in Spain, where they can be programmed every night imaginable of all time. These museums have a yearly number of school visits from all over Spain.
Its objective is the dissemination, communication and scientific and technological education of citizens of all ages. Organizes exhibitions, conferences, prizes, courses, projections, editions, and collaborates with the media in scientific diffusion tasks. It also participates in the development and creation of meetings, forums and congresses. Its technical director is Marcos Pérez Maldonado.
The House of Sciences was the first of the three Scientific Museums of Corunna (= mc 2 ) . Although it was created in 1983, the House of Sciences was inaugurated by the kings of Spain on June 1 , 1985 and became the first interactive center of public ownership created in Spain . It is financed exclusively by the municipality of La Coruña .
( Galicia - Spain ) is well know as a tourist destination because of the variety of places you can enjoy while you are visiting Galicia . Through a series of videos we will try to show you recommended places to visit in Galicia - Spain
Join us for more :
Robot singing The sound of music
Robot singing The sound of music at MUNCYT (National Museum of Science and Technology), A Coruña, Spain.
Robot cantando The sound of music en el MUNCY (Museo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología), A Coruña.
Ronauticabases
Ronautica Marinas-Yachts-Services tiene bases a nivel nacional en A Coruña, Combarro, Baiona, Vigo, TUI, Barcelona y Badalona y a nivel internacional en Qatar (Doha). Para más información sobre nuestros productos y servicios, visitenos en ronautica.com
Cruz y Ortiz: premio y prestigio, Estudio de Arquitectura (2014)
2014. Los arquitectos sevillanos Antonio Cruz Villalón y Antonio Ortiz García en año crucial para estos dos magníficos diseñadores proyectistas: han recibido la Medalla de Oro de la Arquitectura y finalizado, tras catorce años de esfuerzo, la reforma del New Rijksmuseum de Amsterdam, por la que reciben la orden civil más prestigiosa y antigua de Holanda, la de Caballero de la Real Orden del León Neerlandés.
Los arquitectos Cruz y Ortiz destacan descubrir la oportunidad que un encargo tiene escondido y repasan desde su estudio sevillano de Santas Patronas su trayectoria profesional. Se seleccionan obras de su primera etapa con una clara vocación cívica, con la Estación de Santa Justa (1987 - 1991) de Sevilla como obra emblemática, hasta la estación ferroviaria de Basilea (1997), pasando por la etapa de juego de límites ejemplificada en la Biblioteca Pública de Sevilla (1995). El reportaje incluye obra gráfica de los proyectos: The New Rijksmuseum de Ámsterdam (Países Bajos), Edificio central Campus Ciencias de la Salud de Granada, Facultad de Medicina Campus de la Salud de Granada, Campus Universitario de Lugano (Suiza), Biblioteca Infanta Elena de Sevilla, Estación de Santa Justa de Sevilla, Estación de Ferrocarril de Basilea (Suiza), Patio Sevilla de Maastrich (Paises Bajos), Bloques en Java Eiland de Amsterdam (Paises Bajos) y del Estadio de Atletismo de Madrid (nuevo estadio del Atlético de Madrid).
Intervienen: Antonio Cruz Villalón (arquitecto), Antonio Ortiz García (arquitecto).
Informa Pedro Romacho. Reportaje Cruz y Ortiz: premio y prestigio [Programa Ideas al Sur 90, 20 de enero de 2015, Canal Sur Televisión].
2014: 20 de noviembre. El Consejo Superior de Colegios de Arquitectos de España (CSCAE) entrega en Madrid la Medalla de Oro de la Arquitectura 2014 a Antonio Cruz Villalón y Antonio Ortiz García, del estudio Cruz y Ortiz de Sevilla. Los arquitectos sevillanos agradecen el galardón y defienden su sano eclecticismo y su voluntad de independencia.
2018: 3 de octubre. El estudio de Arquitectura Cruz y Ortiz abre sus puertas con motivo de la XVII Semana de la Arquitectura de Sevilla.
Antonio Cruz Villalón (Sevilla, 1948) y Antonio Ortiz (Sevilla, 1947), arquitectos licenciados en la Escuela Técnica Superior de Arquitectura de Madrid en 1971, forman el estudio Cruz y Ortiz con sedes en Sevilla, Madrid y Ámsterdam.
Blog Memoranda: memoranda.canalsur.es
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20/01/2015
Клады, история находок и краткое описание сокровищ
Этот ролик из разряда познавательных, а не строго научных и будет посвящён кладам. Так сказать, для отдыха и разнообразия.
#Клады не только имеют значение в археологии, но и зачастую меняют жизнь нашедших их людей. К тому же не всегда сообщается об обстоятельствах их #находки, а ведь это тоже очень интересно, порой это целые детективные истории. В выпуске я решил рассказать о том, как находят экспонаты, которые красуются на главных полках музеев и являются изюминками выставок. #история #сокровища #золото #археология
Содержание:
#Клад из Вильены 00:43
Клад Петроасы 05:50
Стаффордширский клад 11:19
Шлем из Лейро 14:32
Котёл из Гундеструпа 15:55
Бактрийское золото Тилля-тепе 18:24
Бертувильский клад 21:00
Клад фермы Спиллинг 22:56
Хоксненский клад 26:14
Милденхоллский клад 28:51
Шейные гривны из Стерлинга 29:54
Фрумский клад 31:10
Ньюаркская шейная гривна 32:14
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Enigma machine
An Enigma machine was any of a family of related electro-mechanical rotor cipher machines used in the twentieth century for enciphering and deciphering secret messages. Enigma was invented by the German engineer Arthur Scherbius at the end of World War I. Early models were used commercially from the early 1920s, and adopted by military and government services of several countries—most notably by Nazi Germany before and during World War II. Several different Enigma models were produced, but the German military models are the most commonly discussed.
German military texts enciphered on the Enigma machine were first broken by the Polish Cipher Bureau, beginning in December 1932. This success was a result of efforts by three Polish cryptologists, Marian Rejewski, Jerzy Różycki and Henryk Zygalski, working for Polish military intelligence. Rejewski reverse-engineered the device, using theoretical mathematics and material supplied by French military intelligence. Subsequently the three mathematicians designed mechanical devices for breaking Enigma ciphers, including the cryptologic bomb. From 1938 onwards, additional complexity was repeatedly added to the Enigma machines, making decryption more difficult and necessitating larger numbers of equipment and personnel—more than the Poles could readily produce.
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List of planetariums | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:00:13 1 Permanent planetariums
00:00:37 1.1 Africa
00:01:21 1.2 Asia
00:06:51 1.3 Europe
00:21:00 1.4 North America
00:21:09 1.4.1 Canada
00:22:56 1.4.2 Costa Rica
00:23:08 1.4.3 Mexico
00:25:50 1.4.4 United States
00:40:49 1.5 Oceania
00:41:41 1.6 South America
00:44:17 2 Planetarium computer software
00:45:02 3 Planetarium manufacturers
00:50:40 4 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
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Speaking Rate: 0.9924122717036314
Voice name: en-GB-Wavenet-C
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
This entry is a list of permanent planetariums, including software and manufacturers. In addition, many mobile planetariums exist, touring venues such as schools.
Christchurch
Christchurch (/ˈkraɪstʃɜrtʃ/; Māori: Ōtautahi) is the largest city in the South Island of New Zealand, and the country's third-most populous urban area. It lies one third of the way down the South Island's east coast, just north of Banks Peninsula which itself, since 2006, lies within the formal limits of Christchurch. The population of Christchurch City at the 5 March 2013 census was 341,469.
The city was named by the Canterbury Association, which settled the surrounding province of Canterbury. The name of Christchurch was agreed on at the first meeting of the association on 27 March 1848. It was suggested by John Robert Godley, who had attended Christ Church, Oxford. Some early writers called the town Christ Church, but it was recorded as Christchurch in the minutes of the management committee of the association. Christchurch became a city by Royal Charter on 31 July 1856, making it officially the oldest established city in New Zealand.
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History of flight | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:02:38 1 Primitive beginnings
00:02:47 1.1 Tower jumping
00:04:09 1.2 Kites
00:05:00 1.2.1 Man-carrying kites
00:05:39 1.3 Rotor wings
00:06:04 1.4 Hot air balloons
00:06:58 1.5 The Renaissance
00:08:12 2 Lighter than air
00:08:21 2.1 Beginnings of modern theories
00:09:38 2.2 Balloons
00:12:18 2.3 Airships
00:15:45 3 Heavier than air
00:15:54 3.1 The 17th and 18th centuries
00:18:17 3.2 The 19th century
00:19:12 3.2.1 Sir George Cayley and the first modern aircraft
00:22:29 3.2.2 The age of steam
00:28:34 3.2.3 Learning to glide
00:31:28 3.3 Langley
00:35:17 3.4 Whitehead
00:36:24 3.5 The Wright brothers
00:43:06 4 The Pioneer Era (1903–1914)
00:43:29 4.1 Pioneers in Europe
00:45:47 4.2 Flight as an established technology
00:48:04 4.3 Rotorcraft
00:48:46 4.4 Military use
00:50:16 5 World War I (1914–1918)
00:50:28 5.1 Combat schemes
00:51:55 6 Between the World Wars (1918–1939)
00:59:56 7 World War II (1939–1945)
01:02:03 8 The postwar era (1945–1979)
01:07:17 9 The digital age (1980–present)
01:08:39 10 21st century
01:10:54 11 See also
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
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Speaking Rate: 0.9903961362609242
Voice name: en-AU-Wavenet-A
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
The history of aviation extends for more than two thousand years, from the earliest forms of aviation such as kites and attempts at tower jumping to supersonic and hypersonic flight by powered, heavier-than-air jets.
Kite flying in China dates back to several hundred years BC and slowly spread around the world. It is thought to be the earliest example of man-made flight.
Leonardo da Vinci's 15th-century dream of flight found expression in several rational but unscientific designs, though he did not attempt to construct any of them.
The discovery of hydrogen gas in the 18th century led to the invention of the hydrogen balloon, at almost exactly the same time that the Montgolfier brothers rediscovered the hot-air balloon and began manned flights. Various theories in mechanics by physicists during the same period of time, notably fluid dynamics and Newton's laws of motion, led to the foundation of modern aerodynamics, most notably by Sir George Cayley.
Balloons, both free-flying and tethered, began to be used for military purposes from the end of the 18th century, with the French government establishing Balloon Companies during the Revolution.The term aviation, noun of action from stem of Latin avis bird with suffix -ation meaning action or progress, was coined in 1863 by French pioneer Guillaume Joseph Gabriel de La Landelle (1812–1886) in Aviation ou Navigation aérienne sans ballons.Experiments with gliders provided the groundwork for heavier-than-air craft, and by the early-20th century, advances in engine technology and aerodynamics made controlled, powered flight possible for the first time. The modern aeroplane with its characteristic tail was established by 1909 and from then on the history of the aeroplane became tied to the development of more and more powerful engines.
The first great ships of the air were the rigid dirigible balloons pioneered by Ferdinand von Zeppelin, which soon became synonymous with airships and dominated long-distance flight until the 1930s, when large flying boats became popular. After World War II, the flying boats were in their turn replaced by land planes, and the new and immensely powerful jet engine revolutionised both air travel and military aviation.
In the latter part of the 20th century the advent of digital electronics produced great advances in flight instrumentation and fly-by-wire systems. The 21st century saw the large-scale use of pilotless drones for military, civilian and leisure use. With digital controls, inherently unstable aircraft such as flying wings became possible.
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Elmgreen and Dragset | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:00:32 1 Life and work
00:04:47 1.1 Permanent installations
00:05:05 1.2 Performative works
00:05:35 2 Recognition
00:06:40 3 Solo Exhibitions (selected)
00:14:18 4 Group Exhibitions (selected)
00:20:52 5 Collections
00:22:13 6 Commissions
00:22:51 7 Catalogues
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
- increases imagination and understanding
- improves your listening skills
- improves your own spoken accent
- learn while on the move
- reduce eye strain
Now learn the vast amount of general knowledge available on Wikipedia through audio (audio article). You could even learn subconsciously by playing the audio while you are sleeping! If you are planning to listen a lot, you could try using a bone conduction headphone, or a standard speaker instead of an earphone.
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Speaking Rate: 0.8683560102727583
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-C
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Michael Elmgreen (born 1961; Copenhagen, Denmark) and Ingar Dragset (born 1969; Trondheim, Norway) have worked together as an artist duo since 1995. Their work explores the relationship between art, architecture and design.
Elmgreen & Dragset live and work in Berlin. They are known for art work that has wit and subversive humour, and also addresses social and cultural concerns.
Andalusia | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Andalusia
Listening is a more natural way of learning, when compared to reading. Written language only began at around 3200 BC, but spoken language has existed long ago.
Learning by listening is a great way to:
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Andalusia (; Spanish: Andalucía [andaluˈθi.a]; Portuguese: Andaluzia) is an autonomous community in southern Spain. It is the most populous and the second largest in area of the autonomous communities in the country. The Andalusian autonomous community is officially recognised as a historical nationality. The territory is divided into eight provinces: Almería, Cádiz, Córdoba, Granada, Huelva, Jaén, Málaga and Seville. Its capital is the city of Seville (Spanish: Sevilla).
Andalusia is located in a privileged area in the south of the Iberian peninsula, in south-western Europe, immediately south of the autonomous communities of Extremadura and Castilla-La Mancha; west of the autonomous community of Murcia and the Mediterranean Sea; east of Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean; and north of the Mediterranean Sea and the Strait of Gibraltar. Andalusia is the only European region with both Mediterranean and Atlantic coastlines. The small British overseas territory of Gibraltar shares a three-quarter-mile land border with the Andalusian province of Cádiz at the eastern end of the Strait of Gibraltar.
The main mountain ranges of Andalusia are the Sierra Morena and the Baetic System, consisting of the Subbaetic and Penibaetic Mountains, separated by the Intrabaetic Basin. In the north, the Sierra Morena separates Andalusia from the plains of Extremadura and Castile–La Mancha on Spain's Meseta Central. To the south the geographic subregion of Upper Andalusia lies mostly within the Baetic System, while Lower Andalusia is in the Baetic Depression of the valley of the Guadalquivir.The name Andalusia is derived from the Arabic word Al-Andalus (الأندلس). The toponym al-Andalus is first attested by inscriptions on coins minted in 716 by the new Muslim government of Iberia. These coins, called dinars, were inscribed in both Latin and Arabic. The etymology of the name al-Andalus has traditionally been derived from the name of the Vandals; however, a number of proposals since the 1980s have challenged this contention. Halm in 1989 derived the name from a Gothic term, *landahlauts,
and in 2002, Bossong suggested its derivation from a pre-Roman substrate. The region's history and culture have been influenced by the native Iberians, Phoenicians, Carthaginians, Greeks, Romans, Vandals, Visigoths, Byzantines,
Jews, Romani, Muslim Moors and the Castilian and other Christian North Iberian nationalities who reconquered and settled the area in the latter phases of the Reconquista.
Andalusia has been a traditionally agricultural region, compared to the rest of Spain and the rest of Europe. However, the growth of the community especially in the sectors of industry and services was above average in Spain and higher than many communities in the Eurozone. The region has a rich culture and a strong identity. Many cultural phenomena that are seen internationally as distinctively Spanish are largely or entirely Andalusian in origin. These include flamenco and, to a lesser extent, bullfighting and Hispano-Moorish architectural styles, both of which are also prevalent in other regions of Spain.
Andalusia's hinterland is the hottest area of Europe, with cities like Córdoba and Seville averaging above 36 °C (97 °F) in summer high temperatures. Late evening temperatures can sometimes stay around 35 °C (95 °F) until close to midnight, with daytime highs of over 40 °C (104 °F) common. Seville also has the highest average annual temperature in mainland Spain and mainland Europe (19.2 °C), closely followed by Almería (19.1 °C).
Ancient Roman architecture | Wikipedia audio article
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Ancient Roman architecture
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
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Ancient Roman architecture adopted the external language of classical Greek architecture for the purposes of the ancient Romans, but differed from Greek buildings, becoming a new architectural style. The two styles are often considered one body of classical architecture. Roman architecture flourished in the Roman Republic and even more so under the Empire, when the great majority of surviving buildings were constructed. It used new materials, particularly concrete, and newer technologies such as the arch and the dome to make buildings that were typically strong and well-engineered. Large numbers remain in some form across the empire, sometimes complete and still in use.
Roman Architecture covers the period from the establishment of the Roman Republic in 509 BC to about the 4th century AD, after which it becomes reclassified as Late Antique or Byzantine architecture. Almost no substantial examples survive from before about 100 BC, and most of the major survivals are from the later empire, after about 100 AD. Roman architectural style continued to influence building in the former empire for many centuries, and the style used in Western Europe beginning about 1000 is called Romanesque architecture to reflect this dependence on basic Roman forms.
The Romans only began to achieve significant originality in architecture around the beginning of the Imperial period, after they had combined aspects of their original Etruscan architecture with others taken from Greece, including most elements of the style we now call classical architecture. They moved from trabeated construction mostly based on columns and lintels to one based on massive walls, punctuated by arches, and later domes, both of which greatly developed under the Romans. The classical orders now became largely decorative rather than structural, except in colonnades. Stylistic developments included the Tuscan and Composite orders; the first being a shortened, simplified variant on the Doric order and the Composite being a tall order with the floral decoration of the Corinthian and the scrolls of the Ionic. The period from roughly 40 BC to about 230 AD saw most of the greatest achievements, before the Crisis of the Third Century and later troubles reduced the wealth and organizing power of the central government.
The Romans produced massive public buildings and works of civil engineering, and were responsible for significant developments in housing and public hygiene, for example their public and private baths and latrines, under-floor heating in the form of the hypocaust, mica glazing (examples in Ostia Antica), and piped hot and cold water (examples in Pompeii and Ostia).
Elmgreen & Dragset | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:00:35 1 Life and work
00:05:19 1.1 Permanent installations
00:05:39 1.2 Performative works
00:06:12 2 Recognition
00:07:24 3 Solo Exhibitions (selected)
00:15:54 4 Group Exhibitions (selected)
00:23:09 5 Collections
00:24:39 6 Commissions
00:25:20 7 Catalogues
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Speaking Rate: 0.7802692729386593
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-C
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
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Michael Elmgreen (born 1961; Copenhagen, Denmark) and Ingar Dragset (born 1969; Trondheim, Norway) have worked together as an artist duo since 1995. Their work explores the relationship between art, architecture and design.
Elmgreen & Dragset live and work in Berlin. They are known for art work that has wit and subversive humour, and also addresses social and cultural concerns.
Electronic book | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
00:02:29 1 Terminology
00:03:06 2 History
00:03:14 2.1 iThe Readies/i (1930)
00:05:16 2.2 Inventor
00:05:33 2.2.1 Ángela Ruiz Robles (1949)
00:06:30 2.2.2 Roberto Busa (late 1949–1970)
00:07:24 2.2.3 Doug Engelbart and Andries van Dam (1960s)
00:09:32 2.2.4 Michael S. Hart (1971)
00:10:20 2.3 Early implementations
00:12:49 2.4 E-book formats
00:15:38 2.5 Libraries
00:19:02 2.5.1 Challenges
00:20:11 2.6 Archival storage
00:20:36 2.7 Dedicated hardware readers and mobile software
00:22:45 2.7.1 Applications
00:23:21 2.8 Timeline
00:23:29 2.8.1 Until 1979
00:25:03 2.8.2 1980–99
00:29:20 2.8.3 2000s
00:33:07 2.8.4 2010s
00:44:53 3 Formats
00:45:17 3.1 Digital rights management
00:46:20 4 Production
00:47:57 5 Reading data
00:48:52 6 Comparison to printed books
00:49:03 6.1 Advantages
00:51:01 6.2 Downsides
00:53:11 7 Market share
00:53:20 7.1 United States
00:53:47 7.2 Canada
00:53:56 7.3 Spain
00:54:14 7.4 UK
00:54:59 7.5 Germany
00:55:16 7.6 Brazil
00:55:58 7.7 China
00:56:15 8 Public domain books
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Speaking Rate: 0.8733459823450052
Voice name: en-US-Wavenet-A
I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
An electronic book (or e-book or eBook) is a book publication made available in digital form, consisting of text, images, or both, readable on the flat-panel display of computers or other electronic devices. Although sometimes defined as an electronic version of a printed book, some e-books exist without a printed equivalent. E-books can be read on dedicated e-reader devices, but also on any computer device that features a controllable viewing screen, including desktop computers, laptops, tablets and smartphones.
In the 2000s, there was a trend of print and e-book sales moving to the Internet, where readers buy traditional paper books and e-books on websites using e-commerce systems. With print books, readers are increasingly browsing through images of the covers of books on publisher or bookstore websites and selecting and ordering titles online; the paper books are then delivered to the reader by mail or another delivery service. With e-books, users can browse through titles online, and then when they select and order titles, the e-book can be sent to them online or the user can download the e-book. At the start of 2012 in the U.S., more e-books were published online than were distributed in hardcover.The main reasons for people buying e-books online are possibly lower prices, increased comfort (as they can buy from home or on the go with mobile devices) and a larger selection of titles. With e-books, [e]lectronic bookmarks make referencing easier, and e-book readers may allow the user to annotate pages. Although fiction and non-fiction books come in e-book formats, technical material is especially suited for e-book delivery because it can be [electronically] searched for keywords. In addition, for programming books, code examples can be copied. The amount of e-book reading is increasing in the U.S.; by 2014, 28% of adults had read an e-book, compared to 23% in 2013. This is increasing, because by 2014 50% of American adults had an e-reader or a tablet, compared to 30% owning such devices in 2013.
Maritime history of Europe | Wikipedia audio article
This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
Maritime history of Europe
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The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.
- Socrates
SUMMARY
=======
Maritime history of Europe includes past events relating to the northwestern region of Eurasia in areas concerning shipping and shipbuilding, shipwrecks, naval battles, and military installations and lighthouses constructed to protect or aid navigation and the development of Europe.
Europe is situated between several navigable seas and intersected by navigable rivers running into them in a way which greatly facilitated the influence of maritime traffic and commerce. Great battles have been fought in the seas off of Europe that changed the course of history forever, including the Battle of Salamis in the Mediterranean, the Battle of Gravelines at the eastern end of the English Channel in the summer of 1588, in which the “Invincible” Spanish Armada was defeated, the Battle of Jutland in World War I, and World War II’s U-boat war.